@article{ChaurasiaDietrichRosswog2021, author = {Chaurasia, Swami Vivekanandji and Dietrich, Tim and Rosswog, Stephan}, title = {Black hole-neutron star simulations with the BAM code}, series = {Physical review : D, Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology}, volume = {104}, journal = {Physical review : D, Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology}, number = {8}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, address = {Ridge, NY}, issn = {2470-0010}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevD.104.084010}, pages = {15}, year = {2021}, abstract = {The first detections of black hole-neutron star mergers (GW200105 and GW200115) by the LIGO-Virgo-Kagra Collaboration mark a significant scientific breakthrough. The physical interpretation of pre- and postmerger signals requires careful cross-examination between observational and theoretical modelling results. Here we present the first set of black hole-neutron star simulations that were obtained with the numerical-relativity code BAM. Our initial data are constructed using the public LORENE spectral library, which employs an excision of the black hole interior. BAM, in contrast, uses the moving-puncture gauge for the evolution. Therefore, we need to "stuff" the black hole interior with smooth initial data to evolve the binary system in time. This procedure introduces constraint violations such that the constraint damping properties of the evolution system are essential to increase the accuracy of the simulation and in particular to reduce spurious center-of-mass drifts. Within BAM we evolve the Z4c equations and we compare our gravitational-wave results with those of the SXS collaboration and results obtained with the SACRA code. While we find generally good agreement with the reference solutions and phase differences less than or similar to 0.5 rad at the moment of merger, the absence of a clean convergence order in our simulations does not allow for a proper error quantification. We finally present a set of different initial conditions to explore how the merger of black hole neutron star systems depends on the involved masses, spins, and equations of state.}, language = {en} } @article{HuthPangTewsetal.2022, author = {Huth, Sabrina and Pang, Peter Tsun Ho and Tews, Ingo and Dietrich, Tim and Le F{\`e}vre, Arnaud and Schwenk, Achim and Trautmann, Wolfgang and Agarwal, Kshitij and Bulla, Mattia and Coughlin, Michael W. and Van den Broeck, Chris}, title = {Constraining neutron-star matter with microscopic and macroscopic collisions}, series = {Nature : the international weekly journal of science}, volume = {606}, journal = {Nature : the international weekly journal of science}, number = {7913}, publisher = {Nature Publ. Group}, address = {London [u.a.]}, issn = {0028-0836}, doi = {10.1038/s41586-022-04750-w}, pages = {276 -- 295}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Interpreting high-energy, astrophysical phenomena, such as supernova explosions or neutron-star collisions, requires a robust understanding of matter at supranuclear densities. However, our knowledge about dense matter explored in the cores of neutron stars remains limited. Fortunately, dense matter is not probed only in astrophysical observations, but also in terrestrial heavy-ion collision experiments. Here we use Bayesian inference to combine data from astrophysical multi-messenger observations of neutron stars(1-9) and from heavy-ion collisions of gold nuclei at relativistic energies(10,11) with microscopic nuclear theory calculations(12-17) to improve our understanding of dense matter. We find that the inclusion of heavy-ion collision data indicates an increase in the pressure in dense matter relative to previous analyses, shifting neutron-star radii towards larger values, consistent with recent observations by the Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer mission(5-8,18). Our findings show that constraints from heavy-ion collision experiments show a remarkable consistency with multi-messenger observations and provide complementary information on nuclear matter at intermediate densities. This work combines nuclear theory, nuclear experiment and astrophysical observations, and shows how joint analyses can shed light on the properties of neutron-rich supranuclear matter over the density range probed in neutron stars.}, language = {en} } @article{SamajdarDietrich2020, author = {Samajdar, Anuradha and Dietrich, Tim}, title = {Constructing Love-Q relations with gravitational wave detections}, series = {Physical review : D, Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology}, volume = {101}, journal = {Physical review : D, Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology}, number = {12}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, address = {College Park}, issn = {1550-7998}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevD.101.124014}, pages = {6}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Quasiuniversal relations between the tidal deformability and the quadrupole moment of neutron stars are predicted by theoretical computations, but have not been measured experimentally. We simulate 120 binary neutron star sources and find that Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo at design sensitivity could find possible deviations from predicted relations if the neutron stars are highly spinning. A network of envisaged third generation detectors will even allow extracting such relations, providing new tests of general relativity and nuclear physics predictions.}, language = {en} } @article{PetrovSingerCoughlinetal.2022, author = {Petrov, Polina and Singer, Leo P. and Coughlin, Michael W. and Kumar, Vishwesh and Almualla, Mouza and Anand, Shreya and Bulla, Mattia and Dietrich, Tim and Foucart, Francois and Guessoum, Nidhal}, title = {Data-driven expectations for electromagnetic counterpart searches based on LIGO/Virgo public alerts}, series = {The astrophysical journal : an international review of spectroscopy and astronomical physics; part 1}, volume = {924}, journal = {The astrophysical journal : an international review of spectroscopy and astronomical physics; part 1}, number = {2}, publisher = {Institute of Physics Publ.}, address = {London}, issn = {1538-4357}, doi = {10.3847/1538-4357/ac366d}, pages = {10}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Searches for electromagnetic counterparts of gravitational-wave signals have redoubled since the first detection in 2017 of a binary neutron star merger with a gamma-ray burst, optical/infrared kilonova, and panchromatic afterglow. Yet, one LIGO/Virgo observing run later, there has not yet been a second, secure identification of an electromagnetic counterpart. This is not surprising given that the localization uncertainties of events in LIGO and Virgo's third observing run, O3, were much larger than predicted. We explain this by showing that improvements in data analysis that now allow LIGO/Virgo to detect weaker and hence more poorly localized events have increased the overall number of detections, of which well-localized, gold-plated events make up a smaller proportion overall. We present simulations of the next two LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA observing runs, O4 and O5, that are grounded in the statistics of O3 public alerts. To illustrate the significant impact that the updated predictions can have, we study the follow-up strategy for the Zwicky Transient Facility. Realistic and timely forecasting of gravitational-wave localization accuracy is paramount given the large commitments of telescope time and the need to prioritize which events are followed up. We include a data release of our simulated localizations as a public proposal planning resource for astronomers.}, language = {en} } @article{UjevicRashtiGiegetal.2022, author = {Ujevic, Maximiliano and Rashti, Alireza and Gieg, Henrique Leonhard and Tichy, Wolfgang and Dietrich, Tim}, title = {High-accuracy high-mass-ratio simulations for binary neutron stars and their comparison to existing waveform models}, series = {Physical review : D, Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology}, volume = {106}, journal = {Physical review : D, Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology}, number = {2}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, address = {College Park}, issn = {2470-0010}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevD.106.023029}, pages = {10}, year = {2022}, abstract = {The subsequent observing runs of the advanced gravitational-wave detector network will likely provide us with various gravitational-wave observations of binary neutron star systems. For an accurate interpretation of these detections, we need reliable gravitational-wave models. To test and to point out how existing models could be improved, we perform a set of high-resolution numerical relativity simulations for four different physical setups with mass ratios q = 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, 2.00, and total gravitational mass M = 2.7 M???. Each configuration is simulated with five different resolutions to allow a proper error assessment. Overall, we find approximately second-order converging results for the dominant (2,2) mode, but also the subdominant (2,1), (3,3), and (4,4) modes, while generally, the convergence order reduces slightly for an increasing mass ratio. Our simulations allow us to validate waveform models, where we find generally good agreement between state-of-the-art models and our data, and to prove that scaling relations for higher modes currently employed for binary black hole waveform modeling also apply for the tidal contribution. Finally, we also test if the current NRTidal model used to describe tidal effects is a valid description for high-mass-ratio systems. We hope that our simulation results can be used to further improve and test waveform models in preparation for the next observing runs.}, language = {en} } @article{DudiDietrichRashtietal.2022, author = {Dudi, Reetika and Dietrich, Tim and Rashti, Alireza and Br{\"u}gmann, Bernd and Steinhoff, Jan and Tichy, Wolfgang}, title = {High-accuracy simulations of highly spinning binary neutron star systems}, series = {Physical review : D, Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology}, volume = {105}, journal = {Physical review : D, Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology}, number = {6}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, address = {College Park}, issn = {2470-0010}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevD.105.064050}, pages = {13}, year = {2022}, abstract = {With an increasing number of expected gravitational-wave detections of binary neutron star mergers, it is essential that gravitational-wave models employed for the analysis of observational data are able to describe generic compact binary systems. This includes systems in which the individual neutron stars are millisecond pulsars for which spin effects become essential. In this work, we perform numerical-relativity simulations of binary neutron stars with aligned and antialigned spins within a range of dimensionless spins of chi similar to [-0.28, 0.58]. The simulations are performed with multiple resolutions, show a clear convergence order and, consequently, can be used to test existing waveform approximants. We find that for very high spins gravitational-wave models that have been employed for the interpretation of GW170817 and GW190425 arc not capable of describing our numerical-relativity dataset. We verify through a full parameter estimation study in which clear biases in the estimate of the tidal deformability and effective spin are present. We hope that in preparation of the next gravitational-wave observing run of the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors our new set of numerical-relativity data can be used to support future developments of new gravitational-wave models.}, language = {en} } @article{GiegSchianchiDietrichetal.2022, author = {Gieg, Henrique and Schianchi, Federico and Dietrich, Tim and Ujevic, Maximiliano}, title = {Incorporating a Radiative Hydrodynamics Scheme in the Numerical-Relativity Code BAM}, series = {Universe : open access journal}, volume = {8}, journal = {Universe : open access journal}, number = {7}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2218-1997}, doi = {10.3390/universe8070370}, pages = {25}, year = {2022}, abstract = {To study binary neutron star systems and to interpret observational data such as gravitational-wave and kilonova signals, one needs an accurate description of the processes that take place during the final stages of the coalescence, for example, through numerical-relativity simulations. In this work, we present an updated version of the numerical-relativity code BAM in order to incorporate nuclear-theory-based equations of state and a simple description of neutrino interactions through a neutrino leakage scheme. Different test simulations, for stars undergoing a neutrino-induced gravitational collapse and for binary neutron stars systems, validate our new implementation. For the binary neutron stars systems, we show that we can evolve stably and accurately distinct microphysical models employing the different equations of state: SFHo, DD2, and the hyperonic BHB Lambda phi. Overall, our test simulations have good agreement with those reported in the literature.}, language = {en} } @article{PoudelTichyBruegmannetal.2020, author = {Poudel, Amit and Tichy, Wolfgang and Br{\"u}gmann, Bernd and Dietrich, Tim}, title = {Increasing the accuracy of binary neutron star simulations with an improved vacuum treatment}, series = {Physical review : D, Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology}, volume = {102}, journal = {Physical review : D, Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology}, number = {10}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, address = {College Park}, issn = {2470-0010}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevD.102.104014}, pages = {16}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Numerical-relativity simulations are essential for studying the last stages of the binary neutron star coalescence. Unfortunately, for stable simulations there is the need to add an artificial low-density atmosphere. Here we discuss a new framework in which we can effectively set the density surrounding the neutron stars to zero to ensure a more accurate simulation. We test our method with a number of single star test cases and for an equal-mass binary neutron star simulation. While the bulk motion of the system is not influenced, and hence there is no improvement with respect to the emitted gravitational-wave signal, we find that the new approach is superior with respect to mass conservation and it allows a much better tracking of outward moving material. This will allow a more accurate simulation of the ejected material and supports the interpretation of present and future multimessenger observations with more accurate numerical-relativity simulations.}, language = {en} } @article{DietrichHindererSamajdar2021, author = {Dietrich, Tim and Hinderer, Tanja and Samajdar, Anuradha}, title = {Interpreting binary neutron star mergers}, series = {General relativity and gravitation : GRG journal}, volume = {53}, journal = {General relativity and gravitation : GRG journal}, number = {3}, publisher = {Springer Science + Business Media B.V.}, address = {New York, NY [u.a.]}, issn = {0001-7701}, doi = {10.1007/s10714-020-02751-6}, pages = {76}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Gravitational waves emitted from the coalescence of neutron star binaries open a new window to probe matter and fundamental physics in unexplored, extreme regimes. To extract information about the supranuclear matter inside neutron stars and the properties of the compact binary systems, robust theoretical prescriptions are required. We give an overview about general features of the dynamics and the gravitational wave signal during the binary neutron star coalescence. We briefly describe existing analytical and numerical approaches to investigate the highly dynamical, strong-field region during the merger. We review existing waveform approximants and discuss properties and possible advantages and shortcomings of individual waveform models, and their application for real gravitational-wave data analysis.}, language = {en} } @article{DudiAdhikariBruegmannetal.2022, author = {Dudi, Reetika and Adhikari, Ananya and Br{\"u}gmann, Bernd and Dietrich, Tim and Hayashi, Kota and Kawaguchi, Kyohei and Kiuchi, Kenta and Kyutoku, Koutarou and Shibata, Masaru and Tichy, Wolfgang}, title = {Investigating GW190425 with numerical-relativity simulations}, series = {Physical review : D, Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology}, volume = {106}, journal = {Physical review : D, Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology}, number = {8}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, address = {College Park}, issn = {2470-0010}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevD.106.084039}, pages = {11}, year = {2022}, abstract = {The third observing run of the LIGO-Virgo Collaboration has resulted in many gravitational wave detections, including the binary neutron star merger GW190425. However, none of these events have been accompanied with an electromagnetic transient found during extensive follow-up searches. In this article, we perform new numerical-relativity simulations of binary neutron star and black hole-neutron star systems that have a chirp mass consistent with GW190425. Assuming that the GW190425's sky location was covered with sufficient accuracy during the electromagnetic follow-up searches, we investigate whether the nondetection of the kilonova is compatible with the source parameters estimated through the gravitational -wave analysis and how one can use this information to place constraints on the properties of the system. Our simulations suggest that GW190425 is incompatible with an unequal mass binary neutron star merger with a mass ratio q < 0.8 when considering stiff or moderately stiff equations of state if the binary was face on and covered by the observation. Our analysis shows that a detailed observational result for kilonovae will be useful to constrain the mass ratio of binary neutron stars in future events.}, language = {en} } @article{KoelschDietrichUjevicetal.2022, author = {K{\"o}lsch, Maximilian and Dietrich, Tim and Ujevic, Maximiliano and Br{\"u}gmann, Bernd}, title = {Investigating the mass-ratio dependence of the prompt-collapse threshold with numerical-relativity simulations}, series = {Physical review : D, Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology}, volume = {106}, journal = {Physical review : D, Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology}, number = {4}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, address = {College Park}, issn = {2470-0010}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevD.106.044026}, pages = {27}, year = {2022}, abstract = {The next observing runs of advanced gravitational-wave detectors will lead to a variety of binary neutron star detections and numerous possibilities for multimessenger observations of binary neutron star systems. In this context a clear understanding of the merger process and the possibility of prompt black hole formation after merger is important, as the amount of ejected material strongly depends on the merger dynamics. These dynamics are primarily affected by the total mass of the binary, however, the mass ratio also influences the postmerger evolution. To determine the effect of the mass ratio, we investigate the parameter space around the prompt-collapse threshold with a new set of fully relativistic simulations. The simulations cover three equations of state and seven mass ratios in the range of 1.0 <= q <= 1.75, with five to seven simulations of binary systems of different total mass in each case. The threshold mass is determined through an empirical relation based on the collapse time, which allows us to investigate effects of the mass ratio on the threshold mass and also on the properties of the remnant system. Furthermore, we model effects of mass ratio and equation of state on tidal parameters of threshold configurations.}, language = {en} } @article{RashtiFabbriBruegmannetal.2022, author = {Rashti, Alireza and Fabbri, Francesco Maria and Br{\"u}gmann, Bernd and Chaurasia, Swami Vivekanandji and Dietrich, Tim and Ujevic, Maximiliano and Tichy, Wolfgang}, title = {New pseudospectral code for the construction of initial data}, series = {Physical review D}, volume = {105}, journal = {Physical review D}, number = {10}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, address = {College Park}, issn = {2470-0010}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevD.105.104027}, pages = {18}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Numerical studies of the dynamics of gravitational systems, e.g., black hole-neutron star systems, require physical and constraint-satisfying initial data. In this article, we present the newly developed pseudospectral code ELLIPTICA, an infrastructure for construction of initial data for various binary and single gravitational systems of all kinds. The elliptic equations under consideration are solved on a single spatial hypersurface of the spacetime manifold. Using coordinate maps, the hypersurface is covered by patches whose boundaries can adapt to the surface of the compact objects. To solve elliptic equations with arbitrary boundary condition, ELLIPTICA deploys a Schur complement domain decomposition method with a direct solver. In this version, we use cubed sphere coordinate maps and the fields are expanded using Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind. Here, we explain the building blocks of ELLIPTICA and the initial data construction algorithm for a black hole-neutron star binary system. We perform convergence tests and evolve the data to validate our results. Within our framework, the neutron star can reach spin values close to breakup with arbitrary direction, while the black hole can have arbitrary spin with dimensionless spin magnitude ∼0.8.}, language = {en} } @article{EmmaSchianchiPannaraleetal.2022, author = {Emma, Mattia and Schianchi, Federico and Pannarale, Francesco and Sagun, Violetta and Dietrich, Tim}, title = {Numerical simulations of dark matter admixed neutron star binaries}, series = {Particles}, volume = {5}, journal = {Particles}, number = {3}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2571-712X}, doi = {10.3390/particles5030024}, pages = {273 -- 286}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Multi-messenger observations of compact binary mergers provide a new way to constrain the nature of dark matter that may accumulate in and around neutron stars. In this article, we extend the infrastructure of our numerical-relativity code BAM to enable the simulation of neutron stars that contain an additional mirror dark matter component. We perform single star tests to verify our code and the first binary neutron star simulations of this kind. We find that the presence of dark matter reduces the lifetime of the merger remnant and favors a prompt collapse to a black hole. Furthermore, we find differences in the merger time for systems with the same total mass and mass ratio, but different amounts of dark matter. Finally, we find that electromagnetic signals produced by the merger of binary neutron stars admixed with dark matter are very unlikely to be as bright as their dark matter-free counterparts. Given the increased sensitivity of multi-messenger facilities, our analysis gives a new perspective on how to probe the presence of dark matter.}, language = {en} } @article{PangDietrichTewsetal.2020, author = {Pang, Peter Tsun Ho and Dietrich, Tim and Tews, Ingo and Van Den Broeck, Chris}, title = {Parameter estimation for strong phase transitions in supranuclear matter using gravitational-wave astronomy}, series = {Physical review research}, volume = {2}, journal = {Physical review research}, number = {3}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, address = {College Park}, issn = {2643-1564}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevResearch.2.033514}, pages = {17}, year = {2020}, abstract = {At supranuclear densities, explored in the core of neutron stars, a strong phase transition from hadronic matter to more exotic forms of matter might be present. To test this hypothesis, binary neutron-star mergers offer a unique possibility to probe matter at densities that we cannot create in any existing terrestrial experiment. In this work, we show that, if present, strong phase transitions can have a measurable imprint on the binary neutron-star coalescence and the emitted gravitational-wave signal. We construct a new parametrization of the supranuclear equation of state that allows us to test for the existence of a strong phase transition and extract its characteristic properties purely from the gravitational-wave signal of the inspiraling neutron stars. We test our approach using a Bayesian inference study simulating 600 signals with three different equations of state and find that for current gravitational-wave detector networks already 12 events might be sufficient to verify the presence of a strong phase transition. Finally, we use our methodology to analyze GW170817 and GW190425 but do not find any indication that a strong phase transition is present at densities probed during the inspiral.}, language = {en} } @article{KunertPangTewsetal.2022, author = {Kunert, Nina and Pang, Peter T. H. and Tews, Ingo and Coughlin, Michael W. and Dietrich, Tim}, title = {Quantifying modeling uncertainties when combining multiple gravitational-wave detections from binary neutron star sources}, series = {Physical review D}, volume = {105}, journal = {Physical review D}, number = {6}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, address = {College Park}, issn = {2470-0010}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevD.105.L061301}, pages = {7}, year = {2022}, abstract = {With the increasing sensitivity of gravitational-wave detectors, we expect to observe multiple binary neutron-star systems through gravitational waves in the near future. The combined analysis of these gravitational-wave signals offers the possibility to constrain the neutron-star radius and the equation of state of dense nuclear matter with unprecedented accuracy. However, it is crucial to ensure that uncertainties inherent in the gravitational-wave models will not lead to systematic biases when information from multiple detections is combined. To quantify waveform systematics, we perform an extensive simulation campaign of binary neutron-star sources and analyze them with a set of four different waveform models. For our analysis with 38 simulations, we find that statistical uncertainties in the neutron-star radius decrease to 1250 m (2\% at 90\% credible interval) but that systematic differences between currently employed waveform models can be twice as large. Hence, it will be essential to ensure that systematic biases will not become dominant in inferences of the neutron-star equation of state when capitalizing on future developments.}, language = {en} } @article{AshtonDietrich2022, author = {Ashton, Gregory and Dietrich, Tim}, title = {The use of hypermodels to understand binary neutron star collisions}, series = {Nature astronomy}, volume = {6}, journal = {Nature astronomy}, number = {8}, publisher = {Nature portfolio}, address = {Berlin}, issn = {2397-3366}, doi = {10.1038/s41550-022-01707-x}, pages = {961 -- 967}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Gravitational waves from the collision of binary neutron stars provide a unique opportunity to study the behaviour of supranuclear matter, the fundamental properties of gravity and the cosmic history of our Universe. However, given the complexity of Einstein's field equations, theoretical models that enable source-property inference suffer from systematic uncertainties due to simplifying assumptions. We develop a hypermodel approach to compare and measure the uncertainty of gravitational-wave approximants. Using state-of-the-art models, we apply this new technique to the binary neutron star observations GW170817 and GW190425 and to the sub-threshold candidate GW200311_103121. Our analysis reveals subtle systematic differences (with Bayesian odds of similar to 2) between waveform models. A frequency-dependence study suggests that this may be due to the treatment of the tidal sector. This new technique provides a proving ground for model development and a means to identify waveform systematics in future observing runs where detector improvements will increase the number and clarity of binary neutron star collisions we observe.}, language = {en} }