@article{WrightWachsGamezGuadix2022,
  author    = {Wright, Michelle F. and Wachs, Sebastian and Gamez-Guadix, Manuel},
  title     = {The Role of Perceived Gay-Straight Alliance Social Support in the Longitudinal Association Between Homophobic Cyberbullying and LGBTQIA Adolescents' Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms},
  series = {Journal of youth and adolescence : a multidisciplinary research publication},
  volume    = {51},
  journal   = {Journal of youth and adolescence : a multidisciplinary research publication},
  number    = {7},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {0047-2891},
  doi       = {10.1007/s10964-022-01585-6},
  pages     = {1388 -- 1396},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {There has been little research attention given to how Gay-Straight Alliances might mitigate mental health consequences associated with experiencing homophobic cyberbullying. To address this gap in knowledge, the purpose of this one-year longitudinal study was to investigate the moderating effect of perceived social support from Gay-Straight Alliances in the relationships among homophobic cyberbullying victimization and bystanding and depressive and anxiety symptoms among 466 LGBTQIA adolescents (M-age = 15.76; 52\% female). The findings revealed that perceived social support was related negatively to homophobic cyberbullying involvement and depressive and anxiety symptoms. Homophobic cyberbullying involvement was related positively to depressive and anxiety symptoms. High perceived social support buffered against the depressive and anxiety symptoms resulting from homophobic victimization and bystanding among LGBTQIA adolescents but low levels and average levels did not moderate these associations. These findings highlight the importance of expanding Gay-Straight Alliances in schools.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WachsGamezGuadixWright2022,
  author    = {Wachs, Sebastian and Gamez-Guadix, Manuel and Wright, Michelle F.},
  title     = {Online hate speech victimization and depressive symptoms among adolescents},
  series = {Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking},
  volume    = {25},
  journal   = {Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking},
  number    = {7},
  publisher = {Liebert},
  address   = {New Rochelle},
  issn      = {2152-2715},
  doi       = {10.1089/cyber.2022.0009},
  pages     = {416 -- 423},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Online hate speech has become a widespread problem in the daily life of adolescents. Despite growing societal and academic interest in this online risk, not much is known about the relationship between online hate speech victimization (OHSV) and adolescents' mental well-being. In addition, potential factors influencing the magnitude of this relationship remain unclear. To address these gaps in the literature, this study investigated the relationship between OHSV and depressive symptoms and the buffering effects of resilience in this relationship. The sample consists of 1,632 adolescents (49.1\% girls) between 12 and 18 years old (M-age = 13.83, SDage = 1.23), recruited from nine schools across Spain. Self-report questionnaires were administered to assess OHSV, depressive symptoms, and resilience. Regression analyses revealed that OHSV was positively linked to depressive symptoms. In addition, victims of online hate speech were less likely to report depressive symptoms when they reported average or high levels of resilience (i.e., social competence, personal competence, structured style, social resources, and family cohesion) compared with those with low levels of resilience. Our findings highlight the need for the development of intervention programs and the relevance of focusing on internal and external developmental assets to mitigate negative outcomes for victims of online hate speech.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WachsCastellanosWettsteinetal.2023,
  author    = {Wachs, Sebastian and Castellanos, Melisa and Wettstein, Alexander and Bilz, Ludwig and Gamez-Guadix, Manuel},
  title     = {Associations between classroom climate, empathy, self-efficacy, and countering hate speech among adolescents},
  series = {Journal of interpersonal violence : concerned with the study and treatment of victims and perpetrators of physical and sexual violence},
  volume    = {38},
  journal   = {Journal of interpersonal violence : concerned with the study and treatment of victims and perpetrators of physical and sexual violence},
  number    = {5-6},
  publisher = {Sage Publ.},
  address   = {Thousand Oaks},
  issn      = {1552-6518},
  doi       = {10.1177/08862605221120905},
  pages     = {5067 -- 5091},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Although hate speech is widely recognized as an online phenomenon, very few studies have investigated hate speech among adolescents in offline settings (e.g., schools). At the same time, not much is known about countering hate speech (counterspeech) among adolescents and which factors are associated with it. To this end, the present study used the socio-ecological framework to investigate the direct and indirect links among one contextual factor (i.e., classroom climate) and two intrapersonal factors (i.e., empathy for victims of hate speech, self-efficacy regarding intervention in hate speech) to understand counterspeech among adolescents. The sample is based on self-reports of 3,225 students in Grades 7 to 9 (51.7\% self-identified as female) from 36 schools in Germany and Switzerland. Self-report questionnaires were administered to measure classroom climate, empathy, self-efficacy, and counterspeech. After controlling for adolescents' grade, gender, immigrant background, and socioeconomic status (SES), the 2-(1-1)-1 multilevel mediation analysis showed that classroom climate (L2), empathy for victims of hate speech (L1), and self-efficacy toward intervention in hate speech (L1) had a positive effect on countering hate speech (L1). Classroom climate (L2) was also positively linked to empathy for victims of hate speech (L1), and self-efficacy toward intervention in hate speech (L1). Furthermore, classroom climate (L2) was indirectly associated with countering hate speech (L1) via greater empathy (L1) and self-efficacy (L1). The findings highlight the need to focus on contextual and intrapersonal factors when trying to facilitate adolescents' willingness to face hate speech with civic courage and proactively engage against it.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GamezGuadixWachsWright2020,
  author    = {Gamez-Guadix, Manuel and Wachs, Sebastian and Wright, Michelle F.},
  title     = {"Haters back off!" psychometric properties of the coping with cyberhate questionnaire and relationship with well-being in Spanish adolescents},
  series = {Psicothema},
  volume    = {32},
  journal   = {Psicothema},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Colegio oficial de psicologos de asturias},
  address   = {Oviedo},
  issn      = {0214-9915},
  doi       = {10.7334/psicothema2020.219},
  pages     = {567 -- 574},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Background: Cyberhate is a growing form of online aggression against a person or a group based on race, ethnicity, nationality, sexual orientation, gender, religion, or disability. The present study aims to examine psychometric properties of the Coping with Cyberhate Questionnaire, the prevalence of coping strategies in Spanish adolescents, differences in coping strategies based in sex, age, and victim status, and the association between coping with cyberhate and adolescents' mental well-being. Method: The sample consisted of 1,005 adolescents between 12 and 18 years old (Mage = 14.28 years, SD = 1.63; 51.9\% girls) who completed self-report measures on coping strategies, victimization status, and mental well-being. Results: The results of confirmatory factor analyses showed a structure for the Coping with Cyberhate Questionnaire composed of six factors, namely Distal advice, Assertiveness, Helplessness/Selfblame, Close support, Technical coping, and Retaliation. It demonstrated acceptable internal consistency. The three most frequently endorsed coping strategies were Technical coping, Close support, and Assertiveness. In addition, lower Helplessness/Self-blame, and higher Close-support, Assertiveness, and Distal advice were significantly related to adolescents' better mental well-being. Conclusion: Prevention programs that educate adolescents about how to deal with cyberhate are needed.},
  language  = {en}
}