@techreport{BaganzdeTeresaLinggetal.2023, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Baganz, Melissa and de Teresa, Aurelia G{\´o}mez and Lingg, Rosana T. and Montijo, Yuriditzi Pascacio}, title = {A critical assessment on National Action Plans}, series = {Staat, Recht und Politik - Forschungs- und Diskussionspapiere}, journal = {Staat, Recht und Politik - Forschungs- und Diskussionspapiere}, number = {13}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam}, address = {Potsdam}, issn = {2509-6974}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-57679}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-576797}, pages = {11}, year = {2023}, abstract = {National Action Plans (NAPs) have been increas-ingly adopted world-wide after the Vienna Dec-laration in 1993, where it was urged to consider the improvement and promotion of Human Rights. In this paper, we discuss their usefulness and success by analysing the challenges present-ed during NAP processes as well as the benefits this set of actions entails: The challenges for their implementation outweigh its actual benefits. Nevertheless, NAPs have great potential. Based on new research, we elaborate a set of recom-mendations for improving the design and imple-mentation of national action planning. In order to effectively bring NAP into practice, we consider it crucial to plan and analyse every state local circumstances in detail. The latter is important, since the implementation of a concrete set of actions is intended to directly transform and improve the local living conditions of the people. In a long-term perspective, we defend the benefit of NAP's implementation for complying obliga-tions set up by HR treaties.}, language = {en} } @techreport{Hajos2023, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Hajos, Yael}, title = {A Critical Overview of the Public Health Emergency of International Concern Mechanism}, series = {Staat, Recht und Politik - Forschungs- und Diskussionspapiere}, journal = {Staat, Recht und Politik - Forschungs- und Diskussionspapiere}, number = {15}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam}, address = {Potsdam}, issn = {2509-6974}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-58523}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-585238}, pages = {20}, year = {2023}, abstract = {The last years have been affected by Covid-19 and the international emergency mecha-nism to deal with health-related threats. The effects of this period manifested differ-ently worldwide, depending on matters such as international relations, national policies, power dynamics etc. Additionally, the impact of this time will likely have long-term effects which are yet to be known. This paper gives a critical overview of the Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) mechanism in the context of Covid-19. It does so by explaining the legal framework for states of emergency, specifically in the context of a PHEIC, while considering its restrictions and limitations on human rights. It further outlines issues in the manifestation of global protections and limitations on human rights during Covid-19. Lastly, considering the likelihood of future PHEICs and the known systemic obstructions, this paper offers ways to im-prove this mechanism from a holistic, non-zero-sum perspective.}, language = {en} } @techreport{GiotopoulosKritikosTsakanikas2022, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Giotopoulos, Ioannis and Kritikos, Alexander and Tsakanikas, Aggelos}, title = {A Lasting Crisis affects R\&D decisions of smaller firms}, series = {CEPA Discussion Papers}, journal = {CEPA Discussion Papers}, number = {49}, issn = {2628-653X}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-55844}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-558442}, pages = {23}, year = {2022}, abstract = {We use the prolonged Greek crisis as a case study to understand how a lasting economic shock affects the innovation strategies of firms in economies with moderate innovation activities. Adopting the 3-stage CDM model, we explore the link between R\&D, innovation, and productivity for different size groups of Greek manufacturing firms during the prolonged crisis. At the first stage, we find that the continuation of the crisis is harmful for the R\&D engagement of smaller firms while it increased the willingness for R\&D activities among the larger ones. At the second stage, among smaller firms the knowledge production remains unaffected by R\&D investments, while among larger firms the R\&D decision is positively correlated with the probability of producing innovation, albeit the relationship is weakened as the crisis continues. At the third stage, innovation output benefits only larger firms in terms of labor productivity, while the innovation-productivity nexus is insignificant for smaller firms during the lasting crisis.}, language = {en} } @techreport{ŠedovaČizmaziovaCook2021, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Šedov{\´a}, Barbora and Čizmaziov{\´a}, Lucia and Cook, Athene}, title = {A meta-analysis of climate migration literature}, series = {CEPA Discussion Papers}, journal = {CEPA Discussion Papers}, number = {29}, issn = {2628-653X}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-49982}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-499827}, pages = {83}, year = {2021}, abstract = {The large literature that aims to find evidence of climate migration delivers mixed findings. This meta-regression analysis i) summarizes direct links between adverse climatic events and migration, ii) maps patterns of climate migration, and iii) explains the variation in outcomes. Using a set of limited dependent variable models, we meta-analyze thus-far the most comprehensive sample of 3,625 estimates from 116 original studies and produce novel insights on climate migration. We find that extremely high temperatures and drying conditions increase migration. We do not find a significant effect of sudden-onset events. Climate migration is most likely to emerge due to contemporaneous events, to originate in rural areas and to take place in middle-income countries, internally, to cities. The likelihood to become trapped in affected areas is higher for women and in low-income countries, particularly in Africa. We uniquely quantify how pitfalls typical for the broader empirical climate impact literature affect climate migration findings. We also find evidence of different publication biases.}, language = {en} } @techreport{KriegerLiese2019, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Krieger, Heike and Liese, Andrea Margit}, title = {A Metamorphosis of International Law?}, series = {KFG Working Paper Series}, journal = {KFG Working Paper Series}, number = {27}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-42608}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-426088}, pages = {26}, year = {2019}, abstract = {The paper aims to lay out a framework for evaluating value shifts in the international legal order for the purposes of a forthcoming book. In view of current contestations it asks whether we are observing yet another period of norm change (Wandel) or even a more fundamental transformation of international law - a metamorphosis (Verwandlung). For this purpose it suggests to look into the mechanisms of how norms change from the perspective of legal and political science and also to approximate a reference point where change turns into metamorphosis. It submits that such a point may be reached where specific legally protected values are indeed changing (change of legal values) or where the very idea of protecting certain values through law is renounced (delegalizing of values). The paper discusses the benefits of such an interdisciplinary exchange and tries to identify differences and commonalities among both disciplinary perspectives.}, language = {en} } @techreport{Kulaga2019, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Kulaga, Julian}, title = {A Renaissance of the Doctrine of Rebus Sic Stantibus?}, series = {KFG Working Paper Series}, journal = {KFG Working Paper Series}, number = {32}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-43578}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-435788}, pages = {21}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Once the "popular plaything of Realpolitiker" the doctrine of rebus sic stantibus post the 1969 VCLT is often described as an objective rule by which, on grounds of equity and justice, a fundamental change of circumstances may be invoked as a ground for termination. Yet recent practice from States such as Ecuador, Russia, Denmark and the United Kingdom suggests that it is returning with a new livery. They point to an understanding based on vital States' interests--a view popular among scholars such as Erich Kaufmann at the beginning of the last century.}, language = {en} } @techreport{Wagner2004, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Wagner, Wolfgang}, title = {A simulation of segregation in cities and its application for the analysis of rent control}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14177}, year = {2004}, abstract = {Social segregation in cities takes place where different household groups exist and when, according to Schelling, their location choice either minimizes the number of differing households in their neighborhood or maximizes their own group. In this contribution an evolutionary simulation based on a monocentric city model with externalities among households is used to discuss the spatial segregation patterns of four groups. The resulting complex spatial patterns can be shown as graphic animations. They can be applied as initial situation for the analysis of the effects a rent control has on segregation.}, language = {en} } @techreport{Kane2016, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Kane, Angela}, title = {Abr{\"u}stungsvertr{\"a}ge in der UNO}, series = {KFG Working Paper Series}, journal = {KFG Working Paper Series}, number = {3}, issn = {2509-3770}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-42050}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-420505}, pages = {12}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Das dritte Working Paper in der KFG Working Paper Series analysiert Zustand und Perspektiven v{\"o}lkerrechtlicher Abr{\"u}stungsvertr{\"a}ge unter der {\"A}gide der Vereinten Nationen. W{\"a}hrend die dreißig Jahre zwischen der Kuba-Krise und dem Fall des Eisernen Vorhangs f{\"u}r die Abr{\"u}stung eine erfolgreiche Periode gewesen seien, seien in den Vereinten Nationen seither außer dem Waffenhandelsvertrag keine weiteren Abr{\"u}stungsvertr{\"a}ge abgeschlossen worden. Die gegenw{\"a}rtige Stimmung sei abwartend bis negativ, obwohl es ein Nachholbed{\"u}rfnis gebe, Abr{\"u}stungsvertr{\"a}ge an die heutigen politischen Gegebenheiten sowie an den Stand der Technik anzupassen. Die Verfasserin schl{\"a}gt als L{\"o}sung vor, durch eine Politik der kleinen Schritte ein besseres Abr{\"u}stungsklima zu schaffen, indem dem Diskurs auf Grundlage zus{\"a}tzlicher Protokolle zu bestehenden Vertr{\"a}gen und notfalls auch durch ein Ausweichen auf andere Gremien eine neue Richtung verliehen werde.}, language = {de} } @techreport{EstrinKhavulKritikosetal.2024, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Estrin, Saul and Khavul, Susanna and Kritikos, Alexander and L{\"o}her, Jonas}, title = {Access to digital finance}, series = {CEPA Discussion Papers}, journal = {CEPA Discussion Papers}, number = {72}, issn = {2628-653X}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-62326}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-623261}, pages = {27}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Financing entrepreneurship spurs innovation and economic growth. Digital financial platforms that crowdfund equity for entrepreneurs have emerged globally, yet they remain poorly understood. We model equity crowdfunding in terms of the relationship between the number of investors and the amount of money raised per pitch. We examine heterogeneity in the average amount raised per pitch that is associated with differences across three countries and seven platforms. Using a novel dataset of successful fundraising on the most prominent platforms in the UK, Germany, and the USA, we find the underlying relationship between the number of investors and the amount of money raised for entrepreneurs is loglinear, with a coefficient less than one and concave to the origin. We identify significant variation in the average amount invested in each pitch across countries and platforms. Our findings have implications for market actors as well as regulators who set competitive frameworks.}, language = {en} } @techreport{Kahombo2016, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Kahombo, Balingene}, title = {Africa Within the Justice System of the International Criminal Court}, series = {KFG Working Paper Series}, journal = {KFG Working Paper Series}, number = {2}, issn = {2509-3770}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-41953}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-419537}, pages = {42}, year = {2016}, abstract = {This article re-examines the relationship between Africa and the International Criminal Court (ICC). It traces the successive changes of the African attitude towards this Court, from states' euphoria, to hostility against its work, to regional counter-initiatives through the umbrella of the African Union (AU). The main argument goes beyond the idea of "the Court that Africa wants" in order to identify concrete reasons behind such a formal argument which may have fostered, if not enticed, the majority of African states to become ICC members and actively cooperate with it, when paradoxically some great powers have decided to stay outside its jurisdiction. It also seeks to understand, from a political and legal viewpoint, which parameters have changed since then to provoke that hostile attitude against the Court's work and the entrance of the AU into the debate through the African Common Position on the ICC. Lastly, this article explores African alternatives to the contested ICC justice system. It examines the need to reform the Rome Statute in order to give more independence, credibility and legitimacy to the ICC and its duplication to some extent by the new "Criminal Court of the African Union". Particular attention is paid to the resistance against this idea to reform the ICC justice system.}, language = {en} } @techreport{Schulze2004, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Schulze, Andreas}, title = {Alternative Liberalisierungsans{\"a}tze in Netzindustrien}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14068}, year = {2004}, abstract = {Inhalt 1 Einf{\"u}hrung und Grundlagen 1.1 Problemstellung und Vorgehensweise 1.2 Ordnungs{\"o}konomische Systematisierung 1.3 „Neue" Besonderheitenlehre f{\"u}r Netzindustrien 2 Ansatzpunkte zur Liberalisierung in Netzindustrien 2.1 Liberalisierung durch Privatisierung 2.1.1 Interdependenz von Privatisierung und Markt{\"o}ffnung 2.1.2 Privatisierungsstufen 2.2 Liberalisierung durch Deregulierung und Re-Regulierung 2.2.1 Abgrenzung des relevanten Marktes: Netzinfrastruktur versus Netzdienstleistungen 2.2.2 Lokalisierung und Kontrolle von Marktmacht bei Netzinfrastruktur 2.3 Modelle zur Gew{\"a}hrleistung eines diskriminierungsfreien Netzzugangs 2.3.1 Verhandelter Netzzugang mit Missbrauchsaufsicht im Sinne der Essential-Facilities-Doktrin 2.3.2 Staatliche Regulierung des Netzzugangs 2.4 Theorie der vertikalen (Des-)Integration 2.4.1 Allokativ-statische, wohlfahrts{\"o}konomische Analyse vertikaler Integration 2.4.2 Institutionen{\"o}konomische Analyse vertikaler Integration 2.4.3 Dynamische, wettbewerbs{\"o}konomische Analyse vertikaler Integration 2.4.4 Konsequenz: Vertikale Desintegration 3 Institutionelle Ausgestaltung der Wettbewerbsaufsicht 3.1 Systematisierung der Tr{\"a}ger und Kompetenzabgrenzung 3.2 Kriterien f{\"u}r eine effiziente Wettbewerbsaufsicht 4 Schlussfolgerungen und intersektoraler Vergleich des Liberalisierungsprozessesin Netzindustrien}, language = {de} } @techreport{KsollSchoeler2001, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Ksoll, Markus and Sch{\"o}ler, Klaus}, title = {Alternative Organisation zweistufiger Stromm{\"a}rkte}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-13779}, year = {2001}, abstract = {Inhalt 1 Einleitung 2 Annahmen und Ausgangsmodell 3 Common Carrier-Modell 4 Third Party Access-Modell 5 Vergleich der Marktergebnisse 6 Schlußbetrachtung}, language = {de} } @techreport{BarkholdtKulaga2018, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Barkholdt, Janina and Kulaga, Julian}, title = {Analytical Presentation of the Comments and Observations by States on Draft Article 7, Paragraph 1, of the ILC Draft Articles on Immunity of State Officials From Foreign Criminal Jurisdiction, United Nations General Assembly, Sixth Committee, 2017}, series = {KFG Working Paper Series}, journal = {KFG Working Paper Series}, number = {14}, issn = {2509-3770}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-42212}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-422128}, pages = {108}, year = {2018}, abstract = {During its sessions in 2016 and 2017 the UN International Law Commission (ILC) debated the question whether the immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction is subject to exceptions for international crimes and provisionally adopted a Draft Article 7 on immunity ratione materiae. The following analytical presentation classifies and documents the reactions of States to draft article 7, paragraph 1, as they have been expressed in the Sixth (Legal) Committee of the General Assembly in 2017.}, language = {en} } @techreport{Berdefy2019, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Berdefy, Alina-Camille}, title = {Auftrag und M{\"o}glichkeiten der Kommission f{\"u}r Friedenskonsolidierung im System der Vereinten Nationen}, series = {Staat, Recht und Politik - Forschungs- und Diskussionspapiere}, journal = {Staat, Recht und Politik - Forschungs- und Diskussionspapiere}, number = {8}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam}, address = {Potsdam}, issn = {2509-6974}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-43947}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-439476}, pages = {25}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Vor dem Hintergrund der international steigenden Zahl an Konfliktr{\"u}ckf{\"a}llen insbesondere im Anschluss an bereits offiziell f{\"u}r beendet erkl{\"a}rte B{\"u}rgerkriege und die daraus folgende zunehmende Relevanz von Peacebuilding-Maßnahmen der internationalen Gemeinschaft, wird in diesem Beitrag die Arbeit der Kommission f{\"u}r Friedenskonsolidierung der Vereinten Nationen untersucht. Einerseits werden hierbei, nach einigen einf{\"u}hrenden Erl{\"a}uterungen zum Begriff der Friedenskonsolidierung an sich sowie der Zusammensetzung und Funktionsweise der Kommission, zun{\"a}chst ihre einzelnen Auftr{\"a}ge systematisch unter Einordnung in den Kontext des Peacebuilding-Systems der Vereinten Nationen herausgearbeitet und eine auswertende Bilanz unter ihre bisherige Erf{\"u}llung gezogen. Daran anschließend erfolgt eine Darstellung der zuk{\"u}nftigen M{\"o}glichkeiten der Kommission im Bereich der Friedenskonsolidierung unter besonderer Ber{\"u}cksichtigung ihres Potenzials innerhalb des Systems der Vereinten Nationen sowie der einschl{\"a}gigen v{\"o}lkerrechtlichen Aspekte.}, language = {de} } @techreport{KalkuhlFlachslandKnopfetal.2022, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Kalkuhl, Matthias and Flachsland, Christian and Knopf, Brigitte and Amberg, Maximilian and Bergmann, Tobias and Kellner, Maximilian and St{\"u}ber, Sophia and Haywood, Luke and Roolfs, Christina and Edenhofer, Ottmar}, title = {Auswirkungen der Energiepreiskrise auf Haushalte in Deutschland}, publisher = {Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC) gGmbH}, address = {Berlin}, pages = {37}, year = {2022}, language = {de} } @techreport{Berman2018, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Berman, Franklin}, title = {Authority in International Law}, series = {KFG Working Paper Series}, journal = {KFG Working Paper Series}, number = {22}, issn = {2509-3770}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-42284}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-422843}, pages = {21}, year = {2018}, abstract = {The author discusses the question of authority when determining the content of an international legal rule. Taking Article 38(1)(d) of the ICJ Statute as a point of departure, he determines through meticolous analysis what ranks as judicial decisions as well as teachings within the meaning of the norm. The author then proceeds to a number of factors to determine authoritativeness: objectivity, knowledgeability, depth of analysis, and the presence or otherwise of reasoning and, in particular, the persuasiveness of an opinion. In the case of judicial pronouncements, the author points out that the paradox between Article 59 and Article 38(1)(d) of the ICJ Statute is only an apparent one. While judgments of the Court are binding only between the parties, it is merely the underlying reasoning that can be taken into account in the context of Article 38(1)(d) if considered persuasive. Without central authority, authoritativenes in international law must always be earned which is also the reason for the lack of an hierarchical order between as well as within judicial pronouncements and learned writings though the former are usually more likely to fulfil the criteria of authoritativeness. In both cases, however, previously acquired reputation of a court or even an individual judge as well as of a learned writer can create a presumption of authoritativeness. On a more general level, the author concludes with a call for a more careful differentiation between the determination of law and its application. Putting the issue discussed into perspective, the author argues that situations of law determination arise, contrary to common understanding, in fact far less often than situations of law application.}, language = {en} } @techreport{Sanner2001, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Sanner, Helge}, title = {Bargaining structure and regional unemployment insurance}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-13747}, year = {2001}, abstract = {This study examines how the size of trade unions relative to the la- bor force impacts on the desirability of different organizational forms of self-financing unemployment insurance (UI) for workers, firms, and with reference to an efficiency criterion. For this purpose, we respectively nu- merically compare the outcome of a model with a uniform payroll tax to a model where workers pay taxes according to their systematic risk of unemployment. Our results highlight the importance of the bargaining structure for the assessment of a particular UI scheme. Most importantly, it depends on the size of the unions whether efficiency favors a uniform or a differentiated UI scheme.}, language = {en} } @techreport{Braun2018, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Braun, Harald}, title = {Berlin - New York}, series = {KFG Working Paper Series}, journal = {KFG Working Paper Series}, number = {11}, issn = {2509-3770}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-42198}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-421984}, pages = {17}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Beginning in January 2019, the new German government will face a particular new responsibility for world affairs: provided the elections in June 2018 lead to the desired result, Germany will be an elected member of the UN Security Council for two years from January 2019 until December 2020. However, Germany has been a respected and highly relevant member of the United Nations not only during its terms on the Security Council but also in "normal" times. The present article attempts to shed light on a few aspects of Germany's role in the UN during Merkel's chancellorship with an emphasis on her third term (2014-2017), such as the cooperative relationship between Germany and the UN Secretary-General in important policy fields, Germany's financial contributions to the UN, the impact of Germany's EU membership on its UN membership and the country's efforts with regard to the reform of the Security Council. The paper further provides context for Germany's abstention in the vote on Security Council Resolution 1973 on Libya in 2011. It concludes by ascertaining that Germany with its approach of active multilateralism has taken its place as one of the leading nations in Europe and is ready to take on responsibility with its partners to achieve a peaceful and stable world order.}, language = {en} } @techreport{Sanner2005, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Sanner, Helge}, title = {Bertrand Wettbewerb im Raum kann zu h{\"o}heren Preisen f{\"u}hren als ein Monopol}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14251}, year = {2005}, abstract = {In Mikro- und Industrie{\"o}konomik ist scheinbar gewiss, dassWettbewerb zu niedrigeren Preisen f{\"u}hrt und dass Konsumenten von Wettbewerb profitieren, w{\"a}hrend die etablierten Unternehmen einen Nachteil erleiden. Dieser Beitrag verwendet ein raumwirtschaftliches Standardmodell, um zu zeigen, dass dies nicht immer so sein muss. Der Grund ist, dass durch den Marktzutritt gerade die Konsumenten, deren Preiselastizit{\"a}t am gr{\"o}ßten ist, von dem Unternehmen bei der Preisbildung nicht ber{\"u}cksichtigt werden.}, language = {de} } @techreport{Lange2018, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Lange, Felix}, title = {Between Systematization and Expertise for Foreign Policy}, series = {KFG Working Paper Series}, journal = {KFG Working Paper Series}, number = {8}, issn = {2509-3770}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-42189}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-421895}, pages = {27}, year = {2018}, abstract = {German international legal scholarship has been known for its practice-oriented, doctrinal approach to international law. On the basis of archival material, this article tracks how this methodological take on international law developed in Germany between the 1920s and the 1980s. In 1924, as a reaction to the establishment of judicial institutions in the Treaty of Versailles, the German Reich founded the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law. Director Viktor Bruns institutionalized the practice-oriented method to advance the idea of international law as a legal order as well as to safeguard the interests of the Weimar government before the various courts. Under National Socialism, members of the Institute provided legal justifications for Hitler's increasingly radical foreign policy. At the same time, some of them did not engage with v{\"o}lkisch-racist theories, but systematized the existing ius in bello. After 1945, Hermann Mosler, as director of the renamed Max Planck Institute, took the view that the practice-oriented approach was not as discredited as the more theoretical approach of v{\"o}lkisch international law. Furthermore, he regarded the method as a promising vehicle to support the policy of Westintegration of Konrad Adenauer. Also, he tried to promote the idea of 'international society as a legal community' by analysing international practice.}, language = {en} }