@article{MaassDaphiLehmannetal.2017,
  author    = {Maass, Stefanie and Daphi, Daniel and Lehmann, Anika and Rillig, Matthias C.},
  title     = {Transport of microplastics by two collembolan species},
  series = {Environmental pollution},
  volume    = {225},
  journal   = {Environmental pollution},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {0269-7491},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.envpol.2017.03.009},
  pages     = {456 -- 459},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Plastics, despite their great benefits, have become a ubiquitous environmental pollutant, with micro-plastic particles having come into focus most recently. Microplastic effects have been intensely studied in aquatic, especially marine systems; however, there is lack of studies focusing on effects on soil and its biota. A basic question is if and how surface-deposited microplastic particles are transported into the soil. We here wished to test if soil microarthropods, using Collembola, can transport these particles over distances of centimeters within days in a highly controlled experimental set-up. We conducted a fully factorial experiment with two collembolan species of differing body size, Folsomia candida and Proisotoma minuta, in combination with urea-formaldehyde particles of two different particle sizes. We observed significant differences between the species concerning the distance the particles were transported. F. candida was able to transport larger particles further and faster than P. minuta. Using video, we observed F candida interacting with urea-formaldehyde particles and polyethylene terephthalate fibers, showing translocation of both material types. Our data clearly show that microplastic particles can be moved and distributed by soil microarthropods. Although we did not observe feeding, it is possible that microarthropods contribute to the accumulation of microplastics in the soil food web. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Borck2019,
  author    = {Borck, Rainald},
  title     = {Public transport and urban pollution},
  series = {Regional science and urban economics},
  volume    = {77},
  journal   = {Regional science and urban economics},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0166-0462},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2019.06.005},
  pages     = {356 -- 366},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {This paper studies the effect of public transport policies on urban pollution. It uses a quantitative equilibrium model with residential choice and mode choice. Pollution comes from commuting and residential energy use. The model parameters are calibrated to replicate key variables for American metropolitan areas. In the counterfactual, I study how free public transport coupled with increasing transit speed affects the equilibrium. In the baseline simulation, total pollution falls by 0.4\%, as decreasing emissions from transport are partly offset by rising residential emissions. A second counterfactual compares a city with and without public transit. This large investment decreases pollution by 1.7\%. When jobs are decentralized, emissions fall by 0.5\% in the first and by 3\% in the second counterfactual.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ColeLiddleConsolandietal.2020,
  author    = {Cole, Matthew and Liddle, Corin and Consolandi, Giulia and Drago, Claudia and Hird, Cameron and Lindeque, Penelope Kate and Galloway, Tamara S.},
  title     = {Microplastics, microfibres and nanoplastics cause variable sub-lethal responses in mussels (Mytilus spp.)},
  series = {Marine pollution bulletin : the international journal for marine environmental scientists, engineers, administrators, politicians and lawyers},
  volume    = {160},
  journal   = {Marine pollution bulletin : the international journal for marine environmental scientists, engineers, administrators, politicians and lawyers},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0025-326X},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111552},
  pages     = {10},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {We compare the toxicity of microplastics, microfibres and nanoplastics on mussels. Mussels (Mytilus spp.) were exposed to 500 ng mL(-1) of 20 mu m polystyrene microplastics, 10 x 30 mu m polyamide microfibres or 50 nm polystyrene nanoplastics for 24 h or 7 days. Biomarkers of immune response, oxidative stress response, lysosomal destabilisation and genotoxic damage were measured in haemolymph, digestive gland and gills. Microplastics and microfibres were observed in the digestive glands, with significantly higher plastic concentrations after 7-days exposure (ANOVA, P < 0.05). Nanoplastics had a significant effect on hyalinocytegranulocyte ratios (ANOVA, P < 0.05), indicative of a heightened immune response. SOD activity was significantly increased followed 24 h exposure to plastics (two-way ANOVA, P < 0.05), but returned to normal levels after 7-days exposure. No evidence of lysosomal destabilisation or genotoxic damage was observed from any form of plastic. The study highlights how particle size is a key factor in plastic particulate toxicity.},
  language  = {en}
}