@phdthesis{Putzler2016, author = {Putzler, Sascha}, title = {Molekulare Charakterisierung des Centrosom-assoziierten Proteins CP91 in Dictyostelium discoideum}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-394689}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {111}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Das Dictyostelium-Centrosom ist ein Modell f{\"u}r acentriol{\"a}re Centrosomen. Es besteht aus einer dreischichtigen Kernstruktur und ist von einer Corona umgeben, welche Nukleationskomplexe f{\"u}r Mikrotubuli beinhaltet. Die Verdoppelung der Kernstruktur wird einmal pro Zellzyklus am {\"U}bergang der G2 zur M-Phase gestartet. Durch eine Proteomanalyse isolierter Centrosomen konnte CP91 identifiziert werden, ein 91 kDa großes Coiled-Coil Protein, das in der centrosomalen Kernstruktur lokalisiert. GFP-CP91 zeigte fast keine Mobilit{\"a}t in FRAP-Experimenten w{\"a}hrend der Interphase, was darauf hindeutet, dass es sich bei CP91 um eine Strukturkomponente des Centrosoms handelt. In der Mitose hingegen dissoziieren das GFP-CP91 als auch das endogene CP91 ab und fehlen an den Spindelpolen von der sp{\"a}ten Prophase bis zur Anaphase. Dieses Verhalten korreliert mit dem Verschwinden der zentralen Schicht der Kernstruktur zu Beginn der Centrosomenverdopplung. Somit ist CP91 mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit ein Bestandteil dieser Schicht. CP91-Fragmente der N-terminalen bzw. C-terminalen Dom{\"a}ne (GFP-CP91 N-Terminus, GFP-CP91 C-Terminus) lokalisieren als GFP-Fusionsproteine exprimiert auch am Centrosom, zeigen aber nicht die gleiche mitotische Verteilung des Volll{\"a}ngenproteins. Das CP91-Fragment der zentralen Coiled-Coil Dom{\"a}ne (GFP-CP91cc) lokalisiert als GFP-Fusionsprotein exprimiert, als ein diffuser cytosolische Cluster, in der N{\"a}he des Centrosoms. Es zeigt eine partiell {\"a}hnliche mitotische Verteilung wie das Volll{\"a}ngenprotein. Dies l{\"a}sst eine regulatorische Dom{\"a}ne innerhalb der Coiled-Coil Dom{\"a}ne vermuten. Die Expression der GFP-Fusionsproteine unterdr{\"u}ckt die Expression des endogenen CP91 und bringt {\"u}berz{\"a}hlige Centrosomen hervor. Dies war auch eine markante Eigenschaft nach der Unterexpression von CP91 durch RNAi. Zus{\"a}tzlich zeigte sich in CP91-RNAi Zellen eine stark erh{\"o}hte Ploidie verursacht durch schwere Defekte in der Chromosomensegregation verbunden mit einer erh{\"o}hten Zellgr{\"o}ße und Defekten im Abschn{\"u}rungsprozess w{\"a}hrend der Cytokinese. Die Unterexpression von CP91 durch RNAi hatte auch einen direkten Einfluss auf die Menge an den centrosomalen Proteinen CP39, CP55 und CEP192 und dem Centromerprotein Cenp68 in der Interphase. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass CP91 eine zentrale centrosomale Kernkomponente ist und f{\"u}r den Zusammenhalt der beiden {\"a}ußeren Schichten der Kernstruktur ben{\"o}tigt wird. Zudem spielt CP91 eine wichtige Rolle f{\"u}r eine ordnungsgem{\"a}ße Centrosomenbiogenese und, unabh{\"a}ngig davon, bei dem Abschn{\"u}rungsprozess der Tochterzellen w{\"a}hrend der Cytokinese.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Bringmann2012, author = {Bringmann, Martin}, title = {Identification of novel components that connect cellulose synthases to the cytoskeleton}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-61478}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Cellulose is the most abundant biopolymer on earth and the main load-bearing structure in plant cell walls. Cellulose microfibrils are laid down in a tight parallel array, surrounding plant cells like a corset. Orientation of microfibrils determines the direction of growth by directing turgor pressure to points of expansion (Somerville et al., 2004). Hence, cellulose deficient mutants usually show cell and organ swelling due to disturbed anisotropic cell expansion (reviewed in Endler and Persson, 2011). How do cellulose microfibrils gain their parallel orientation? First experiments in the 1960s suggested, that cortical microtubules aid the cellulose synthases on their way around the cell (Green, 1962; Ledbetter and Porter, 1963). This was proofed in 2006 through life cell imaging (Paredez et al., 2006). However, how this guidance was facilitated, remained unknown. Through a combinatory approach, including forward and reverse genetics together with advanced co-expression analysis, we identified pom2 as a cellulose deficient mutant. Map- based cloning revealed that the gene locus of POM2 corresponded to CELLULOSE SYNTHASE INTERACTING 1 (CSI1). Intriguingly, we previously found the CSI1 protein to interact with the putative cytosolic part of the primary cellulose synthases in a yeast-two-hybrid screen (Gu et al., 2010). Exhaustive cell biological analysis of the POM2/CSI1 protein allowed to determine its cellular function. Using spinning disc confocal microscopy, we could show that in the absence of POM2/CSI1, cellulose synthase complexes lose their microtubule-dependent trajectories in the plasma membrane. The loss of POM2/CSI1, however does not influence microtubule- dependent delivery of cellulose synthases (Bringmann et al., 2012). Consequently, POM2/CSI1 acts as a bridging protein between active cellulose synthases and cortical microtubules. This thesis summarizes three publications of the author, regarding the identification of proteins that connect cellulose synthases to the cytoskeleton. This involves the development of bioinformatics tools allowing candidate gene prediction through co-expression studies (Mutwil et al., 2009), identification of candidate genes through interaction studies (Gu et al., 2010), and determination of the cellular function of the candidate gene (Bringmann et al., 2012).}, language = {en} } @misc{Graef2018, author = {Gr{\"a}f, Ralph}, title = {Comparative Biology of Centrosomal Structures in Eukaryotes}, series = {Cells}, volume = {7}, journal = {Cells}, number = {11}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2073-4409}, doi = {10.3390/cells7110202}, pages = {9}, year = {2018}, abstract = {The centrosome is not only the largest and most sophisticated protein complex within a eukaryotic cell, in the light of evolution, it is also one of its most ancient organelles. This special issue of "Cells" features representatives of three main, structurally divergent centrosome types, i.e., centriole-containing centrosomes, yeast spindle pole bodies (SPBs), and amoebozoan nucleus-associated bodies (NABs). Here, I discuss their evolution and their key-functions in microtubule organization, mitosis, and cytokinesis. Furthermore, I provide a brief history of centrosome research and highlight recently emerged topics, such as the role of centrioles in ciliogenesis, the relationship of centrosomes and centriolar satellites, the integration of centrosomal structures into the nuclear envelope and the involvement of centrosomal components in non-centrosomal microtubule organization.}, language = {en} } @misc{Graef2018, author = {Gr{\"a}f, Ralph}, title = {Comparative biology of centrosomal structures in eukaryotes}, series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe}, journal = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe}, number = {1063}, issn = {1866-8372}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-47229}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-472294}, pages = {11}, year = {2018}, abstract = {The centrosome is not only the largest and most sophisticated protein complex within a eukaryotic cell, in the light of evolution, it is also one of its most ancient organelles. This special issue of "Cells" features representatives of three main, structurally divergent centrosome types, i.e., centriole-containing centrosomes, yeast spindle pole bodies (SPBs), and amoebozoan nucleus-associated bodies (NABs). Here, I discuss their evolution and their key-functions in microtubule organization, mitosis, and cytokinesis. Furthermore, I provide a brief history of centrosome research and highlight recently emerged topics, such as the role of centrioles in ciliogenesis, the relationship of centrosomes and centriolar satellites, the integration of centrosomal structures into the nuclear envelope and the involvement of centrosomal components in non-centrosomal microtubule organization.}, language = {en} } @article{PitzenAskarzadaGraefetal.2018, author = {Pitzen, Valentin and Askarzada, Sophie and Gr{\"a}f, Ralph and Meyer, Irene}, title = {CDK5RAP2 Is an Essential Scaffolding Protein of the Corona of the Dictyostelium Centrosome}, series = {Cells}, volume = {7}, journal = {Cells}, number = {4}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2073-4409}, doi = {10.3390/cells7040032}, pages = {17}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Dictyostelium centrosomes consist of a nucleus-associated cylindrical, three-layered core structure surrounded by a corona consisting of microtubule-nucleation complexes embedded in a scaffold of large coiled-coil proteins. One of them is the conserved CDK5RAP2 protein. Here we focus on the role of Dictyostelium CDK5RAP2 for maintenance of centrosome integrity, its interaction partners and its dynamic behavior during interphase and mitosis. GFP-CDK5RAP2 is present at the centrosome during the entire cell cycle except from a short period during prophase, correlating with the normal dissociation of the corona at this stage. RNAi depletion of CDK5RAP2 results in complete disorganization of centrosomes and microtubules suggesting that CDK5RAP2 is required for organization of the corona and its association to the core structure. This is in line with the observation that overexpressed GFP-CDK5RAP2 elicited supernumerary cytosolic MTOCs. The phenotype of CDK5RAP2 depletion was very reminiscent of that observed upon depletion of CP148, another scaffolding protein of the corona. BioID interaction assays revealed an interaction of CDK5RAP2 not only with the corona markers CP148, gamma-tubulin, and CP248, but also with the core components Cep192, CP75, and CP91. Furthermore, protein localization studies in both depletion strains revealed that CP148 and CDK5RAP2 cooperate in corona organization.}, language = {en} } @misc{KrupinskiBozorgLarssonetal.2016, author = {Krupinski, Pawel and Bozorg, Behruz and Larsson, Andr{\´e} and Pietra, Stefano and Grebe, Markus and J{\"o}nsson, Henrik}, title = {A model analysis of mechanisms for radial microtubular patterns at root hair initiation sites}, series = {Frontiers in plant science}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-407181}, pages = {12}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Plant cells have two main modes of growth generating anisotropic structures. Diffuse growth where whole cell walls extend in specific directions, guided by anisotropically positioned cellulose fibers, and tip growth, with inhomogeneous addition of new cell wall material at the tip of the structure. Cells are known to regulate these processes via molecular signals and the cytoskeleton. Mechanical stress has been proposed to provide an input to the positioning of the cellulose fibers via cortical microtubules in diffuse growth. In particular, a stress feedback model predicts a circumferential pattern of fibers surrounding apical tissues and growing primordia, guided by the anisotropic curvature in such tissues. In contrast, during the initiation of tip growing root hairs, a star-like radial pattern has recently been observed. Here, we use detailed finite element models to analyze how a change in mechanical properties at the root hair initiation site can lead to star-like stress patterns in order to understand whether a stress-based feedback model can also explain the microtubule patterns seen during root hair initiation. We show that two independent mechanisms, individually or combined, can be sufficient to generate radial patterns. In the first, new material is added locally at the position of the root hair. In the second, increased tension in the initiation area provides a mechanism. Finally, we describe how a molecular model of Rho-of-plant (ROP) GTPases activation driven by auxin can position a patch of activated ROP protein basally along a 2D root epidermal cell plasma membrane, paving the way for models where mechanical and molecular mechanisms cooperate in the initial placement and outgrowth of root hairs.}, language = {en} } @article{KrupinskiBozorgLarssonetal.2016, author = {Krupinski, Pawel and Bozorg, Behruz and Larsson, Andre and Pietra, Stefano and Grebe, Markus and J{\"o}nsson, Henrik}, title = {A Model Analysis of Mechanisms for Radial Microtubular Patterns at Root Hair Initiation Sites}, series = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {7}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation}, address = {Lausanne}, issn = {1664-462X}, doi = {10.3389/fpls.2016.01560}, pages = {12}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Plant cells have two main modes of growth generating anisotropic structures. Diffuse growth where whole cell walls extend in specific directions, guided by anisotropically positioned cellulose fibers, and tip growth, with inhomogeneous addition of new cell wall material at the tip of the structure. Cells are known to regulate these processes via molecular signals and the cytoskeleton. Mechanical stress has been proposed to provide an input to the positioning of the cellulose fibers via cortical microtubules in diffuse growth. In particular, a stress feedback model predicts a circumferential pattern of fibers surrounding apical tissues and growing primordia, guided by the anisotropic curvature in such tissues. In contrast, during the initiation of tip growing root hairs, a star-like radial pattern has recently been observed. Here, we use detailed finite element models to analyze how a change in mechanical properties at the root hair initiation site can lead to star-like stress patterns in order to understand whether a stress-based feedback model can also explain the microtubule patterns seen during root hair initiation. We show that two independent mechanisms, individually or combined, can be sufficient to generate radial patterns. In the first, new material is added locally at the position of the root hair. In the second, increased tension in the initiation area provides a mechanism. Finally, we describe how a molecular model of Rho-of-plant (ROP) GTPases activation driven by auxin can position a patch of activated ROP protein basally along a 2D root epidermal cell plasma membrane, paving the way for models where mechanical and molecular mechanisms cooperate in the initial placement and outgrowth of root hairs.}, language = {en} }