@article{RieseVogelsangSchroederetal.2022,
  author    = {Riese, Josef and Vogelsang, Christoph and Schr{\"o}der, Jan and Borowski, Andreas and Kulgemeyer, Christoph and Reinhold, Peter and Schecker, Horst},
  title     = {The development of lesson planning skills in the subject of physics},
  series = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Erziehungswissenschaft},
  journal   = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Erziehungswissenschaft},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Springer VS/Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH},
  address   = {Wiesbaden},
  issn      = {1434-663X},
  doi       = {10.1007/s11618-022-01112-0},
  pages     = {843 -- 867},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {One main goal of university teacher education is the first acquisition of skills for theory-driven lesson planning. According to models of teachers' professional competence, it is assumed that the acquired professional knowledge represents an essential basis for the development of planning skills. Learning opportunities to apply this professional knowledge often occur in school internships, usually in advanced semesters of teacher education programs. It is also assumed that practical experience within lesson planning supports the formation of professional knowledge. However, the relationship between the extent of professional knowledge and the development of skills to plan a lesson lacks evidence. There is a particular challenge in measuring lesson planning skills both authentically and standardized. To evaluate the mentioned relationship, a longitudinal pre-post-study with prospective physics-teachers (N = 68 in the longitudinal section) was conducted at four German universities. Pre-service physics teachers' skills to plan a lesson were assessed with a standardized performance assessment at the beginning and at the end of a longterm-internship. This assessment consists of planning a physics lesson, conveying Newton's third Law, in a simulated and standardized way with limited time. In addition, content knowledge, pedagogical content knowledge and pedagogical knowledge has been assessed using standardized instruments. Furthermore, additional information about the internship and the amount of learning opportunities was collected at the end of the internship. During the internship, both lesson planning skills and all components of professional knowledge increased. Cross-Lagged-Panel-Analyses reveal that in particular pre-service teachers' pedagogical content knowledge as well as pedagogical knowledge at the beginning of the internship influences the development of lesson planning skills.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{MientusNowakWulffetal.2023,
  author    = {Mientus, Lukas and Nowak, Anna and Wulff, Peter and Borowski, Andreas},
  title     = {Unterrichtsanalyse und Reflexion},
  series = {Reflexion in der Lehrkr{\"a}ftebildung: Empirisch - Phasen{\"u}bergreifend - Interdisziplin{\"a}r (Potsdamer Beitr{\"a}ge zur Lehrerbildung und Bildungsforschung ; 4)},
  journal   = {Reflexion in der Lehrkr{\"a}ftebildung: Empirisch - Phasen{\"u}bergreifend - Interdisziplin{\"a}r (Potsdamer Beitr{\"a}ge zur Lehrerbildung und Bildungsforschung ; 4)},
  number    = {4},
  editor    = {Mientus, Lukas and Klempin, Christiane and Nowak, Anna},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-566-8},
  issn      = {2626-3556},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-63200},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-632005},
  pages     = {445 -- 452},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Schulpraktische Phasen stellen eine bedeutende praxisnahe Lerngelegenheit im Lehramtsstudium dar, da sie Raum f{\"u}r umfangreiche Reflexionen der eigenen Lernerfahrung bieten. Das im Studium erworbene theoretisch-formale Wissen steht hierbei dem praktischen Wissen und K{\"o}nnen gegen{\"u}ber. Mit der professionellen Entwicklung im Referendariat, besonders im Kompetenzbereich des Unterrichtens, kann geschlussfolgert werden, dass sich eine Reflexion {\"u}ber eher fachliche Aspekte unter den Studierenden im Referendariat auf eine Reflexion {\"u}ber eher {\"u}berfachliche und p{\"a}dagogische Aspekte weitet. Infolge der Analyse von N = 55 schriftlichen Fremdreflexionen von angehenden Physiklehrkr{\"a}ften aus Studium und Referendariat konnte diese Hypothese f{\"u}r den Bereich der Unterrichtsanalyse und -reflexion unterst{\"u}tzt werden. Weiter wurde aus der Videovignette ein Workshopangebot f{\"u}r Lehrkr{\"a}fte der zweiten und dritten Phase der Lehrkr{\"a}ftebildung entwickelt, erprobt und evaluiert.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{MassoltBorowski2020,
  author    = {Massolt, Joost Willem and Borowski, Andreas},
  title     = {Perceived relevance of university physics problems by pre-service physics teachers},
  series = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  volume    = {42},
  journal   = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {2},
  issn      = {1866-8372},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-51583},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-515838},
  pages     = {167 -- 189},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Pre-service physics teachers often do not recognise the relevance for their future career in their university content knowledge courses. A lower perceived relevance can, however, have a negative effect on their motivation and on their academic success. Several intervention studies have been undertaken with the goal to increase this perceived relevance. A previous study shows that conceptual physics problems used in university physics courses are perceived by pre-service physics teachers as more relevant for their future career than regular, quantitative problems. It is however not clear, what the students' meaning of the construct 'relevance' is: what makes a problem more relevant to them than another problem? To answer this question, N = 7 pre-service teachers were interviewed using the repertory grid technique, based on the personal construct theory. Nine physics problems were discussed with regards to their perceived relevance and with regards to problem properties that distinguish these problems from each other. We are able to identify six problem properties that have a positive influence on the perceived relevance. Physics problems that are based on these properties should therefore potentially have a higher perceived relevance, which can have a positive effect on the motivation of the pre-service teachers who solve these problems.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WulffBuschhueterWestphaletal.2022,
  author    = {Wulff, Peter and Buschh{\"u}ter, David and Westphal, Andrea and Mientus, Lukas and Nowak, Anna and Borowski, Andreas},
  title     = {Bridging the gap between qualitative and quantitative assessment in science education research with machine learning},
  series = {Journal of science education and technology},
  volume    = {31},
  journal   = {Journal of science education and technology},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Dordrecht},
  issn      = {1059-0145},
  doi       = {10.1007/s10956-022-09969-w},
  pages     = {490 -- 513},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Science education researchers typically face a trade-off between more quantitatively oriented confirmatory testing of hypotheses, or more qualitatively oriented exploration of novel hypotheses. More recently, open-ended, constructed response items were used to combine both approaches and advance assessment of complex science-related skills and competencies. For example, research in assessing science teachers' noticing and attention to classroom events benefitted from more open-ended response formats because teachers can present their own accounts. Then, open-ended responses are typically analyzed with some form of content analysis. However, language is noisy, ambiguous, and unsegmented and thus open-ended, constructed responses are complex to analyze. Uncovering patterns in these responses would benefit from more principled and systematic analysis tools. Consequently, computer-based methods with the help of machine learning and natural language processing were argued to be promising means to enhance assessment of noticing skills with constructed response formats. In particular, pretrained language models recently advanced the study of linguistic phenomena and thus could well advance assessment of complex constructs through constructed response items. This study examines potentials and challenges of a pretrained language model-based clustering approach to assess preservice physics teachers' attention to classroom events as elicited through open-ended written descriptions. It was examined to what extent the clustering approach could identify meaningful patterns in the constructed responses, and in what ways textual organization of the responses could be analyzed with the clusters. Preservice physics teachers (N = 75) were instructed to describe a standardized, video-recorded teaching situation in physics. The clustering approach was used to group related sentences. Results indicate that the pretrained language model-based clustering approach yields well-interpretable, specific, and robust clusters, which could be mapped to physics-specific and more general contents. Furthermore, the clusters facilitate advanced analysis of the textual organization of the constructed responses. Hence, we argue that machine learning and natural language processing provide science education researchers means to combine exploratory capabilities of qualitative research methods with the systematicity of quantitative methods.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WulffMientusNowaketal.2022,
  author    = {Wulff, Peter and Mientus, Lukas and Nowak, Anna and Borowski, Andreas},
  title     = {Utilizing a pretrained language model (BERT) to classify preservice physics teachers' written reflections},
  series = {International journal of artificial intelligence in education},
  journal   = {International journal of artificial intelligence in education},
  number    = {33},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {1560-4292},
  doi       = {10.1007/s40593-022-00290-6},
  pages     = {439 -- 466},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Computer-based analysis of preservice teachers' written reflections could enable educational scholars to design personalized and scalable intervention measures to support reflective writing. Algorithms and technologies in the domain of research related to artificial intelligence have been found to be useful in many tasks related to reflective writing analytics such as classification of text segments. However, mostly shallow learning algorithms have been employed so far. This study explores to what extent deep learning approaches can improve classification performance for segments of written reflections. To do so, a pretrained language model (BERT) was utilized to classify segments of preservice physics teachers' written reflections according to elements in a reflection-supporting model. Since BERT has been found to advance performance in many tasks, it was hypothesized to enhance classification performance for written reflections as well. We also compared the performance of BERT with other deep learning architectures and examined conditions for best performance. We found that BERT outperformed the other deep learning architectures and previously reported performances with shallow learning algorithms for classification of segments of reflective writing. BERT starts to outperform the other models when trained on about 20 to 30\% of the training data. Furthermore, attribution analyses for inputs yielded insights into important features for BERT's classification decisions. Our study indicates that pretrained language models such as BERT can boost performance for language-related tasks in educational contexts such as classification.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MientusWulffNowaketal.2023,
  author    = {Mientus, Lukas and Wulff, Peter and Nowak, Anna and Borowski, Andreas},
  title     = {Algorithmen als Dozierende?},
  series = {PSI-Potsdam: Ergebnisbericht zu den Aktivit{\"a}ten im Rahmen der Qualit{\"a}tsoffensive Lehrerbildung (2019-2023) (Potsdamer Beitr{\"a}ge zur Lehrerbildung und Bildungsforschung ; 3)},
  journal   = {PSI-Potsdam: Ergebnisbericht zu den Aktivit{\"a}ten im Rahmen der Qualit{\"a}tsoffensive Lehrerbildung (2019-2023) (Potsdamer Beitr{\"a}ge zur Lehrerbildung und Bildungsforschung ; 3)},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-568-2},
  issn      = {2626-3556},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-61640},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-616407},
  pages     = {117 -- 129},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Auf maschinellem Lernen basierende Tools haben schon l{\"a}ngst Einzug in unseren Alltag gefunden und so konnten auch in der Lehrkr{\"a}ftebildung erste Anwendungen entwickelt, erprobt und evaluiert werden. Im Teilprojekt Physikdidaktik des Schwerpunktes 2 „Schulpraktische Studien" wurden auf Basis eines Rahmenmodells f{\"u}r Reflexion (Nowak et al., 2019) automatisierte Analysemethoden (Wulff et al., 2020) entwickelt und fanden Einzug in universit{\"a}re fachdidaktische Lehre (Mientus et al., 2021a). Mit dem Projekt konnten Potenziale KI-basierter Unterst{\"u}tzung aufgezeigt und verstetigt sowie spezifische Herausforderungen identifiziert werden. Dieser Beitrag skizziert ausgew{\"a}hlte Anwendungsm{\"o}glichkeiten und weiterf{\"u}hrende Forschungen unter dem Gesichtspunkt der Akzeptanz computerunterst{\"u}tzter Lehre.},
  language  = {de}
}
@book{MientusKlempinNowaketal.2023,
  author    = {Mientus, Lukas and Klempin, Christiane and Nowak, Anna and Wyss, Corinne and Aufschnaiter, Claudia von and Faix, Ann-Christin and te Poel, Kathrin and Wahbe, Nadia and Pieper, Martin and H{\"o}ller, Katharina and Kallenbach, Lea and F{\"o}rster, Magdalena and Redecker, Anke and Dick, Mirjam and Holle, J{\"o}rg and Schneider, Edina and Rehfeldt, Daniel and Brauns, Sarah and Abels, Simone and Ferencik-Lehmkuhl, Daria and Fr{\"a}nkel, Silvia and Frohn, Julia and Liebsch, Ann-Catherine and Pech, Detlef and Schreier, Pascal and Jessen, Moiken and Großmann, Uta and Skintey, Lesya and Voerkel, Paul and Vaz Ferreira, Mergenfel A. and Zimmermann, Jan-Simon and Buddeberg, Magdalena and Henke, Vanessa and Hornberg, Sabine and V{\"o}lschow, Yvette and Warrelmann, Julia-Nadine and Malek, Jennifer and Tinnefeld, Anja and Schmidt, Peggy and Bauer, Tobias and J{\"a}nisch, Christopher and Spitzer, Lisa and Franken, Nadine and Degeling, Maria and Preisfeld, Angelika and Meier, Jana and K{\"u}th, Simon and Scholl, Daniel and Vogelsang, Christoph and Watson, Christina and Weißbach, Anna and Kulgemeyer, Christoph and Oetken, Mandy and Gorski, Sebastian and Kubsch, Marcus and Sorge, Stefan and Wulff, Peter and Fellenz, Carolin D. and Schnell, Susanne and Larisch, Cathleen and Kaiser, Franz and Knott, Christina and Reimer, Stefanie and Stegm{\"u}ller, Nathalie and Boukray{\^a}a Trabelsi, Kathrin and Schißlbauer, Franziska and Lemberger, Lukas and Barth, Ulrike and Wiehl, Angelika and Rogge, Tim and B{\"o}hnke, Anja and Dietz, Dennis and Großmann, Leroy and Wienmeister, Annett and Zoppke, Till and Jiang, Lisa and Gr{\"u}nbauer, Stephanie and Ostersehlt, D{\"o}rte and Peukert, Sophia and Sch{\"a}fer, Christoph and L{\"o}big, Anna and Br{\"o}ll, Leena and Brandt, Birgit and Breuer, Meike and Dausend, Henriette and Krelle, Michael and Andersen, Gesine and Falke, Sascha and Kindermann-G{\"u}zel, Kristin and K{\"o}rner, Katrina and Lottermoser, Lisa-Marie and P{\"u}gner, Kati and Sonnenburg, Nadine and Akarsu, Selim and Rechl, Friederike and Gadinger, Laureen and Heinze, Lena and Wittmann, Eveline and Franke, Manuela and Lachmund, Anne-Marie and B{\"o}ttger, Julia and Hannover, Bettina and Behrendt, Renata and Conty, Valentina and Grundmann, Stephanie and Ghassemi, Novid and Opitz, Ben and Br{\"a}mer, Martin and Gasparjan, David and Sambanis, Michaela and K{\"o}ster, Hilde and L{\"u}cke, Martin and Nordmeier, Volkhard and Schaal, Sonja and Haberbosch, Maximilian and Meissner, Maren and Schaal, Steffen and Br{\"u}chner, Melanie and Riehle, Tamara and Leopold, Bengta Marie and Gerlach, Susanne and Rau-Patschke, Sarah and Skorsetz, Nina and Weber, Nadine and Damk{\"o}hler, Jens and Elsholz, Markus and Trefzger, Thomas and Lewek, Tobias and Borowski, Andreas},
  title     = {Reflexion in der Lehrkr{\"a}ftebildung},
  series = {Potsdamer Beitr{\"a}ge f{\"u}r Lehrkr{\"a}ftebildung und Bildungsforschung},
  journal   = {Potsdamer Beitr{\"a}ge f{\"u}r Lehrkr{\"a}ftebildung und Bildungsforschung},
  number    = {4},
  editor    = {Mientus, Lukas and Klempin, Christiane and Nowak, Anna},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-566-8},
  issn      = {2626-3556},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-59171},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-591717},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {452},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Reflexion ist eine Schl{\"u}sselkategorie f{\"u}r die professionelle Entwicklung von Lehrkr{\"a}ften, welche als Ausbildungsziel in den Bildungsstandards f{\"u}r die Lehrkr{\"a}ftebildung verankert ist. Eine Verstetigung universit{\"a}r gepr{\"a}gter Forschung und Modellierung in der praxisnahen Anwendung im schulischen Kontext bietet Potentiale nachhaltiger Professionalisierung. Die St{\"a}rkung reflexionsbezogener Kompetenzen durch Empirie und Anwendung scheint eine phasen{\"u}bergreifende Herausforderung der Lehrkr{\"a}ftebildung zu sein, die es zu bew{\"a}ltigen gilt. Ziele des Tagungsbandes Reflexion in der Lehrkr{\"a}ftebildung sind eine theoretische Sch{\"a}rfung des Konzeptes „Reflexive Professionalisierung" und der Austausch {\"u}ber Fragen der Einbettung wirksamer reflexionsbezogener Lerngelegenheiten in die Lehrkr{\"a}ftebildung. Forschende und Lehrende der‚ drei Phasen (Studium, Referendariat sowie Fort- und Weiterbildung) der Lehrkr{\"a}ftebildung stellen Lehrkonzepte und Forschungsprojekte zum Thema Reflexion in der Lehrkr{\"a}ftebildung vor und diskutieren diese. Gemeinsam mit Teilnehmenden aller Phasen und von verschiedenen Standorten der Lehrkr{\"a}ftebildung werden zuk{\"u}nftige Herausforderungen identifiziert und L{\"o}sungsans{\"a}tze herausgearbeitet.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{WulffMientusNowaketal.2023,
  author    = {Wulff, Peter and Mientus, Lukas and Nowak, Anna and Borowski, Andreas},
  title     = {KI-basierte Auswertung von schriftlichen Unterrichtsreflexionen im Fach Physik und automatisierte R{\"u}ckmeldung},
  series = {PSI-Potsdam: Ergebnisbericht zu den Aktivit{\"a}ten im Rahmen der Qualit{\"a}tsoffensive Lehrerbildung (2019-2023) (Potsdamer Beitr{\"a}ge zur Lehrerbildung und Bildungsforschung ; 3)},
  journal   = {PSI-Potsdam: Ergebnisbericht zu den Aktivit{\"a}ten im Rahmen der Qualit{\"a}tsoffensive Lehrerbildung (2019-2023) (Potsdamer Beitr{\"a}ge zur Lehrerbildung und Bildungsforschung ; 3)},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-568-2},
  issn      = {2626-3556},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-61636},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-616363},
  pages     = {103 -- 115},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {F{\"u}r die Entwicklung professioneller Handlungskompetenzen angehender Lehrkr{\"a}fte stellt die Unterrichtsreflexion ein wichtiges Instrument dar, um Theoriewissen und Praxiserfahrungen in Beziehung zu setzen. Die Auswertung von Unterrichtsreflexionen und eine entsprechende R{\"u}ckmeldung stellt Forschende und Dozierende allerdings vor praktische wie theoretische Herausforderungen. Im Kontext der Forschung zu K{\"u}nstlicher Intelligenz (KI) entwickelte Methoden bieten hier neue Potenziale. Der Beitrag stellt {\"u}berblicksartig zwei Teilstudien vor, die mit Hilfe von KI-Methoden wie dem maschinellen Lernen untersuchen, inwieweit eine Auswertung von Unterrichtsreflexionen angehender Physiklehrkr{\"a}fte auf Basis eines theoretisch abgeleiteten Reflexionsmodells und die automatisierte R{\"u}ckmeldung hierzu m{\"o}glich sind. Dabei wurden unterschiedliche Ans{\"a}tze des maschinellen Lernens verwendet, um modellbasierte Klassifikation und Exploration von Themen in Unterrichtsreflexionen umzusetzen. Die Genauigkeit der Ergebnisse wurde vor allem durch sog. Große Sprachmodelle gesteigert, die auch den Transfer auf andere Standorte und F{\"a}cher erm{\"o}glichen. F{\"u}r die fachdidaktische Forschung bedeuten sie jedoch wiederum neue Herausforderungen, wie etwa systematische Verzerrungen und Intransparenz von Entscheidungen. Dennoch empfehlen wir, die Potenziale der KI-basierten Methoden gr{\"u}ndlicher zu erforschen und konsequent in der Praxis (etwa in Form von Webanwendungen) zu implementieren.},
  language  = {de}
}
@book{HermannsBoehmeMeyeringetal.2023,
  author    = {Hermanns, Jolanda and B{\"o}hme, Katrin and Meyering, Meike and Fuchs, Isabelle and Wagner, Simon and Krauskopf, Karsten and Knigge, Michel and Rother, Stefanie and Tosch, Frank and Wendland, Mirko and Wulff, Peter and Mientus, Lukas and Nowak, Anna and Borowski, Andreas and Baer, Ella and Bosch, Jannis and Wilbert, J{\"u}rgen and Br{\"a}sel, Tim and Fenn, Monika and Kortenkamp, Ulrich and Kuzle, Ana and Reitz-Koncebovski, Karen and Burg, Paula and Lampart, Fabian and Leubner, Martin and Freitag-Hild, Britta and Bitmann, Anna and Reinhardt, Susanne and Roos, Jana and Hußner, Isabell and B{\"o}rner, Dustin and Lazarides, Rebecca and Glowinski, Ingrid and Autenrieth, Marijke and Radke, Thea and Ehlert, Antje and Menke, Anne and Haupenthal, Anna and Schramm, Satyam Antonio and Kruse, Julia and K{\"o}rner, Dorothea and Fischer, Jakob Thomas and Kayser, Daniela Niesta},
  title     = {PSI-Potsdam},
  series = {Potsdamer Beitr{\"a}ge f{\"u}r Lehrkr{\"a}ftebildung und Bildungsforschung},
  journal   = {Potsdamer Beitr{\"a}ge f{\"u}r Lehrkr{\"a}ftebildung und Bildungsforschung},
  number    = {3},
  editor    = {Hermanns, Jolanda},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-568-2},
  issn      = {2626-3556},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-60187},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-601875},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {393},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {An der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam wird seit 2015 im Rahmen der „Qualit{\"a}tsoffensive Lehrerbildung" das Projekt „Professionalisierung - Schulpraktische Studien - Inklusion" (PSI-Potsdam) durchgef{\"u}hrt und am Zentrum f{\"u}r Lehrerbildung und Bildungsforschung (ZeLB) koordiniert. Zur ersten Projektf{\"o}rderphase (2015-2018) erschien der Band „PSI-Potsdam - Ergebnisbericht zu den Aktivit{\"a}ten im Rahmen der Qualit{\"a}tsoffensive Lehrerbildung (2015-2018)" zum Auftakt der Reihe „Potsdamer Beitr{\"a}ge zur Lehrerbildung und Bildungsforschung". Der vorliegende Band aus der gleichen Reihe gibt in den Kapiteln „Erhebungen", „Lehrkonzepte" und „Vernetzungen" einen {\"U}berblick {\"u}ber alle Teilprojekte der zweiten Projektf{\"o}rderphase (2019-2023). Wissenschaftler:innen aus verschiedenen Fachdidaktiken, Fachwissenschaften sowie aus den Bildungswissenschaften und der Inklusionsp{\"a}dagogik haben im Rahmen des Projektes kooperiert. Sowohl praxisnahe Forschung als auch die Entwicklung neuer Lehrkonzepte sowie Strategien zur Vernetzung innerhalb der Lehrkr{\"a}ftebildung stehen im Fokus dieses Bandes. Die Praxisphasen, die im Rahmen des „Potsdamer Modells der Lehrerbildung" eine zentrale Rolle spielen, wurden in einer großen Studie {\"u}ber alle Praxisphasen untersucht. Der Band gibt interessante Einblicke in die Ergebnisse der Teilprojekte und Anregungen sowohl f{\"u}r die eigene Forschung als auch f{\"u}r Entwicklungsarbeit wie zum Beispiel die Entwicklung neuer Lehrkonzepte. Herausgegeben wird dieser Band von PD Dr. Jolanda Hermanns (Gesamtkoordinatorin PSI-Potsdam und Chemiedidaktikerin).},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{KulgemeyerBorowskiBuschhueteretal.2020,
  author    = {Kulgemeyer, Christoph and Borowski, Andreas and Buschh{\"u}ter, David and Enkrott, Patrick and Kempin, Maren and Reinhold, Peter and Riese, Josef and Schecker, Horst and Schr{\"o}der, Jan and Vogelsang, Christoph},
  title     = {Professional knowledge affects action-related skills},
  series = {Journal of research in science teaching : the official journal of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching},
  volume    = {57},
  journal   = {Journal of research in science teaching : the official journal of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching},
  number    = {10},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {0022-4308},
  doi       = {10.1002/tea.21632},
  pages     = {1554 -- 1582},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Professional knowledge is an important source of science teachers' actions in the classroom (e.g., personal professional content knowledge [pedagogical content knowledge, PCK] is the source of enacted PCK in the refined consensus model [RCM] for PCK). However, the evidence for this claim is ambiguous at best. This study applied a cross-lagged panel design to examine the relationship between professional knowledge and actions in one particular instructional situation: explaining physics. Pre- and post a field experience (one semester), 47 preservice physics teachers from four different universities were tested for their content knowledge (CK), PCK, pedagogical knowledge (PK), and action-related skills in explaining physics. The study showed that joint professional knowledge (the weighted sum of CK, PCK, and PK scores) at the beginning of the field experience impacted the development of explaining skills during the field experience (beta = .38**). We interpret this as a particular relationship between professional knowledge and science teachers' action-related skills (enacted PCK): professional knowledge is necessary for the development of explaining skills. That is evidence that personal PCK affects enacted PCK. In addition, field experiences are often supposed to bridge the theory-practice gap by transforming professional knowledge into instructional practice. Our results suggest that for field experiences to be effective, preservice teachers should start with profound professional knowledge.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KranjcHorvatWienerSchmelingetal.2022,
  author    = {Kranjc Horvat, Anja and Wiener, Jeff and Schmeling, Sascha and Borowski, Andreas},
  title     = {Learning goals of professional development programs at science research institutions},
  series = {Journal of science teacher education : the official journal of the Association for the Education of Teachers in Science},
  volume    = {33},
  journal   = {Journal of science teacher education : the official journal of the Association for the Education of Teachers in Science},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group},
  address   = {Abingdon},
  issn      = {1046-560X},
  doi       = {10.1080/1046560X.2021.1905330},
  pages     = {32 -- 54},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Effective professional development programs (PDPs) rely on well-defined goals. However, recent studies on PDPs have not explored the goals from a multi-stakeholder perspective. This study identifies the most important learning goals of PDPs at science research institutions as perceived by four groups of stakeholders, namely teachers, education researchers, government representatives, and research scientists. Altogether, over 100 stakeholders from 42 countries involved in PDPs at science research institutions in Europe and North America participated in a three-round Delphi study. In the first round, the stakeholders provided their opinions on what they thought the learning goals of PDPs should be through an open-ended questionnaire. In the second and third rounds, the stakeholders assessed the importance of the learning goals that emerged from the first round by rating and ranking them, respectively. The outcome of the study is a hierarchical list of the ten most important learning goals of PDPs at particle physics laboratories. The stakeholders identified enhancing teachers' knowledge of scientific concepts and models and enhancing their knowledge of the curricula as the most important learning goals. Furthermore, the results show strong agreement between all the stakeholder groups regarding the defined learning goals. Indeed, all groups ranked the learning goals by their perceived importance almost identically. These outcomes could help policymakers establish more specific policies for PDPs. Additionally, they provide PDP practitioners at science research institutions with a solid base for future research and planning endeavors.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{LohwasserMusilvanKempenetal.2019,
  author    = {Lohwaßer, Roswitha and Musil, Andreas and van Kempen, Britta and Schubarth, Wilfried and Wendland, Mirko and Burchard, Daniel and Reimann, Margit and Pohlmann, Markus and Mauermeister, Sylvi and Fenn, Monika and Schmidt, Bernd and Lukowski, Sarah and Borowski, Andreas},
  title     = {Kentron : Journal zur Lehrerbildung = UPgrade Lehrerbildung},
  number    = {33},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam, Zentrum f{\"u}r Lehrerbildung},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {1867-4720},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-59040},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-590400},
  pages     = {39},
  year      = {2019},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{MassoltBorowski2020,
  author    = {Massolt, Joost Willem and Borowski, Andreas},
  title     = {Perceived relevance of university physics problems by pre-service physics teachers},
  series = {International journal of science education},
  volume    = {42},
  journal   = {International journal of science education},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group},
  address   = {Abingdon},
  issn      = {0950-0693},
  doi       = {10.1080/09500693.2019.1705424},
  pages     = {167 -- 189},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Pre-service physics teachers often do not recognise the relevance for their future career in their university content knowledge courses. A lower perceived relevance can, however, have a negative effect on their motivation and on their academic success. Several intervention studies have been undertaken with the goal to increase this perceived relevance. A previous study shows that conceptual physics problems used in university physics courses are perceived by pre-service physics teachers as more relevant for their future career than regular, quantitative problems. It is however not clear, what the students' meaning of the construct 'relevance' is: what makes a problem more relevant to them than another problem? To answer this question, N = 7 pre-service teachers were interviewed using the repertory grid technique, based on the personal construct theory. Nine physics problems were discussed with regards to their perceived relevance and with regards to problem properties that distinguish these problems from each other. We are able to identify six problem properties that have a positive influence on the perceived relevance. Physics problems that are based on these properties should therefore potentially have a higher perceived relevance, which can have a positive effect on the motivation of the pre-service teachers who solve these problems.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{MientusHumeWulffetal.2022,
  author    = {Mientus, Lukas and Hume, Anne Christine and Wulff, Peter and Meiners, Antoinette and Borowski, Andreas},
  title     = {Modelling STEM Teachers' Pedagogical Content Knowledge in the Framework of the Refined Consensus Model: A Systematic Literature Review},
  series = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  issn      = {1866-8372},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-56912},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-569127},
  pages     = {1 -- 25},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Science education researchers have developed a refined understanding of the structure of science teachers' pedagogical content knowledge (PCK), but how to develop applicable and situation-adequate PCK remains largely unclear. A potential problem lies in the diverse conceptualisations of the PCK used in PCK research. This study sought to systematize existing science education research on PCK through the lens of the recently proposed refined consensus model (RCM) of PCK. In this review, the studies' approaches to investigating PCK and selected findings were characterised and synthesised as an overview comparing research before and after the publication of the RCM. We found that the studies largely employed a qualitative case-study methodology that included specific PCK models and tools. However, in recent years, the studies focused increasingly on quantitative aspects. Furthermore, results of the reviewed studies can mostly be integrated into the RCM. We argue that the RCM can function as a meaningful theoretical lens for conceptualizing links between teaching practice and PCK development by proposing pedagogical reasoning as a mechanism and/or explanation for PCK development in the context of teaching practice.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MientusHumeWulffetal.2022,
  author    = {Mientus, Lukas and Hume, Anne and Wulff, Peter and Meiners, Antoinette and Borowski, Andreas},
  title     = {Modelling STEM teachers' pedagogical content knowledge in the framework of the refined consensus model},
  series = {Education Sciences : open access journal},
  volume    = {12},
  journal   = {Education Sciences : open access journal},
  edition   = {6},
  publisher = {MDPI},
  address   = {Basel, Schweiz},
  issn      = {2227-7102},
  doi       = {10.3390/educsci12060385},
  pages     = {1 -- 25},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Science education researchers have developed a refined understanding of the structure of science teachers' pedagogical content knowledge (PCK), but how to develop applicable and situation-adequate PCK remains largely unclear. A potential problem lies in the diverse conceptualisations of the PCK used in PCK research. This study sought to systematize existing science education research on PCK through the lens of the recently proposed refined consensus model (RCM) of PCK. In this review, the studies' approaches to investigating PCK and selected findings were characterised and synthesised as an overview comparing research before and after the publication of the RCM. We found that the studies largely employed a qualitative case-study methodology that included specific PCK models and tools. However, in recent years, the studies focused increasingly on quantitative aspects. Furthermore, results of the reviewed studies can mostly be integrated into the RCM. We argue that the RCM can function as a meaningful theoretical lens for conceptualizing links between teaching practice and PCK development by proposing pedagogical reasoning as a mechanism and/or explanation for PCK development in the context of teaching practice.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WulffBuschhueterWestphaletal.2020,
  author    = {Wulff, Peter and Buschh{\"u}ter, David and Westphal, Andrea and Nowak, Anna and Becker, Lisa and Robalino, Hugo and Stede, Manfred and Borowski, Andreas},
  title     = {Computer-based classification of preservice physics teachers' written reflections},
  series = {Journal of science education and technology},
  volume    = {30},
  journal   = {Journal of science education and technology},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Dordrecht},
  issn      = {1059-0145},
  doi       = {10.1007/s10956-020-09865-1},
  pages     = {1 -- 15},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Reflecting in written form on one's teaching enactments has been considered a facilitator for teachers' professional growth in university-based preservice teacher education. Writing a structured reflection can be facilitated through external feedback. However, researchers noted that feedback in preservice teacher education often relies on holistic, rather than more content-based, analytic feedback because educators oftentimes lack resources (e.g., time) to provide more analytic feedback. To overcome this impediment to feedback for written reflection, advances in computer technology can be of use. Hence, this study sought to utilize techniques of natural language processing and machine learning to train a computer-based classifier that classifies preservice physics teachers' written reflections on their teaching enactments in a German university teacher education program. To do so, a reflection model was adapted to physics education. It was then tested to what extent the computer-based classifier could accurately classify the elements of the reflection model in segments of preservice physics teachers' written reflections. Multinomial logistic regression using word count as a predictor was found to yield acceptable average human-computer agreement (F1-score on held-out test dataset of 0.56) so that it might fuel further development towards an automated feedback tool that supplements existing holistic feedback for written reflections with data-based, analytic feedback.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BuschhueterSpodenBorowski2017,
  author    = {Buschh{\"u}ter, David and Spoden, Christian and Borowski, Andreas},
  title     = {Physics knowledge of first semester physics students in Germany},
  series = {International journal of science education},
  volume    = {39},
  journal   = {International journal of science education},
  number    = {9},
  publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group},
  address   = {Abingdon},
  issn      = {0950-0693},
  doi       = {10.1080/09500693.2017.1318457},
  pages     = {1109 -- 1132},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Over the last decades, the percentage of the age group choosing to pursue university studies has increased significantly across the world. At the same time, there are university teachers who believe that the standards have fallen. There is little research on whether students nowadays demonstrate knowledge or abilities similar to that of the preceding cohorts. However, in times of educational expansion, empirical evidence on student test performance is extremely helpful in evaluating how well educational systems cope with the increasing numbers of students. In this study, we compared a sample of 2322 physics freshmen from 2013 with another sample of 2718 physics freshmen from 1978 at universities in Germany with regard to their physics knowledge based on their results in the same entrance test. Previous results on mathematics knowledge and abilities in the same sample of students indicated that there was no severe decline in their average achievement. This paper compares the physics knowledge of the same two samples of students. Contrary to their mathematics results, their physics results showed a substantial decrease in physics knowledge as measured by the test.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LiepertzBorowski2018,
  author    = {Liepertz, Sven and Borowski, Andreas},
  title     = {Testing the Consensus Model},
  series = {International journal of science education},
  volume    = {41},
  journal   = {International journal of science education},
  number    = {7},
  publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group},
  address   = {Abingdon},
  issn      = {0950-0693},
  doi       = {10.1080/09500693.2018.1478165},
  pages     = {890 -- 910},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The structure and definition of professional knowledge is a continuing focus of science education research. In 2012, a pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) summit was held and it suggested a model of professional knowledge and skill including PCK, which was later often called the Consensus Model (Gess-Newsome, 2015. A model of teacher professional knowledge and skill including PCK: Results of the thinking from the PCK summit. In A. Berry, P. J. Friedrichsen, \& J. Loughran (Eds.), Teaching and learning in science series. Re-examining pedagogical content knowledge in science education (1st ed., pp. 28-42). New York, NY: Routledge). The Consensus Model proposes a potential powerful framework for the relations among teachers' different professional knowledge bases, but to date it has neither been investigated empirically nor systematically. In this study, we investigated the relationships suggested by the Consensus Model among different aspects of teachers' knowledge and skill. A sample of 35 physics teachers and their classes participated in the investigation; both teachers and their students in these classes took paper-and-pencil tests. Furthermore, a lesson taught by each of the teachers was videotaped and analysed. The video analysis focused on the interconnectedness of the content structure of the lesson as representation of the in-class actions of the teachers. The interconnectedness is understood as a direct result of the application of professional knowledge of the teachers to their teaching. The teachers' knowledge showed no significant influence on the interconnectedness of the lesson content structure. However, the results confirmed the influence of interconnectedness and certain aspects of professional knowledge on students' outcomes. Therefore, interconnectedness of content structure could be verified as one indicator of teachers' instructional quality.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{VogelsangBorowskiBuschhueteretal.2019,
  author    = {Vogelsang, Christoph and Borowski, Andreas and Buschh{\"u}ter, David and Enkrott, Patrick and Kempin, Maren and Kulgemeyer, Christoph and Reinhold, Peter and Riese, Josef and Schecker, Horst and Schr{\"o}der, Jan},
  title     = {Entwicklung von Professionswissen und Unterrichtsperformanz im Lehramtsstudium Physik},
  series = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r P{\"a}dagogik},
  volume    = {65},
  journal   = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r P{\"a}dagogik},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Beltz},
  address   = {Weinheim},
  issn      = {0044-3247},
  pages     = {473 -- 491},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Angehende Physiklehrkr{\"a}fte sollen im Rahmen ihres Studiums fachliches und fachdidaktisches Wissen erwerben, welches die Gestaltung lernf{\"o}rderlichen Unterrichts erm{\"o}glicht. Es ist allerdings empirisch nur wenig gekl{\"a}rt, wie sich dieses Wissen im Laufe des Studiums entwickelt und ob es zur Ausbildung von Handlungsf{\"a}higkeiten beitr{\"a}gt. Um derartige Wirkungsaussagen treffen zu k{\"o}nnen, m{\"u}ssen Instrumente entwickelt werden, die eine valide Testwertinterpretation zulassen. In diesem Beitrag werden auf Basis von im Projekt Profile-P+ entwickelten Instrumenten Validit{\"a}tsanalysen zur l{\"a}ngsschnittlichen Entwicklung des Professionswissens von Physiklehramtsstudierenden im Verlauf des Bachelorstudiums und ihrer F{\"a}higkeiten zur Planung und Reflexion von Physikunterricht sowie zum Erkl{\"a}ren von physikalischen Sachverhalten vor und nach dem Praxissemester dargestellt. Neben Wissenstests kamen standardisierte Performanztests zum Einsatz. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse sprechen daf{\"u}r, dass die erhobenen Messwerte im Sinne von Wirkungsaussagen interpretiert werden k{\"o}nnen.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{KirschnerBorowskiFischeretal.2016,
  author    = {Kirschner, Sophie and Borowski, Andreas and Fischer, Hans E. and Gess-Newsome, Julie and von Aufschnaiter, Claudia},
  title     = {Developing and evaluating a paper-and-pencil test to assess components},
  series = {International journal of science education},
  volume    = {38},
  journal   = {International journal of science education},
  publisher = {Royal Society of Chemistry},
  address   = {Abingdon},
  issn      = {0950-0693},
  doi       = {10.1080/09500693.2016.1190479},
  pages     = {1343 -- 1372},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Teachers' professional knowledge is assumed to be a key variable for effective teaching. As teacher education has the goal to enhance professional knowledge of current and future teachers, this knowledge should be described and assessed. Nevertheless, only a limited number of studies quantitatively measures physics teachers' professional knowledge. The study reported in this paper was part of a bigger project with the broader goal of understanding teacher professional knowledge. We designed a test instrument to assess the professional knowledge of physics teachers (N = 186) in the dimensions of content knowledge (CK), pedagogical content knowledge (PCK), and pedagogical knowledge (PK). A model describing the relationships between these three dimensions of professional knowledge was created to inform the design of the tests used to measure CK, PCK, and PK. In this paper, we describe the model with particular emphasis on the PCK part, and the subsequent PCK test development and its implementation in detail. We report different approaches to evaluate the PCK test, including the description of content validity, the examination of the internal structure of professional knowledge, and the analysis of construct validity by testing teachers across different school subjects, teachers from different school types, pre-service teachers, and physicists. Our findings demonstrate that our PCK test results could distinguish physics teachers from the other groups tested. The PCK test results could not be explained by teachers' CK or PK, cognitive abilities, computational skills, or science knowledge.},
  language  = {en}
}