@article{StraubHaenschBallaschketal.2009,
  author    = {Straub, Hans-Beatus and Haensch, Sylvana and Ballaschk, Katja and Esser, G{\"u}nter},
  title     = {The Brandenburg questionnaire for quality of life in epilepsy patients : a new, short and valid instrument},
  issn      = {0013-9580},
  doi       = {10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02156.x},
  year      = {2009},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchmidtEsserIhleetal.2009,
  author    = {Schmidt, Martin H. and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Ihle, Wolfgang and Lay, Barbara},
  title     = {Die Bedeutung psychischer und famili{\"a}rer Faktoren f{\"u}r die Delinquenzentwicklung bis ins Erwachsenenalter},
  issn      = {0026-9301},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Es werden Befunde aus einer prospektiven Laengsschnittstudie praesentiert, in der 321 Probanden im Alter von 8, 13, 18 und 25 Jahren untersucht werden konnten; ihre Dunkelfelddelinquenz wurde mit 18 und 25 Jahren erfasst. Wir suchten nach Assoziationen zur Delinquenzentwicklung und erwarteten Unterschiede zwischen auf das Jugendalter beschraenkter gegenueber ins fruehe Erwachsenenalter fortgesetzter sowie spaet, d.h. nach dem Alter von 18 Jahren, beginnender Delinquenz. Wir fanden gemeinsame Risikofaktoren und fuer die drei Verlaufstypen spezifische Risikokonstellationen, die eher im Jugendalter als in der Kindheit identifiziert wurden. Widrige familiaere Bedingungen, Entwicklungsverzoegerungen und psychische Stoerungen scheinen mit Delinquenz als eher persistentem Verhalten assoziiert.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{SchmidBlomeyerBeckeretal.2009,
  author    = {Schmid, Brigitte and Blomeyer, Dorothea and Becker, Katja and Treutlein, Jens and Zimmermann, Ulrich S. and Buchmann, Arlette F. and Schmidt, Martin H. and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Banaschewski, Tobias and Rietschel, Marcella and Laucht, Manfred},
  title     = {The interaction between the dopamine transporter gene and age at onset in relation to tobacco and alcohol use among 19-year-olds},
  issn      = {1355-6215},
  doi       = {10.1111/j.1369-1600.2009.00171.x},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Recent evidence suggests that heterogeneity in the age at onset could explain the inconsistent findings of association studies relating the dopamine transporter (DAT1) gene with alcohol and nicotine consumption. The aim of this study was to examine interactions between two DAT1 polymorphisms and different initiation ages with regard to alcohol and tobacco consumption levels and dependence. Two hundred and ninety-one young adults (135 males, 156 females) participating in the Mannheim Study of Children at Risk were genotyped for the 40-bp variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) and rs27072 polymorphisms of DAT1. Age at initiation was assessed at age 15 and 19 years. Information about current alcohol and tobacco consumption was obtained at age 19 years using self-report measures and structured interviews. Results suggest that age at onset of intensive consumption moderated the association of the DAT1 gene with early adult substance use and dependence, revealing a DAT1 effect only among individuals homozygous for the 10r allele of the 40-bp VNTR who had started daily smoking or being intoxicated early in life. Equally, carriers of the T allele of the rs27072 polymorphism reporting an early age at first intoxication showed higher current alcohol consumption at age 19 years. In contrast, no interaction between rs27072 and the age at first cigarette with regard to later smoking was observed. These findings provide evidence that the DAT1 gene interacts with an early heavy or regular drug exposure of the maturing adolescent brain to predict substance (ab)use in young adulthood. Further studies are required to confirm these findings.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PitzerEsserSchmidtetal.2009,
  author    = {Pitzer, Martina and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Schmidt, Martin H. and Laucht, Manfred},
  title     = {Temperamental predictors of externalizing problems among boys and girls : a longitudinal study in a high-risk sample from ages 3 months to 15 years},
  issn      = {0940-1334},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00406-009-0009-1},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {In a high-risk community sample, we examined the role of regulative temperament and emotionality as well as the extent of gender specificity in the development of externalizing problems. 151 boys and 157 girls born at differing degrees of obstetric and psychosocial risk were followed from birth into adolescence. In infancy and childhood, NYLS- derived temperamental characteristics were assessed by a highly structured parent interview and standardized behavioral observations. At age 15 years, externalizing problems were measured by the Child Behavior Checklist. As revealed by multiple linear regression and logistic regression, low regulative abilities predicted adolescent behavioral and attentional problems over and above obstetric and psychosocial risks. Gender specificity was found in the strength of the association rather than in the kind with a stronger long-term prediction from infant and toddler temperament in girls. Compared to regulative abilities, temperament factors describing aspects of mood and fear/withdrawal versus approach tendencies played a minor role in the development of externalizing problems. Findings are discussed in terms of gender-specific risk factors and possible differential developmental trajectories to subtypes of disruptive behavior.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LauchtTreutleinSchmidetal.2009,
  author    = {Laucht, Manfred and Treutlein, Jens and Schmid, Brigitte and Blomeyer, Dorothea and Becker, Katja and Buchmann, Arlette F. and Schmidt, Martin H. and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine and Rietschel, Marcella and Zimmermann, Ulrich S. and Banaschewski, Tobias},
  title     = {Impact of psychosocial adversity on alcohol intake in young adults : moderation by the LL genotype of the serotonin transporter polymorphism},
  issn      = {0006-3223},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.02.010},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Background: Evidence from animal studies supports a role for serotonin transporter gene promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) gene-environment interaction (G X E) in the development of excessive alcohol intake. Few studies in humans have been conducted on this topic, yielding inconsistent results. The present study aims to further explore G x E between 5-HTTLPR and exposure to psychosocial adversity on alcohol consumption in a high-risk community sample of young adults. Methods: Data were collected as part of the Mannheim Study of Children at Risk, an ongoing epidemiological cohort study following the outcome of early risk factors from birth into young adulthood. At age 19 years, 309 participants (142 male participants, 167 female participants) were genotyped for the biallelic and triallelic 5-HTTLPR and were administered a 45-day alcohol timeline follow-back interview, providing measures of the total number of drinks and the number of binge drinking days. Psychosocial adversity was assessed at birth (family adversity) and at age 19 (negative life events). Results: In contrast to various previous reports, a significant G x E emerged, indicating that, when exposed to high psychosocial adversity, individuals with the LL genotype of 5-HTTLPR exhibited more hazardous drinking than those carrying the S allele or those without exposure to adversity. This effect, which was confined to male participants, held both for different classifications of 5-HTTLPR and different types of adversity. Conclusions: One explanation for the discrepant results might be heterogeneity in alcohol phenotypes. While the L allele relates more strongly to early-onset alcoholism, the S allele may be linked more closely to alcohol use associated with anxiety and depression.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LauchtTreutleinBlomeyeretal.2009,
  author    = {Laucht, Manfred and Treutlein, Jens and Blomeyer, Dorothea and Buchmann, Arlette F. and Schmid, Brigitte and Becker, Katja and Zimmermann, Ulrich S. and Schmidt, Martin H. and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Rietschel, Marcella and Banaschewski, Tobias},
  title     = {Interaction between the 5-HTTLPR serotonin transporter polymorphism and environmental adversity for mood and anxiety psychopathology : evidence from a high-risk community sample of young adults},
  issn      = {1461-1457},
  doi       = {10.1017/S1461145708009875},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Previous research examining gene-environment interaction (G x E) with regard to vulnerability to depression and anxiety has yielded conflicting results. The present study was designed to further investigate G x F between 5-HTTLPR and exposure to environmental adversity, using different phenotypic and genotypic characterizations as well as different types of adversity within a prospective study design. Data were available from an ongoing epidemiological cohort Study following the outcome of early risk factors from birth to adulthood. At age 19 yr, 309 participants (142 males, 167 females) were characterized on measures of depression and anxiety through interview and questionnaire (DSM-IV diagnosis, Beck Depression Inventory, Harm Avoidance). Environmental adversity was assessed at birth (family adversity), and at age 19 yr (stressful life events). Bi- and tri-allelic 5-HTTLPR genotypes were obtained from genomic DNA. Results indicated that depression and anxiety in 19-yr-olds were strongly associated with both family adversity and stressful life events. Individuals with the LL genotype of 5-HTTLPR who were exposed to high family adversity displayed significantly higher rates of depressive or anxiety disorders and had more depressive symptoms than those without either condition. This G x E replicates recent findings from an epidemiological cohort study of adolescents but is in contrast to many previous reports suggesting an interaction with the S allele. No evidence for G x E was obtained with regard to current stressful life events and trait anxiety. One possible source for the conflicting findings might be attributed to heterogeneity in depression phenotypes and environmental adversity.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HohmannBeckerFellingeretal.2009,
  author    = {Hohmann, Sarah and Becker, Katja and Fellinger, Johannes and Banaschewski, Tobias and Schmidt, Martin H. and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Laucht, Manfred},
  title     = {Evidence for epistasis between the 5-HTTLPR and the dopamine D4 receptor polymorphisms in externalizing behavior among 15-year-olds},
  issn      = {0300-9564},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00702-009-0290-1},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {The present study aimed to clarify the functional role of genes in the dopamine and serotonin systems by examining whether polymorphisms in these genes are related to adolescent externalizing behavior either alone or in interaction with each other. Participants were selected from an ongoing prospective study of the outcome of early risk factors. At age 15 years, 298 adolescents (144 males, 154 females) completed the Youth Self Report, 296 primary caregivers the Child Behavior Checklist and 253 teachers the Teacher Report Form. DNA was genotyped for the DRD4 exon III VNTR and the 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms. Results revealed that individuals with the DRD4 7r allele reported significantly more externalizing behavior than carriers of other variants. In addition, a significant interaction emerged, indicating that adolescents carrying two copies of the 5-HTTLPR short allele and the DRD4 7r variant scored highest on aggressive and/or delinquent behavior compared to other genotypes. This result suggests an effect of 5-HTTLPR on externalizing behavior in the presence of DRD4 7r but no effect in its absence.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FichterKohlboeckQuadfliegetal.2009,
  author    = {Fichter, Manfred M. and Kohlboeck, Gabriele and Quadflieg, Norbert and Wyschkon, Anne and Esser, G{\"u}nter},
  title     = {From childhood to adult age : 18-year longitudinal results and prediction of the course of mental disorders in the community},
  issn      = {0933-7954},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00127-009-0501-y},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {This prospective longitudinal study of a representative community sample of children and adolescents (N = 269) examined the long-term course and predictive power of psychiatric symptoms in childhood/adolescence for diagnostic outcome (ICD-10) 18 years later at adult age. At both cross-sectional assessments, baseline (1980-1984) and the 18-year follow-up (2001-2004), psychiatric symptoms were assessed using the 'Standardized Psychiatric Interview' (Goldberg et al. in Br J Prev Soc Med 24:18-23, 1970). At follow-up, study participants were reassessed with the standardized M-CIDI (Wittchen and Pfister in Manual und Durchfuhrungsbeschreibung des DIA-X-M-CIDI, Swets and Zeitlinger, Frankfurt, 1997) interview. The participation rate at 18-year follow-up was 82\% of those alive. The frequency of clinically relevant depressive symptoms and symptoms of anxiety or phobia was considerably higher when the participants were younger (baseline assessment at childhood, adolescent age) as compared to their scores in adult age. Increased levels of somatic symptoms, fatigue, irritability, sleep disturbances, depression, anxiety and worry as well as phobic symptoms in childhood/adolescence were related to a higher risk of suffering from a psychiatric disorder in adulthood. Depressive symptoms predicted both mood disorders and substance use disorders in adulthood. Phobias predicted later anxiety disorders. These data spanning almost two decades add significant information to the existing literature on the course of mental disorders in the community during the transition from adolescence to adulthood.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BuchmannSchmidBlomeyeretal.2009,
  author    = {Buchmann, Arlette F. and Schmid, Brigitte and Blomeyer, Dorothea and Becker, Katja and Treutlein, Jens and Zimmermann, Ulrich S. and Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine and Schmidt, Martin H. and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Banaschewski, Tobias and Rietschel, Marcella and Schumann, Gunter and Laucht, Manfred},
  title     = {Impact of age at first drink on vulnerability to alcohol-related problems : testing the marker hypothesis in a prospective study of young adults},
  issn      = {0022-3956},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.02.006},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {There is ample evidence that the early initiation of alcohol use is a risk factor for the development of later alcohol-related problems. The purpose of the current study was to examine whether this association can be explained by indicators of a common underlying susceptibility or whether age at drinking onset may be considered as an independent predictor of later drinking behavior, suggesting a potential causal relationship. Participants were drawn from a prospective cohort study of the long-term outcomes of early risk factors followed up from birth onwards. Structured interviews were administered to 304 participants to assess age at first drink and current drinking behavior. Data on risk factors, including early family adversity, parental alcohol use, childhood psychopathology and stressful life events, were repeatedly collected during childhood using standardized parent interviews. In addition, information on genotype was considered. Results confirmed previous work demonstrating that hazardous alcohol consumption is related to early-adolescent drinking onset. A younger age of first drink was significantly predicted by 5-HTTLPR genotype and the degree of preceding externalizing symptoms, and both factors were related to increased consumption or harmful alcohol use at age 19. However, even after controlling for these potential explanatory factors, earlier age at drinking onset remained a strong predictor of heavy alcohol consumption in young adulthood. The present longitudinal study adds to the current literature indicating that the early onset - adult hazardous drinking association cannot solely be attributed to shared genetic and psychopathologic risk factors as examined in this study.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LauchtSkowronekBeckeretal.2007,
  author    = {Laucht, Manfred and Skowronek, Markus H. and Becker, Katja and Schmidt, Martin H. and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Rietschel, Marcella and Schulze, Thomas G.},
  title     = {Interacting effects of the dopamine transporter gene and psychosocial adversity on attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder symptoms among 15-year-olds from high-risk community sample},
  issn      = {0003-990X},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {Context: Recent evidence suggests that gene X environment interactions could explain the inconsistent findings of association studies relating the dopamine transporter (DAT1) gene with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). 1bjective: To examine whether psychosocial adversity moderated the effect of genetic variation in DAT1 on ADHD symptoms in. adolescents from a high-risk community sample. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Data were taken from the Mannheim Study of Children at Risk, an ongoing longitudinal study of the long-term outcomes of early risk factors followed up from birth on. Participants: Three hundred five adolescents (146 boys, 159 girls) participated in a follow-up assessment at age 15 years. Main Outcome Measures: Measures of ADHD symptoms according to DSM-IV were obtained using standardized structural interviews with adolescents and their parents. Psychosocial adversity was determined according to an "enriched" family adversity index as proposed by Rutter and Quinton. DNA was genotyped for the common DAT1 40-base pair (bp) variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) polymorphism in the 3' untranslated region; 3 previously described single nucleotide polymorphisms in exon 15, intron 9, and exon 9; and a novel 30-bp VNTR polymorphism in intron 8. Results: Adolescents homozygous for the 10-repeat allele of the 40-bp VNTR polymorphism who grew up in greater psychosocial adversity exhibited significantly more inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity than adolescents with other genotypes or who lived in less adverse family conditions (significant interaction, P=.013-017). This gene X environment interaction was also observed in individuals homozygous for the 6-repeat allele of the 30-bp VNTR polymorphism and the haplotype comprising both markers. Conclusions: These findings provide initial evidence that environmental risks as described by the Rutter Family Adversity Index moderate the impact of the DAT1 gene on ADHD symptoms, suggesting a DAT1 effect only in those individuals exposed to psychosocial adversity.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HomBlomeyerSchmidtetal.2007,
  author    = {Hom, Erika and Blomeyer, Dorothea and Schmidt, Martin H. and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Laucht, Manfred},
  title     = {Jugendliche die fr{\"u}hzeitig rauchen und trinken : eine Risikogruppe?},
  issn      = {1661-4747},
  doi       = {10.1024/1661-4747.55.3.155},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {Epidemiological studies have reported elevated rates of legal drug consumption among adolescents in Germany. The aim of this study was to ascertain patterns and parameters of smoking and drinking in early-users as well as to examine possible determinants of risky patterns of use. Participants were from a longitudinal study of a birth cohort of 384 children at risk. Assessments of adolescent drug consumption as well as of individual and social determinants were obtained at age 15. Adolescents drinking and smoking during the same period (past four weeks) were characterized by more excessive and impulsive consumption and by higher rates of cannabis use. No specific determinants of concurrent use could be found. These findings suggest that adolescents displaying early concurrent tobacco and alcohol use may be at higher risk for substance use problems and should be targeted by prevention programs.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{EsserFischerWyschkonetal.2007,
  author    = {Esser, G{\"u}nter and Fischer, Sascha and Wyschkon, Anne and Laucht, Manfred and Schmidt, Martin H.},
  title     = {Vorboten hyperkinetischer St{\"o}rungen : Fr{\"u}herkennung bereits im S{\"a}uglingsalter m{\"o}glich?},
  issn      = {1422-4917},
  doi       = {10.1024/1422-4917.35.3.179},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {Objectives: Are there any differences (organic, psychosocial, psychopathological, cognitive or educational, respectively differences in the motor or neurological development) between infants who later on at the age of 8 years suffer from a hyperactive disorder and those who later on at the same age are undisturbed? Are there specific harbingers for hyperactive disorders in the group concerned? Methods: With regard to their developmental risk load at the age of 3 months, 26 primary school children with hyperactive disorders were compared with 241 healthy children, 25 children with emotional disturbances, and 30 children with socially disruptive behaviour, all of the same age. Results: Identified as the most important predictors for the onset of hyperactive disorders were a reduced birth weight, the mother's origin from a shattered family, early contact impairments on the part of the child, and the mother's neglect of the infant. Conclusions: Altogether, however, the prediction of later hyperactivity in primary school children on the basis of salient features in the infant children remains unsatisfactory and unspecific.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{BeckerElFaddaghSchmidtetal.2008,
  author    = {Becker, Katja and El-Faddagh, Mahha and Schmidt, Martin H. and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Laucht, Manfred},
  title     = {Interaction of dopamine transporter genotype with prenatal smoke exposure on ADHD symptoms},
  issn      = {0022-3476},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {Objective To demonstrate that children homozygous for the 10-repeat allele of the common dopamine transporter (DAT1) polymorphism who were exposed to maternal prenatal smoke exhibited significantly higher hyperactivity-impulsivity than children without these environmental or genetic risks. Study design We performed a prospective longitudinal study from birth into early adulthood monitoring the long-term outcome of early risk factors. Maternal prenatal smoking was determined during a standardized interview with the mother when the child was 3 months old. At age 15 years, 305 adolescents participated in genotyping for the DAT1 40 base pair variable number of tandem repeats polymorphism and assessment of inattention, hyperactivity-impulsivity, and oppositional defiant/conduct disorder symptoms with die Kiddie- Sads-Present and Lifetime Version. Results There was no bivariate association between DAT1 genotype, prenatal smoke exposure and symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. However, a significant interaction between DAT1 genotype and prenatal smoke exposure emerged (P =.012), indicating that males with prenatal smoke exposure who were homozygous for the DAT1 10r allele had higher hyperactivity-impulsivity than males from all other groups. In females, no significant main effects of DAT1 genotype or prenatal smoke exposure or interaction effects on any symptoms were evident (all P >.25). Conclusions This study provides further evidence for the multifactorial nature of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and the importance of studying both genetic and environmental factors and their interaction.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Esser2009,
  author    = {Esser, G{\"u}nter},
  title     = {Umschriebene Entwicklungsst{\"o}rungen},
  isbn      = {9788-3-642-01476-5},
  year      = {2009},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{KrentzEsser2009,
  author    = {Krentz, Eva Maria and Esser, G{\"u}nter},
  title     = {Muth-Seidel, D., Petermann, F., Training f{\"u}r Kinder mit r{\"a}umlich-konstruktiven St{\"o}rungen; G{\"o}ttingen, Hogrefe, 2008},
  issn      = {1616-3443},
  doi       = {10.1026/1616-3443.38.2.146},
  year      = {2009},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Esser2008,
  author    = {Esser, G{\"u}nter},
  title     = {Verhaltensdiagnostik},
  isbn      = {978-3-13-126083-3},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {Unter Verhaltensdiagnostik versteht man ein Buendel diagnostischer Instrumente, die darauf abzielen, die aenderungsmoeglichkeiten von Problemverhalten zu eruieren. Verhaltensdiagnostik ist das klassische diagnostische Vorgehen der Verhaltenstherapie. Ausgehend von einer Analyse des Problemverhaltens und der Bedingungen seines Auftretens werden durch verschiedene Techniken Hinweise zu seiner Genese und seiner Aufrechterhaltung erwartet. Vertreter der Verhaltensdiagnostik sehen sie als Alternative und im Gegensatz zur klassischen Eigenschaftsdiagnostik (Reinecker-Hecht \& Baumann, 1998), zu der die Ergebnisse aus psychologischen Testverfahren zur Erfassung von Intelligenzleistungen und Persoenlichkeitsmerkmalen ebenso zaehlen wie die Diagnostischen Klassifikationssysteme (z.B. ICD-10 oder DSM- IV){\`a}.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Esser2008,
  author    = {Esser, G{\"u}nter},
  title     = {Fragebogen zur Erfassung psychischer Auff{\"a}lligkeiten},
  isbn      = {978-3-13-126083-3},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {Fragebogenverfahren haben in einer multimethodalen Diagnostik ihren festen Platz, obwohl ihre Grenzen stets beachtet werden muessen. Fragebogenverfahren stellen im diagnostischen Prozess eine einfache und oekonomische Variante der standardisierten Datenerhebung dar (Fombonne 1991). Mit ihrer Hilfe koennen kostenguenstig parallel Informationen zu identischen Problembereichen von verschiedenen Informanten (Lehrern, Eltern, Jugendlichen) eingeholt werden (Esser u. Wyschkon 2004). Ein isolierter Einsatz von Fragebogenverfahren birgt jedoch stets die Gefahr grober Fehler (Fisseni 1991, Merten 1999), somit sind individuelle Diagnosen, die allein auf Fragebogenverfahren beruhen, als im hohen Maße unzuverlaessig einzustufen (Esser et al. 2006). Als Vorauswahlverfahren sind Fragebogenverfahren dagegen durchaus nuetzlich (Merten 1999). Ihr Vorteil fuer Forschung und Praxis ist, dass sie "... leicht kommunizierbare, replizierbare, mathematisch zu verarbeitende Ergebnisse liefern" (S. 160). Mit Hilfe von Fragebogenverfahren kann z.B. oekonomisch erfasst werden, ob ueberhaupt eine psychische Stoerung vorliegt, die dann genauer untersucht werden kann (Poustka 1988). Fragebogenverfahren ergaenzen somit Interviewverfahren und machen deren Einsatz wirkungsvoller. Die klinische Diagnostik hat daher großen Bedarf an validierten Fragebogenverfahren, deren Zahl sich in den letzten 10 Jahren deutlich vergroeßert hat.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{WyschkonEsser2008,
  author    = {Wyschkon, Anne and Esser, G{\"u}nter},
  title     = {Enuresis},
  isbn      = {978-3-13-126083-3},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {Die meisten Kinder werden mit 2 bis 4 Jahren am Tage und in der Nacht trocken. Gem{\"a}ß den klinisch- diagnostischen Leitlinien der ICD-10 (WHO 1993) spricht man von einer Enuresis, wenn es am Tag oder in der Nacht zu einem Entleeren der Blase in die Kleidung bzw. das Bett kommt, die relativ zum geistigen Entwicklungsstand der Person abnorm ist und nicht auf organische Ursachen zur{\"u}ckgef{\"u}hrt werden kann. Die St{\"o}rungen der Blasenkontrolle d{\"u}rfen nicht als Folge einer neurologischen Erkrankung, epileptischer Anf{\"a}lle oder einer strukturellen Anomalie der ableitenden Harnwege auftreten. Gem{\"a}ß den Forschungskriterien der ICD-10 (WHO 1994) muss das einn{\"a}ssende Kind nach seinem Lebens- und geistigen Alter mindestens 5 Jahre alt sein, um von einer nichtorganischen Enuresis (F 98.0) zu sprechen (in den klinisch-diagnostischen Leitlinien wird ein geistiger Entwicklungsstand gefordert, der mindestens dem eines Vierj{\"a}hrigen entspricht). Um die Diagnose zu erhalten, m{\"u}ssen Kinder unter 7 Jahren zumindest 2mal monatlich, 7-j{\"a}hrige oder {\"a}ltere Kinder wenigstens einmal im Monat einn{\"a}ssen. Die Symptomdauer sollte mindestens 3 Monate betragen. In der Literatur wird synonym zum Begriff der "nichtorganischen Enuresis" h{\"a}ufig die Bezeichnung "funktionelle Enuresis" verwendet. Auch nach dem DSM-IV (Saß et al. 1996) sollten die Kinder f{\"u}r die Diagnose einer Enuresis (307.6) zumindest ein Entwicklungsalter von 5 Jahren aufweisen und die Symptomatik muss wenigstens seit 3 Monaten bestehen. Im Unterschied zur ICD-10 wird das Einn{\"a}ssen erst dann als klinisch bedeutsam beurteilt, wenn es mindestens 2mal w{\"o}chentlich auftritt. Ist dies nicht gegeben, kann die Diagnose dennoch gestellt werden, wenn durch das Einn{\"a}ssen klinisch bedeutsames Leiden hervorgerufen wird oder Beeintraechtigungen in sozialen, schulischen (beruflichen) oder anderen wichtigen Funktionsbereichen entstehen. Die Forderung eines 2mal w{\"o}chentlichen Einn{\"a}ssens erscheint deutlich zu streng, w{\"a}hrend das ein- bzw. 2malige Einn{\"a}ssen pro Monat ein sehr weiches Kriterium darstellt. V. Gontard (1998b) empfiehlt, Einn{\"a}ssen dann als klinisch bedeutsam einzusch{\"a}tzen, wenn dies mindestens einmal w{\"o}chentlich auftritt.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{WyschkonKohnBallaschketal.2008,
  author    = {Wyschkon, Anne and Kohn, Juliane and Ballaschk, Katja and Esser, G{\"u}nter},
  title     = {Basisdiagnostik Umschriebener Entwicklungsst{\"o}rungen im Grundschulalter (BUEGA)},
  issn      = {1864-6050},
  year      = {2008},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{EsserBakhshayeshDruegeetal.2009,
  author    = {Esser, G{\"u}nter and Bakhshayesh, Ali Reza and Dr{\"u}ge, Sebastian and Ihle, Wolfgang},
  title     = {Wirksamkeit von Neuro- und EMG-Feedback bei Kindern mit ADHS : eine Follow-up-Studie},
  year      = {2009},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{EsserBallaschk2008,
  author    = {Esser, G{\"u}nter and Ballaschk, Katja},
  title     = {Leistungsdiagnostik auf verschiedenen Altersstufen},
  isbn      = {978-3-13-126083-3},
  year      = {2008},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{IhleEsser2008,
  author    = {Ihle, Wolfgang and Esser, G{\"u}nter},
  title     = {Epidemiologie psychischer St{\"o}rungen des Kindes- und Jugendalters},
  isbn      = {978-3-8017-1707-0},
  year      = {2008},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{IhleBoehmEsser2008,
  author    = {Ihle, Wolfgang and B{\"o}hm, Andreas and Esser, G{\"u}nter},
  title     = {Epidemiologie des Alkoholkonsums im Jugendalter : Ergebnisse repr{\"a}sentativer Bev{\"o}lkerungsstudien},
  year      = {2008},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{LauchtSkowronekBeckeretal.2008,
  author    = {Laucht, Manfred and Skowronek, Markus H. and Becker, Katja and Schulze, Thomas G. and Schmidt, Martin H. and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Rietschel, Marcella},
  title     = {Environmental risk factors and attention-deficit : hyperactivity discorder symptoms ; reply},
  issn      = {0003-990X},
  year      = {2008},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Esser2008,
  author    = {Esser, G{\"u}nter},
  title     = {Projektive Testverfahren},
  isbn      = {978-3-13-126083-3},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {Projektive Testverfahren folgen der Grundannahme, dass ein moeglichst vieldeutiges Testmaterial nach der Theorie der sozialen Wahrnehmung dazu fuehrt, dass die Persoenlichkeit des Probanden zum wichtigsten Faktor seines Testverhaltens wird. Projektive Testverfahren erfuellen im allgemeinen die Guetekriterien der klinischen Testtheorie nicht. Sie sind daher allenfalls als explorative Techniken vertretbar. Der Familie - in - Tieren Test soll Rueckschluesse auf die Familienstruktur aus der Sicht des Kindes geben. Einblicke in die Erlebniswelt des Kindes verspricht der Thematische Apperzeptionstest nach Murray. Auf die Familienbeziehungen zentriert ist der Familien- Beziehungs-Test von Howells und Lickorisch. Die Reaktionen der Versuchspersonen in frustrierenden Belastungssituationen versucht das einzige normierte projektive Testverfahren, der Rosenzweig Picture - Frustration - Test, zu objektivieren. Der Scenotest hat zum Ziel mit standardisiertem Spielmaterial Einblicke in die Erlebniswelt des Kindes zu gewinnen, die sich der direkten Befragung verschließen.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{EsserWyschkon2008,
  author    = {Esser, G{\"u}nter and Wyschkon, Anne},
  title     = {Umschriebene Entwicklungsst{\"o}rungen},
  isbn      = {978-3- 13-126083-3},
  year      = {2008},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{GoeggerleEsser2008,
  author    = {G{\"o}ggerle, Stephanie and Esser, G{\"u}nter},
  title     = {Entspannungsverfahren},
  isbn      = {978-3-13-126083-3},
  year      = {2008},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{KohnEsser2008,
  author    = {Kohn, Juliane and Esser, G{\"u}nter},
  title     = {ADHS im Jugend- und Erwachsenenalter},
  issn      = {0026-9298},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00112-008-1731-x},
  year      = {2008},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{EsserWyschkonSchmidtetal.2008,
  author    = {Esser, G{\"u}nter and Wyschkon, Anne and Schmidt, Martin H. and Blanz, Bernhard and Ihle, Wolfgang},
  title     = {Ein Entwicklungsmodell des Substanzmissbrauchs im fr{\"u}hen Erwachsenenalter},
  issn      = {0942-5403},
  doi       = {10.1026/0942-5403.17.1.31},
  year      = {2008},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{EsserMattejat2008,
  author    = {Esser, G{\"u}nter and Mattejat, Fritz},
  title     = {Evidenzbasierte Pr{\"a}vention und Therapie psychischer St{\"o}rungen des Kindes- und Jugendalters},
  isbn      = {978-3-940793-34-8},
  year      = {2008},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{EsserLange2006,
  author    = {Esser, G{\"u}nter and Lange, Sabine},
  title     = {Verhaltensdiagnostik in der Verhaltenstherapie},
  isbn      = {978-3-932096-43-3},
  year      = {2006},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{EsserIhle2008,
  author    = {Esser, G{\"u}nter and Ihle, Wolfgang},
  title     = {Abh{\"a}ngigkeit von legalen und illegalen psychotropen Substanzen},
  year      = {2008},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{IhleFrenzelEsser2008,
  author    = {Ihle, Wolfgang and Frenzel, Tom and Esser, G{\"u}nter},
  title     = {Entwicklungspsychopathologie und Entwicklungsepidemiologie},
  isbn      = {978-3-13-126083-3},
  year      = {2008},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{LangeEsser2008,
  author    = {Lange, Sabine and Esser, G{\"u}nter},
  title     = {Ausbildung zum Kinder- und Jugendlichenpsychotherapeuten},
  isbn      = {978-3-13-126083-3},
  year      = {2008},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{EsserFischerWyschkonetal.2007,
  author    = {Esser, G{\"u}nter and Fischer, Sascha and Wyschkon, Anne and Laucht, Manfred and Schmidt, Martin H.},
  title     = {Vorboten hyperkinetischer St{\"o}rungen : Fr{\"u}herkennung im Kleinkindalter},
  issn      = {1422-4917},
  doi       = {10.1024/1422-4917.35.2.127},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {Objectives: The prospective longitudinal Mannheim Study of Children at Risk followed the development of children from the age of 2 years up to the age of 8 years. Are there differences between the developmental risk load in toddlers (psychopathology, cognition, motor or neurological development. and educational differences) who suffer from a hyperactive disorder at age 8 and that of undisturbed children of the same age? Are there specific harbingers of hyperkinetic disorders for the group concerned? Methods: In terms of their developmental risk load at the age of 2 years, 26 primary school children with hyperkinetic disorders were compared to 241 healthy primary school children, as well as to 25 children of the same age with emotional disturbances and 30 children of the same age with socially disruptive behavior. Results: A significant combination of predictors of later hyperkinetic disorders at primary school age proved to be increased fidgetiness and irritability, as well as a reduced language comprehension, at the age of two. Conclusions: The predictive value of symptoms in early childhood for later hyperkinetic disorder in children of primaryschool age is higher than that of symptoms assessed in infancy, which although expected is without relevant specificity.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{BlomeyerTreutleinEsseretal.2007,
  author    = {Blomeyer, Dorothea and Treutlein, Jens and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Schmidt, Martin H. and Schumann, Gunter and Laucht, Manfred},
  title     = {Interaction between CRHR1 gene and stressful life events predicts adolescent heavy alcohol use},
  issn      = {0006-3223},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {Background: Recent animal research suggests that alterations in the corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRHR1) may lead to heavy alcohol use following repeated stress. The aim of this study was to examine interactions between two haplotype-tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) covering the CRHR1 gene and adverse life events on heavy drinking in adolescents. Methods: Data were available from the Mannheim Study of Children at Risk, an ongoing cohort study of the long-term outcome of early risk factors followed since birth. At age 15 years, 280 participants (135 males, 145 females) completed a self-report questionnaire measuring alcohol use and were genotyped for two SNPs (rs242938, rs1876831) of CRHR1. Assessment of negative life events over the past three years was obtained by a standardized interview with the parents. Results: Adolescents homozygous for the C allele of rs1876831 drank higher maximum amounts of alcohol per occasion and had greater lifetime rates of heavy drinking in relation to negative life events than individuals carrying the T allele. No gene X environment interactions were found for regular drinking and between rs242938 and stressful life events. Conclusions: These findings provide first evidence in humans that the CRHR1 gene interacts with exposure to stressful life events to predict heavy alcohol use in adolescents.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LauchtSchmidtEsser2007,
  author    = {Laucht, Michael and Schmidt, Martin H. and Esser, G{\"u}nter},
  title     = {Problems of behavioral and emotional regulation in early infancy : precursors of psychiatric disorders in later childhood?},
  isbn      = {978-1-934019-17-7},
  year      = {2007},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{IhleLehmannEsser2007,
  author    = {Ihle, Wolfgang and Lehmann, K. and Esser, G{\"u}nter},
  title     = {Fr{\"u}hes Einstiegsalter und problematischer Gebrauch von legalen und illegalen Substanzen im Jugendalter : Ergebnisse einer Studie in Sachsen-Anhalt},
  isbn      = {978-3-939069-37-9},
  year      = {2007},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{IhleEsserLauchtetal.2007,
  author    = {Ihle, Wolfgang and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Laucht, Manfred and Schmidt, Martin H.},
  title     = {Geschlechtsunterschiede in der Entwicklung psychischer St{\"o}rungen},
  isbn      = {978-3-540-71627-3},
  year      = {2007},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{IhleEsser2007,
  author    = {Ihle, Wolfgang and Esser, G{\"u}nter},
  title     = {Tagesbetreuung f{\"u}r Kinder bis 3 Jahre aus psychologischer Sicht},
  issn      = {1436-9559},
  year      = {2007},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{IhleEsser2007,
  author    = {Ihle, Wolfgang and Esser, G{\"u}nter},
  title     = {Psychische St{\"o}rungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter : Gesundheitliche Lage, gesundheitliche Versorgung und Empfehlungen f{\"u}r die Politik},
  year      = {2007},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{IhleEsser2007,
  author    = {Ihle, Wolfgang and Esser, G{\"u}nter},
  title     = {Psychische St{\"o}rungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen : H{\"a}ufigkeit, Versorgungslage und Pr{\"a}vention},
  year      = {2007},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{HohmBlomeyerEsseretal.2008,
  author    = {Hohm, E. and Blomeyer, Dorothea and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Laucht, Manfred},
  title     = {Jugendliche, die fr{\"u}hzeitig rauchen und trinken - eine Risikogruppe?},
  year      = {2008},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{IhleFrenzelEsser2006,
  author    = {Ihle, Wolfgang and Frenzel, Tom and Esser, G{\"u}nter},
  title     = {Epidemiologie und Verlauf psychischer St{\"o}rungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter},
  isbn      = {978-3-932096-43-3},
  year      = {2006},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{EsserWyschkon2004,
  author    = {Esser, G{\"u}nter and Wyschkon, Anne},
  title     = {Diagnostik bei Kindern und Jugendlichen},
  isbn      = {978-3-932096-43-3},
  year      = {2004},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Esser1996,
  author    = {Esser, G{\"u}nter},
  title     = {Erscheinungsformen und H{\"a}ufigkeiten von Teilleistungsst{\"o}rungen},
  year      = {1996},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{EsserDinterJoergSchmidtetal.1996,
  author    = {Esser, G{\"u}nter and Dinter-J{\"o}rg, Monika and Schmidt, Martin H. and Herrle, Johannes and Yantorno-Villalba, P. and Rose, Frauke and Laucht, Manfred},
  title     = {Bedeutung der Blickvermeidung im S{\"a}uglingsalter f{\"u}r den Entwicklungsstand des Kindes mit zwei und viereinhalb Jahren},
  year      = {1996},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{LauchtEsserSchmidtetal.1996,
  author    = {Laucht, Manfred and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Schmidt, Martin H. and St{\"o}hr, R.-M. and Weindrich, D. and Ihle, Wolfgang and Marcus, A.},
  title     = {Viereinhalb Jahre danach : Mannheimer Risikokinder im Vorschulalter},
  year      = {1996},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{FaetkenheuerEsser1996,
  author    = {F{\"a}tkenheuer, Brigitte and Esser, G{\"u}nter},
  title     = {Generationstransfer seelischer Gesundheit in Rostock und Mannheim},
  year      = {1996},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{HerrleLauchtEsser1996,
  author    = {Herrle, Johannes and Laucht, Manfred and Esser, G{\"u}nter},
  title     = {Interaktionsverhalten psychisch auff{\"a}lliger M{\"u}tter und ihrer Kinder : typische Muster im Kleinkindalter und Bedeutung f{\"u}r die kindliche Entwicklung},
  year      = {1996},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{EsserLauchtSchmidt1996,
  author    = {Esser, G{\"u}nter and Laucht, Manfred and Schmidt, Martin H.},
  title     = {The Significance of Biological and Psychosocial Risks for Behaviour Problems of Children at Preschool age},
  year      = {1996},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{EsserSchmidt1996,
  author    = {Esser, G{\"u}nter and Schmidt, Martin H.},
  title     = {Prevalence, course and risk factors for mental disorders},
  year      = {1996},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{IhleEsserBlanz1996,
  author    = {Ihle, Wolfgang and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Blanz, Bernhard},
  title     = {Dichte und Struktur von Lebensereignissen in Mannheim und Rostock in der Nachwendezeit 1989 - 1995},
  year      = {1996},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{IhleEsserLaucht1996,
  author    = {Ihle, Wolfgang and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Laucht, Manfred},
  title     = {Psychiatrische Auff{\"a}lligkeiten und soziale Anpassung behinderter Vorschulkinder},
  year      = {1996},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{IhleEsserSchmidtetal.1997,
  author    = {Ihle, Wolfgang and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Schmidt, Martin H. and Meyer-Probst, Bernhard},
  title     = {Famili{\"a}re Determinanten seelischer Gesundheit und Krankheit im Generations- und Ost-West-Vergleich.},
  year      = {1997},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{PietzFaetkenheuerBurgardetal.1997,
  author    = {Pietz, J. and F{\"a}tkenheuer, Brigitte and Burgard, P. and Armbruster, M. and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Schmidt, Martin H.},
  title     = {Psychiatric disorders in adult patients with early-treated phenylketonuria},
  year      = {1997},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Esser1997,
  author    = {Esser, G{\"u}nter},
  title     = {Teilleistungsst{\"o}rungen},
  year      = {1997},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{SchmidtEsserLaucht1997,
  author    = {Schmidt, Martin H. and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Laucht, Manfred},
  title     = {Die Entwicklung nach biologischen und psychsozialen Risiken in der fr{\"u}hen Kindheit},
  year      = {1997},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{LauchtEsserSchmidt1997,
  author    = {Laucht, Manfred and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Schmidt, Martin H.},
  title     = {Developmental outcome of infants born with biological and psychosocial risks},
  year      = {1997},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LauchtEsserSchmidt1997,
  author    = {Laucht, Manfred and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Schmidt, Martin H.},
  title     = {Wovor sch{\"u}tzen Schutzfaktoren? : Anmerkungen zu einem popul{\"a}ren Konzept der modernen Gesundheitsforschung},
  year      = {1997},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{IhleEsserSchmidt1997,
  author    = {Ihle, Wolfgang and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Schmidt, Martin H.},
  title     = {Genese und Verlauf von emotionalen St{\"o}rungen von der KIndheit bis ins Erwachsenenalter},
  year      = {1997},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{IhleEsserSchmidt1997,
  author    = {Ihle, Wolfgang and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Schmidt, Martin H.},
  title     = {Lebensereignisse : Ursache oder Folge von psychischen St{\"o}rungen.},
  year      = {1997},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{DinterJoergPolowczykHerrleetal.1997,
  author    = {Dinter-J{\"o}rg, Monika and Polowczyk, M. and Herrle, Johannes and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Laucht, Manfred},
  title     = {Mannheimer Beurteilungsskalen zur Analyse der Mutter-Kind-Interaktion im Kleinkindalter},
  year      = {1997},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{EsserSchmidt1997,
  author    = {Esser, G{\"u}nter and Schmidt, Martin H.},
  title     = {Psychische Probleme des Jugendalters : Ergebnisse einer prospektiven epidemiologischer L{\"a}ngsschnittsstudie von 8-18 Jahren},
  year      = {1997},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{IhleEsserLaucht1997,
  author    = {Ihle, Wolfgang and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Laucht, Manfred},
  title     = {Ungeduldige Winzlinge und ihre Entwicklung : was sch{\"u}tzt Fr{\"u}hgeborene vor Entwicklungsst{\"o}rungen},
  year      = {1997},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Esser1997,
  author    = {Esser, G{\"u}nter},
  title     = {Was wird aus Kindern mit Lese-Rechtschreibschw{\"a}che?},
  year      = {1997},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{ReisMeyerProbstEsseretal.1998,
  author    = {Reis, Olaf and Meyer-Probst, Bernhard and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Ihle, Wolfgang and Schmidt, Martin H.},
  title     = {Ereignisbelastung, soziale Unterst{\"u}tzung und seelische Gesundheit zweier verbundener Generationen in Mannheim und Rostock},
  isbn      = {3-7799-0941-3},
  year      = {1998},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{IhleEsserBlanzetal.1998,
  author    = {Ihle, Wolfgang and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Blanz, Bernhard and Reis, Olaf and Meyer-Probst, Bernhard},
  title     = {Die prospektive Bedeutung von Risikofaktoren des Kindes und Jugendalters f{\"u}r psychische St{\"o}rungen des Erwachsenenalters : Ergebnisse zweier L{\"a}ngsschnittstudien in Rostock und Mannheim},
  isbn      = {3-7799-0941-3},
  year      = {1998},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{LauchtEsserSchmidt1998,
  author    = {Laucht, Manfred and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Schmidt, Martin H.},
  title     = {Fr{\"u}he Mutter-Kind-Beziehung : Risiko- und Schutzfaktoren f{\"u}r die Entwicklung von Kindern mit organischen und psychosozialen Belastungen ; Ergebnisse einer prospektiven Studie von der Geburt bis zum Schulalter},
  year      = {1998},
  abstract  = {Die Entwicklung von Kindern, die in ihrer fr{\"u}hen Kindheit erh{\"o}hten Belastungen ausgesetzt waren, zeichnet sich durch eine grosse Variabilit{\"a}t aus. Welche Kinder besonders gef{\"a}hrdet sind und welchen es gelingt, Entwicklungsrisiken zu {\"u}berwinden, wird anhand von Daten der Mannheimer Risikokinderstudie aufgezeigt. Dabei handelt es sich um eine prospektive L{\"a}ngsschnittstudie an einer Kohorte von 362 Kindern, die in ihrer Entwicklung von der Geburt bis ins Schulalter begleitet werden. Die Ergebnisse bis zum Alter von acht Jahren machen deutlich, dass die Entwicklungsprognose von sehr kleinen Fr{\"u}hgeborenen und von Kindern postnatal depressiver M{\"u}tter davon abh{\"a}ngt, wie die fr{\"u}he Beziehung zwischen Mutter und Risikokind gelingt. Sie unterstreichen damit die besondere Bedeutung der fr{\"u}hen Mutter-Kind-Interaktion in der Entwicklung von Risikokindern.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{WeindrichJennenSteinmetzLauchtetal.1998,
  author    = {Weindrich, D. and Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine and Laucht, Manfred and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Schmidt, Martin H.},
  title     = {At risk for language disorders? : correlates and course of language disorders in preschool children born at risk},
  issn      = {0803-5253},
  year      = {1998},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchmidtGeroldEsser1998,
  author    = {Schmidt, Martin H. and Gerold, M. and Esser, G{\"u}nter},
  title     = {Seelische Gesundheit versus psychische Auff{\"a}lligkeiten in einer repr{\"a}sentativen Stichprobe junger Erwachsener},
  isbn      = {3-540-64492-x},
  year      = {1998},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{SchmidtEsserIhleetal.1998,
  author    = {Schmidt, Martin H. and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Ihle, Wolfgang and Lay, Barbara},
  title     = {Psychosomatic and depressive symptoms at age eight and age eighteen},
  issn      = {0065-2008},
  year      = {1998},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LauchtEsserSchmidt1998,
  author    = {Laucht, Manfred and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Schmidt, Martin H.},
  title     = {Risiko- und Schutzfaktoren der fr{\"u}hkindlichen Entwicklung : Empirische Befunde},
  year      = {1998},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{EsserGerhold1998,
  author    = {Esser, G{\"u}nter and Gerhold, Martin},
  title     = {Entwicklungspsychopathologie},
  year      = {1998},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{IhleEsserSchmidtetal.1998,
  author    = {Ihle, Wolfgang and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Schmidt, Martin H. and Laucht, Manfred},
  title     = {Wann machen Schicksalsschl{\"a}ge psychisch krank? : Zusammenh{\"a}nge zwischen akuten Lebensereignissen und psychischen St{\"o}rungen},
  year      = {1998},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{HerrleLauchtEsseretal.1999,
  author    = {Herrle, Johannes and Laucht, Manfred and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Dinter-J{\"o}rg, Monika and Schmidt, Martin H.},
  title     = {Dysphorische S{\"a}uglinge : fr{\"u}he Mutter-Kind-Interaktion und Entwicklung bis zum Vorschulalter},
  year      = {1999},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{LauchtEsserSchmidt1999,
  author    = {Laucht, Manfred and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Schmidt, Martin H.},
  title     = {Was wird aus Risikokindern? : Ergebnisse der Mannheimer L{\"a}ngsschnittstudie im {\"U}berblick},
  year      = {1999},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{LauchtGeroldEsseretal.1999,
  author    = {Laucht, Manfred and Gerold, M. and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Schmidt, Martin H.},
  title     = {Strukturmodelle der Genese psychischer St{\"o}rungen in der Kindheit : Ergebnisse einer prospektiven Studie von der Geburt bis zum Schulalter},
  year      = {1999},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{EsserIhleLauchtetal.1999,
  author    = {Esser, G{\"u}nter and Ihle, Wolfgang and Laucht, Manfred and Schmidt, Martin H.},
  title     = {Geschlechtsunterschiede in der Entwicklung psychischer Aff{\"a}lligkeiten},
  year      = {1999},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Esser1999,
  author    = {Esser, G{\"u}nter},
  title     = {Empirische Entwicklungspsychopathologie},
  year      = {1999},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Esser1999,
  author    = {Esser, G{\"u}nter},
  title     = {Sind die Kriterien der sittlichen Reife des \S 105 JGG tats{\"a}chlich reifungsabh{\"a}ngig?},
  year      = {1999},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{IhleEsserSchmidtetal.1999,
  author    = {Ihle, Wolfgang and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Schmidt, Martin H. and Blanz, Bernhard and Reis, Olaf and Meyer-Probst, Bernhard},
  title     = {Angst als psychosoziales Ph{\"a}nomen und psychotherapeutisches Anliegen},
  year      = {1999},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{IhleEsserSchmidt1999,
  author    = {Ihle, Wolfgang and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Schmidt, Martin H.},
  title     = {The contribution of developmental psychopathology to the understanding of the aetiology and course of mentl disorders : a prospective study from childhood to early adulthood},
  year      = {1999},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{IhleEsserBoecketal.1999,
  author    = {Ihle, Wolfgang and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Boeck, K. and Fischer, Andreas W. and Schmidt, Martin H.},
  title     = {Maladaptive coping strategies : antecedents, correlates or consequences of mental disorders?},
  year      = {1999},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Esser1999,
  author    = {Esser, G{\"u}nter},
  title     = {Anmerkungen zur Kaufmann-Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC)},
  year      = {1999},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{IhleEsserSchmidtetal.1999,
  author    = {Ihle, Wolfgang and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Schmidt, Martin H. and Blanz, Bernhard and Reis, Olaf and Meyer-Probst, Bernhard},
  title     = {Genese und Verlauf von Angsst{\"o}rungen},
  year      = {1999},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{SchmidtEsserIhleetal.1999,
  author    = {Schmidt, Martin H. and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Ihle, Wolfgang and Lay, Barbara},
  title     = {Dissozialit{\"a}t : Vorstufe von Jugendkriminalit{\"a}t?},
  year      = {1999},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{IhleEsserReisetal.1999,
  author    = {Ihle, Wolfgang and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Reis, Olaf and Meyer-Probst, Bernhard and Blanz, Bernhard and Schmidt, Martin H.},
  title     = {Psychische St{\"o}rungen im {\"U}bergang vom Jugend- zum Erwachsenenalter in Zeiten gesellschaftlichen Wandels : Ergebnisse zweier L{\"a}ngsschnittstudien in Rostock und Mannheim},
  isbn      = {3-7867-2180-7},
  year      = {1999},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{IhleEsserBlanzetal.1999,
  author    = {Ihle, Wolfgang and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Blanz, Bernhard and Schmidt, Martin H. and Reis, Olaf and Meyer-Probst, Bernhard},
  title     = {Risk conditions and developmental patterns of mental disorders from childhood to early adulthood : results from two longitudinal studies in Rostock and Mannheim},
  isbn      = {3-11-016500-7},
  year      = {1999},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{StoehrLauchtEsseretal.2000,
  author    = {St{\"o}hr, R.-M. and Laucht, Manfred and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Schmidt, Martin H.},
  title     = {Die Geburt eines Geschwisters : Chancen und Risiken f{\"u}r das erstgeborene Kind},
  year      = {2000},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{LauchtEsserSchmidt2000,
  author    = {Laucht, Manfred and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Schmidt, Martin H.},
  title     = {L{\"a}ngsschnittforschung zur Entwicklungsepidemiologie psychischer St{\"o}rungen : Zielsetzung, Konzeption und zentrale Befunde der Mannheimer Risikokinderstudie},
  year      = {2000},
  abstract  = {Theoretischer Hintergrund: Zur Erforschung der Entwicklungsepidemiologie psychischer St{\"o}rungen gilt die prospektive Untersuchung von Risikogruppen als K{\"o}nigsweg. Fragestellung: Beschreibung der Entwicklungsmuster von Kindern mit fr{\"u}hen Belastungen, Ermittlung von Risiko- und Schutzfaktoren f{\"u}r unterschiedliche Entwicklungsresultate und Identifikation von Mechanismen, die differentiellen Verl{\"a}ufen zugrunde liegen. Methode: In einer prospektiven L{\"a}ngsschnittstudie (mit Erhebungswellen im Alter von 0;3, 2, 4 , 8 und 11 Jahren) wurden die Entstehung und der Verlauf von Entwicklungs- und Verhaltensst{\"o}rungen bei 384 Kindern untersucht. Organische (pr{\"a}- und perinatale Komplikationen) und psychosoziale Risiken (famili{\"a}re Belastungen) wurden in einem zwei- faktoriellen Design variiert. Ergebnisse: Die negativen Folgen fr{\"u}her Risiken waren bis zum Schulalter nachweisbar. W{\"a}hrend organische Risiken vor allem die motorische und kognitive Entwicklung beeintr{\"a}chtigten, konzentrierten sich die Auswirkungen psychosozialer Belastungen auf kognitive und sozial-emotionale Funktionen. Beide Risiken addierten sich in ihren negativen Konsequenzen. Schlussfolgerungen: Fr{\"u}hkindliche Risiken haben spezifische und langfristige Auswirkungen. Kinder mit multiplen Risikobelastungen sind in ihrer Entwicklung am st{\"a}rksten gef{\"a}hrdet.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{PolowczykTrautmannVillalbaDinterJoergetal.2000,
  author    = {Polowczyk, M. and Trautmann-Villalba, Patricia and Dinter-J{\"o}rg, Monika and Gerold, M. and Laucht, Manfred and Schmidt, Martin H. and Esser, G{\"u}nter},
  title     = {Auff{\"a}llige Mutter-Kind-Interaktion im Vorschulalter bei Kindern mit hyperkinetischen und Sozialverhaltensauff{\"a}lligkeiten},
  year      = {2000},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{LauchtEsserSchmidt2000,
  author    = {Laucht, Manfred and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Schmidt, Martin H.},
  title     = {Entwicklung von Risikokindern im Schulalter : die langfristigen Folgen fr{\"u}hkindlicher Belastungen},
  year      = {2000},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{LauchtEsserSchmidt2000,
  author    = {Laucht, Manfred and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Schmidt, Martin H.},
  title     = {Externalisierende und internalisierende St{\"o}rungen in der Kindheit : Untersuchungen zur Entwicklungspsychopathologie},
  year      = {2000},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{LauchtEsserHoeschetal.2000,
  author    = {Laucht, Manfred and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Hoesch, I. and Gerold, M. and Hoesch, I. and Ihle, Wolfgang and Steigleider, Petra and Stock, B. and Stoehr, R.-M. and Weindrich, D. and Schmidt, Martin H.},
  title     = {Behavioral Sequelae of Perinatal Insults and Early Family Adversity at 8 Years of Age},
  year      = {2000},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{EsserDinterJoerg2000,
  author    = {Esser, G{\"u}nter and Dinter-J{\"o}rg, Monika},
  title     = {Der Beitrag der direkten Beobachtung der Interaktion von Mutter und Kleinkind zur Vorhersage sp{\"a}terer psychischer Auff{\"a}lligkeiten},
  isbn      = {3-934252-66-4},
  year      = {2000},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{EsserWyschkon2000,
  author    = {Esser, G{\"u}nter and Wyschkon, Anne},
  title     = {Umschriebene Entwicklungsst{\"o}rungen},
  year      = {2000},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{IhleEsser2000,
  author    = {Ihle, Wolfgang and Esser, G{\"u}nter},
  title     = {Pr{\"a}valenz, Komorbidit{\"a}t und Geschlechtsunterschiede psychischer St{\"o}rungen vom Grundschul- bis ins fr{\"u}he Erwachsenenalter},
  year      = {2000},
  language  = {de}
}
@book{EsserWyschkon2000,
  author    = {Esser, G{\"u}nter and Wyschkon, Anne},
  title     = {Erscheinungsformen der Lese-Rechtschreibschw{\"a}che},
  series = {Wissenschaft und Praxis},
  journal   = {Wissenschaft und Praxis},
  publisher = {Trainmedia},
  address   = {Berlin},
  isbn      = {3-933699-08-8},
  pages     = {54 S. : Ill., graph. Darst.},
  year      = {2000},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{EsserIhle2000,
  author    = {Esser, G{\"u}nter and Ihle, Wolfgang},
  title     = {Die Kurpfalzerhebung - Ziele, Methoden und bisherige Ergebnisse},
  year      = {2000},
  language  = {de}
}