@article{KraheKnappert2009,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Knappert, Lena},
  title     = {A group-randomized evaluation of a theatre-based sexual abuse prevention programme for primary school children in Germany},
  issn      = {1052-9284},
  doi       = {10.1002/Casp.1009},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {The study reports a group-randomized trial of a theatre-based intervention to prevent sexual abuse targeting first and second grade primary school children in Germany. A sample of 148 first and second graders saw a live performance of a play designed to promote skills in dealing with abuse-prone interactions with adults, watched a recording of the play on DVD or were assigned to a no intervention control group. Both the live performance and the DVD groups showed significant increases in the target variables (distinguishing good/bad touch and secrets, getting help, rejecting unwanted touch) from baseline to post-intervention and a follow-up after 2 weeks, while the control group did not show changes. The live performance and DVD groups participated in a further follow-up 30 weeks post-intervention, which showed sustained effects of the intervention. The findings indicate that with appropriately culture-sensitive measures, Sexual abuse prevention programmes can have Sustainable effects with young primary school children.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Krahe1996,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Aggression and violence in society},
  year      = {1996},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Krahe2000,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Aggression in den Beziehungen von M{\"a}dchen},
  year      = {2000},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{KraheGreve2002,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Greve, Werner},
  title     = {Aggression und Gewalt : Aktueller Erkenntnisstand und Perspektiven k{\"u}nftiger Forschung},
  year      = {2002},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Krahe2003,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Aggression von M{\"a}nnern und Frauen in Partnerschaften : Unterschiede und Parallelen},
  isbn      = {3- 8100-3949-7},
  year      = {2003},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{KraheScheinbergerOlwigKolpin2000,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Scheinberger-Olwig, Renate and Kolpin, S.},
  title     = {Ambiguous communication of sexual intentions as a risk marker of sexual aggression},
  year      = {2000},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RohlfKrahe2015,
  author    = {Rohlf, Helena L. and Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Assessing anger regulation in middle childhood: development and validation of a behavioral observation measure},
  series = {Frontiers in psychology},
  volume    = {6},
  journal   = {Frontiers in psychology},
  publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation},
  address   = {Lausanne},
  issn      = {1664-1078},
  doi       = {10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00453},
  pages     = {14},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {An observational measure of anger regulation in middle childhood was developed that facilitated the in situ assessment of five maladaptive regulation strategies in response to an anger-eliciting task. 599 children aged 6-10 years (M = 8.12, SD = 0.92) participated in the study. Construct validity of the measure was examined through correlations with parent- and self-reports of anger regulation and anger reactivity. Criterion validity was established through links with teacher-rated aggression and social rejection measured by parent-, teacher-, and self-reports. The observational measure correlated significantly with parent- and self-reports of anger reactivity, whereas it was unrelated to parent- and self-reports of anger regulation. It also made a unique contribution to predicting aggression and social rejection.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{TomaszewskaKrahe2016,
  author    = {Tomaszewska, Paulina and Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Attitudes towards sexual coercion by Polish high school students},
  doi       = {10.1080/13552600.2016.1195892},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-93450},
  pages     = {17},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {The link between cognitive scripts for consensual sexual interactions and attitudes towards sexual coercion was studied in 524 Polish high school students. We proposed that risky sexual scripts, containing risk elements linked to sexual aggression, would be associated with attitudes condoning sexual coercion. Pornography use and religiosity were included as predictors of participants' risky sexual scripts and attitudes towards sexual coercion. Risky sexual scripts were linked to attitudes condoning sexual coercion. Pornography use was indirectly linked to attitudes condoning sexual coercion via risky sexual scripts. Religiosity showed a positive direct link with attitudes towards sexual coercion, but a negative indirect link through risky sexual scripts. The results are discussed regarding the significance of risky sexual scripts, pornography use, and religiosity in understanding attitudes towards sexual coercion as well as their implications for preventing sexually aggressive behaviour.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Krahe1987,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Attributionsstrategien und Identit{\"a}tsdynamik},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-34460},
  year      = {1987},
  abstract  = {Inhalt: 1 Selbstwertdienliche Attributionen von Erfolg und Mißerfolg 2 „Selbstbehinderung" zur Vorbeugung gegen Verantwortlichkeit f{\"u}r Mißerfolg 3 Attributionen in der {\"O}ffentlichkeit: Identit{\"a}tsbehauptung durch Selbstdarstellung? 4 Personale Kontrolle und Attribution 5 Geschlechtsrollen-Identit{\"a}t und Attributionen f{\"u}r Erfolg und Mißerfolg 6 Zusammenfassung},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{JungKraheBusching2016,
  author    = {Jung, Janis Moritz and Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Busching, Robert},
  title     = {Beyond the positive reinforcement of aggression},
  series = {International Journal of Behavioral Development},
  volume    = {42},
  journal   = {International Journal of Behavioral Development},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Sage Publ.},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {0165-0254},
  doi       = {10.1177/0165025416671613},
  pages     = {73 -- 82},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Being surrounded by peers who are accepting of aggression is a significant predictor of the development and persistence of aggression in childhood and adolescence. Whereas past research has focused on social reinforcement mechanisms as the underlying processes, the present longitudinal study analysed the role of external control beliefs as an additional mediator explaining the link between peers' acceptance of aggression and the development of aggressive behaviour. Drawing on a large community sample of N = 1,466 male and female children and adolescents from Germany aged between 10 and 18 years, results of latent structural equation modeling were consistent with the hypotheses that peer acceptance of aggression would predict external control beliefs in the social domain, which in turn, should predict aggressive behaviour over time. Additional multigroup analyses showed that the predicted pathways were consistent across gender and age groups.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BieneckKrahe2011,
  author    = {Bieneck, Steffen and Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Blaming the victim and exonerating the perpetrator in cases of rape and robbery is there a double standard?},
  series = {Journal of interpersonal violence : concerned with the study and treatment of victims and perpetrators of physical and sexual violence},
  volume    = {26},
  journal   = {Journal of interpersonal violence : concerned with the study and treatment of victims and perpetrators of physical and sexual violence},
  number    = {9},
  publisher = {Sage Publ.},
  address   = {Thousand Oaks},
  issn      = {0886-2605},
  doi       = {10.1177/0886260510372945},
  pages     = {1785 -- 1797},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Research in legal decision making has demonstrated the tendency to blame the victim and exonerate the perpetrator of sexual assault. This study examined the hypothesis of a special leniency bias in rape cases by comparing them to cases of robbery. N = 288 participants received descriptions of rape and robbery of a female victim by a male perpetrator and made ratings of victim and perpetrator blame. Case scenarios varied with respect to the prior relationship (strangers, acquaintances, ex-partners) and coercive strategy (force vs. exploiting victim intoxication). More blame was attributed to the victim and less blame was attributed to the perpetrator for rape than for robbery. Information about a prior relationship between victim and perpetrator increased ratings of victim blame and decreased perceptions of perpetrator blame in the rape cases, but not in the robbery cases. The findings support the notion of a special leniency bias in sexual assault cases.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{BieneckKrahe2017,
  author    = {Bieneck, Steffen and Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Blaming the victim and exonerating the perpetrator in cases of rape and robbery: is there a double standard?},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-402907},
  pages     = {13},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Research in legal decision making has demonstrated the tendency to blame the victim and exonerate the perpetrator of sexual assault. This study examined the hypothesis of a special leniency bias in rape cases by comparing them to cases of robbery. N = 288 participants received descriptions of rape and robbery of a female victim by a male perpetrator and made ratings of victim and perpetrator blame. Case scenarios varied with respect to the prior relationship (strangers, acquaintances, ex-partners) and coercive strategy (force vs. exploiting victim intoxication). More blame was attributed to the victim and less blame was attributed to the perpetrator for rape than for robbery. Information about a prior relationship between victim and perpetrator increased ratings of victim blame and decreased perceptions of perpetrator blame in the rape cases, but not in the robbery cases. The findings support the notion of a special leniency bias in sexual assault cases.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KraheBusching2015,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Busching, Robert},
  title     = {Breaking the Vicious Cycle of Media Violence Use and Aggression: A Test of Intervention Effects Over 30 Months},
  series = {Psychology of violence},
  volume    = {5},
  journal   = {Psychology of violence},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {2152-0828},
  doi       = {10.1037/a0036627},
  pages     = {217 -- 226},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Objective: This study examined the sustained efficacy of a media violence intervention in reducing media violence use, normative acceptance of aggression, and aggressive behavior in adolescents. It used an experimental design to evaluate the effects of the intervention over a period of 30 months. Method: N = 627 German 7th and 8th graders were assigned to a 5-week school-based intervention to reduce media violence use or to a no-intervention control group. Media violence use, normative acceptance of aggression, and aggressive behavior were measured 3 months before the intervention (T1), 7 months post intervention (T2), and at 2 follow-ups 18 (T3) and 30 (T4) months after the intervention. This article focuses on the findings from the 2 follow-ups. Results: Controlling for baseline levels and various demographic covariates, media violence use at T2, T3, and T4 and self-reported physical aggression at T3 were significantly lower in the intervention group, and the indirect path from the intervention to T3 aggression via T2 media violence use was significant. Lower T2 media violence use predicted lower T3 normative acceptance of aggression among participants with lower initial aggression. No effects on nonviolent media use and relational aggression were observed. Conclusion: The findings show that a short class-based intervention can produce lasting changes in media violence use that are linked to a decrease in aggression.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KraheAbrahamScheinbergerOlwig2006,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Abraham, Charles and Scheinberger-Olwig, Renate},
  title     = {Can safer-sex promotion leaflets change cognitive antecedents of condom use? : an experimental evaluation},
  issn      = {1359-107X},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {An experimental evaluation of a safer sex promotion leaflet was undertaken to assess its capacity to change antecedent cognitions of condom use. The leaflet was identified in a previous study as addressing research-based cognitive antecedents of condom use. A pre-post-test experimental study including three conditions was conducted: (a) presentation of the leaflet; (b) presentation of the leaflet plus incentive for systematic processing; (c) no-leaflet control. The leaflet was evaluated in terms of its capacity to change eight cognitive correlates of condom use identified in a recent meta-analysis. The sample consisted of 230 tenth-grade students. Following baseline assessments, leaflet-induced change was measured immediately following the intervention and at a follow up 4 weeks post-intervention. The target leaflet alone did not result in significant changes in the cognitive antecedents of condom use compared with the control condition. However, in combination with an incentive for systematic processing, the target leaflet had a greater impact on cognitive antecedents than the no-leaflet control condition. The findings are discussed with regard to the development and evaluation of research-based health-promotion materials},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{SchusterTomaszewskaKrahe2020,
  author    = {Schuster, Isabell and Tomaszewska, Paulina and Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Changing cognitive risk factors for sexual aggression},
  series = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {3-4},
  issn      = {1866-8364},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-54907},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-549072},
  pages     = {26},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Sexual aggression is a problem among college students worldwide, and a growing body of research has identified variables associated with an increased risk of victimization and perpetration. Among these, sexuality-related cognitions, such as sexual scripts, sexual self-esteem, perceived realism of pornography, and acceptance of sexual coercion, play a major role. The current experimental study aimed to show that these cognitive risk factors of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration are amenable to change, which is a critical condition for evidence-based intervention efforts. College students in Germany (N = 324) were randomly assigned to one of three groups: a treatment group designed to change participants' sexual scripts for consensual sex with regard to the role of alcohol consumption, casual sex, and ambiguous communication of sexual intentions as risk factors for sexual aggression (EG1), a treatment group designed to promote sexual self-esteem, challenge the perceived realism of pornography, and reduce the acceptance of sexual coercion (EG2), and a non-treatment control group (CG). Baseline (T1), post-experimental (T2), and follow-up (T3) measures were taken across an eight-week period. Sexual scripts contained fewer risk factors for sexual aggression in EG1 than in EG2 and CG at T3. Sexual self-esteem was enhanced in EG2 at T2 relative to the other two groups. Acceptance of sexual coercion was lower in EG2 than in EG1 and CG at T2 and T3. No effect was found for perceived realism of pornography. The findings are discussed in terms of targeting cognitive risk factors as a basis for intervention programs.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchusterTomaszewskaKrahe2020,
  author    = {Schuster, Isabell and Tomaszewska, Paulina and Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Changing cognitive risk factors for sexual aggression},
  series = {Journal of interpersonal violence},
  volume    = {37},
  journal   = {Journal of interpersonal violence},
  number    = {3-4},
  publisher = {Sage Publ.},
  address   = {Thousand Oaks},
  issn      = {0886-2605},
  doi       = {10.1177/0886260520922341},
  pages     = {NP1377 -- NP1400},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Sexual aggression is a problem among college students worldwide, and a growing body of research has identified variables associated with an increased risk of victimization and perpetration. Among these, sexuality-related cognitions, such as sexual scripts, sexual self-esteem, perceived realism of pornography, and acceptance of sexual coercion, play a major role. The current experimental study aimed to show that these cognitive risk factors of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration are amenable to change, which is a critical condition for evidence-based intervention efforts. College students in Germany (N = 324) were randomly assigned to one of three groups: a treatment group designed to change participants' sexual scripts for consensual sex with regard to the role of alcohol consumption, casual sex, and ambiguous communication of sexual intentions as risk factors for sexual aggression (EG1), a treatment group designed to promote sexual self-esteem, challenge the perceived realism of pornography, and reduce the acceptance of sexual coercion (EG2), and a non-treatment control group (CG). Baseline (T1), post-experimental (T2), and follow-up (T3) measures were taken across an eight-week period. Sexual scripts contained fewer risk factors for sexual aggression in EG1 than in EG2 and CG at T3. Sexual self-esteem was enhanced in EG2 at T2 relative to the other two groups. Acceptance of sexual coercion was lower in EG2 than in EG1 and CG at T2 and T3. No effect was found for perceived realism of pornography. The findings are discussed in terms of targeting cognitive risk factors as a basis for intervention programs.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KraheAltwasser2006,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Altwasser, Colette},
  title     = {Changing negative attitudes towards persons with physical disabilities: an experimental intervention},
  issn      = {1052-9284},
  doi       = {10.1002/casp.849},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {An experimental study was designed and tested to change negative attitudes towards the physically disabled. A pre-post-test intervention was conducted including three conditions: (a) cognitive intervention; (b) cognitive and behavioural intervention involving equal-status contact with the target group; (c) no-intervention control. The sample consisted of 70 ninth grade students. Following baseline assessments of attitudes, attitude change was measured immediately following the intervention and at a follow-up three months post-intervention. The cognitive intervention provided information about physical disability and challenged stereotypic conceptions about the physically disabled. The behavioural intervention consisted of engaging in three paralympic disciplines under the instruction of a group of disabled athletes. The cognitive intervention alone did not result in significant changes in attitudes towards the physically disabled. However, the combined cognitive-behavioural intervention resulted in greater attitude change than the no-intervention condition, both immediately post-intervention and at a three months follow-up. The findings are discussed with regard to models of attitude change through equal-status contact.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BuschingKrahe2013,
  author    = {Busching, Robert and Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Charging neutral cues with aggressive meaning through violent video game play},
  series = {Societies},
  volume    = {3},
  journal   = {Societies},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {MDPI},
  address   = {Basel},
  issn      = {2075-4698},
  doi       = {10.3390/soc3040445},
  pages     = {445 -- 456},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {When playing violent video games, aggressive actions are performed against the background of an originally neutral environment, and associations are formed between cues related to violence and contextual features. This experiment examined the hypothesis that neutral contextual features of a virtual environment become associated with aggressive meaning and acquire the function of primes for aggressive cognitions. Seventy-six participants were assigned to one of two violent video game conditions that varied in context (ship vs. city environment) or a control condition. Afterwards, they completed a Lexical Decision Task to measure the accessibility of aggressive cognitions in which they were primed either with ship-related or city-related words. As predicted, participants who had played the violent game in the ship environment had shorter reaction times for aggressive words following the ship primes than the city primes, whereas participants in the city condition responded faster to the aggressive words following the city primes compared to the ship primes. No parallel effect was observed for the non-aggressive targets. The findings indicate that the associations between violent and neutral cognitions learned during violent game play facilitate the accessibility of aggressive cognitions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{BuschingKrahe2013,
  author    = {Busching, Robert and Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Charging neutral cues with aggressive meaning through violent video game play},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {678},
  issn      = {1866-8364},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-47618},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-476181},
  pages     = {14},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {When playing violent video games, aggressive actions are performed against the background of an originally neutral environment, and associations are formed between cues related to violence and contextual features. This experiment examined the hypothesis that neutral contextual features of a virtual environment become associated with aggressive meaning and acquire the function of primes for aggressive cognitions. Seventy-six participants were assigned to one of two violent video game conditions that varied in context (ship vs. city environment) or a control condition. Afterwards, they completed a Lexical Decision Task to measure the accessibility of aggressive cognitions in which they were primed either with ship-related or city-related words. As predicted, participants who had played the violent game in the ship environment had shorter reaction times for aggressive words following the ship primes than the city primes, whereas participants in the city condition responded faster to the aggressive words following the city primes compared to the ship primes. No parallel effect was observed for the non-aggressive targets. The findings indicate that the associations between violent and neutral cognitions learned during violent game play facilitate the accessibility of aggressive cognitions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KraheBondueHoeseetal.2015,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Bond{\"u}, Rebecca and H{\"o}se, Anna and Esser, G{\"u}nter},
  title     = {Child Aggression as a Source and a Consequence of Parenting Stress: A Three-Wave Longitudinal Study},
  series = {Journal of research on adolescence : the official journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence},
  volume    = {25},
  journal   = {Journal of research on adolescence : the official journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {1050-8392},
  doi       = {10.1111/jora.12115},
  pages     = {328 -- 339},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {This longitudinal study examined the links between child aggression and parenting stress over 4years. Child aggression was hypothesized to contribute to parenting stress, which should increase aggression. Parents and teachers of 239 German children aged between 6 and 15years completed measures of child aggression at Time 1 and Time 3, complemented by children's self-reports of aggression at Time 3. Parents rated their child-focused and parent-focused stress at an intermediate measurement Time 2. Child-focused stress mediated the path from Time 1 to Time 3 aggression in boys and girls, whereas parent-focused stress was unrelated to Time 3 aggression. The findings help to understand the continuity of aggressive behavior in childhood and adolescence and highlight the need to intervene early with families susceptible to parenting stress.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Krahe2000,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Childhood sexual abuse and revictimization in adolescence},
  year      = {2000},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KraheScheinbergerOlwigWaizenhoeferetal.1999,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Scheinberger-Olwig, Renate and Waizenh{\"o}fer, Eva and Kolpin, S.},
  title     = {Childhood sexual abuse and revictimization in adolescence},
  year      = {1999},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Krahe2005,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Cognitive coping with the threat of rape : Vigilance and cognitive avoidance},
  issn      = {0022-3506},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {Individual differences in women's avoidant and vigilant style in coping with the threat of rape were explored in four studies. In the first study, 97 women read a rape scenario and completed measures of cognitive vigilance and avoidance. They also provided ratings of fear of rape and anticipated coping problems in case of sexual assault. Vigilance was associated with significantly higher levels of fear of rape and anticipation of more severe coping problems. No effects were found for cognitive avoidance. Study 2 replicated these findings with a sample of 275 women. In addition, it showed that high vigilance was associated with significantly more rape-preventive behaviors. Study 3, including 172 women, was an online study on the effect of cognitive coping style on fear of rape, anticipated coping problems, and two behavioral measures of rape avoidance. High vigilance was related to higher levels of fear of rape, anticipation of more severe coping problems, and more rape-preventive behaviors. Finally, Study 4 (N = 2 10) showed that individual differences in cognitive coping style affected rape-related affect and behavior in the absence of a rape scenario, underlining the chronic salience of the threat of rape for women. Vigilance was positively related to fear of rape, rape-avoidance behavior, and anticipated coping problems. In contrast, a negative relationship was found between cognitive avoidance and fear of rape, rape-avoidance strategies, and anticipated coping problems. Across the four studies, no evidence was found for an interactive effect of cognitive avoidance and vigilance, as suggested by the construct of repression versus sensitization. The findings are discussed in the light of previous research on repression- sensitization in coping with threatening information},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MoellerKraheBusching2013,
  author    = {M{\"o}ller, Ingrid and Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Busching, Robert},
  title     = {Consumption of media violence and aggressive behavior a longitudinal study of German adolescents with and without migration background},
  series = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Entwicklungspsychologie und p{\"a}dagogische Psychologie},
  volume    = {45},
  journal   = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Entwicklungspsychologie und p{\"a}dagogische Psychologie},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Hogrefe},
  address   = {G{\"o}ttingen},
  issn      = {0049-8637},
  doi       = {10.1026/0049-8637/a000086},
  pages     = {121 -- 130},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {The consumption of media violence and aggressive behavior were assessed three times in a sample of N=1,052 German adolescents with and without migration background over a period of two years with 12-month intervals. The adolescents in the two groups, who were in grades 7 and 8 at T1, were matched by gender, age, type of school, and academic achievement. Students in the migrant group reported higher consumption of violent media. At T3, they showed more physical but less relational aggression than their peers of German background. Cross-lagged panel analyses showed parallel associations between media violence use and aggression in both groups: Media violence consumption at T1 and T2 predicted physical aggression at T2 and T3 independent of ethnic background. The reverse path from physical aggression to media violence consumption was nonsignificant. No link was found between media violence use and relational aggression over time.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{Krahe1992,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Coping with rape : a social psychological perspective},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33973},
  year      = {1992},
  abstract  = {Content Social stereotypes and responsibility attributions to victims of rape Atributing responsibillty to rape victims: a German study Rape myth acceptance and responsibility judgments: a British study Police officers' definitions of rape A study on cognitive prototypes of rape Conclusion References},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KraheBerger2020,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Berger, Anja},
  title     = {Correlates of victim-perpetrator overlap in sexual aggression among men and women},
  series = {Psychology of violence},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {Psychology of violence},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {2152-0828},
  doi       = {10.1037/vio0000282},
  pages     = {564 -- 574},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Objective: The study replicated and extended a study by Peterson, Beagley, McCallum, and Artime (2019), who studied differences in sexual attitudes and behaviors in men who were both victims and perpetrators of sexual assault, only victims, only perpetrators, or neither. They found a heightened rate of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and some evidence of greater traumatic sexualization in men who were both victims and perpetrators. Method: Our sample consisted of 2,149 college students (39.6\% male) in Germany. We measured sexual aggression perpetration and victimization, CSA, sexual self-esteem, depressive symptoms, risky sexual scripts, and risky sexual behavior. Results: Perpetration rates were significantly higher among victims than among nonvictims, and the victim-perpetrator group scored highest on CSA. A significant effect of group membership was found on measures of depressive symptoms, risky sexual scripts, and risky sexual behavior in both sex groups, mainly due to differences of the victim-only, perpetrator-only, and victim-perpetrator groups from the nonvictim-nonperpetrator group. The effect on sexual self-esteem was found for women only. Few differences emerged between the victim-only, perpetrator-only, and victim-perpetrator groups. Most associations remained significant when controlling for CSA. Conclusion: We found a substantial overlap between victimization and perpetration but no evidence for a special vulnerability of the victim-perpetrator group. Instead, experiences of victimization, perpetration, or both were linked to more negative correlates compared with individuals who were neither victims nor perpetrators. The findings need to be interpreted with caution due to the small number of individuals in the perpetrator-only and victim-perpetrator groups.},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{KraheKetzMoeller1999,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Ketz, Brigitta and M{\"o}ller, Ingrid},
  title     = {Das Deutschlandbild von AsylbewerberInnen im Landkreis Potsdam Mittelmark : Ergebnisse einer Interviewstudie},
  publisher = {Landratsamt Potsdam-Mittelmark},
  address   = {Belzig},
  pages     = {23 S.},
  year      = {1999},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Krahe1998,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Das Trauma der Verfolgung : zur psychologischen Analyse von Videointerviews mit {\"U}berlebenden des Holocaust},
  year      = {1998},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{SixKrahe1980,
  author    = {Six, Bernd and Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Defensiv-externe Kontroll{\"u}berzeugungen bei der Attribution von Leistungs- und Sozialverhalten},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-45292},
  year      = {1980},
  abstract  = {The traditional dichotomy of internal vs. external locus of control is substituted by the more recent distinction between internals, congruent externals, and defensive externals. While internals and congruent externals are predicted to make causal attributions of other persons' performance in accordance with their locus of control irrespective of the nature of the outcome (success vs. failure in achievement situations, positive vs. negative experience in social contacts), defensive externals are expected to vary their causal attributions as a function of outcome. Personal relevance attached to achievement and social contact is included as an additional variable. The presumed correspondence between locus of control and causal attribution - as derived from the conceptualization of locus of control as a personality variable - is not confirmed by our data. The differences expected between the three groups are demonstrated only for achievement-related items. Personal relevance does not significantly modify the relationship between locus of control and causal attribution.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{Krahe1984,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Der "self-serving bias" in der Attributionsforschung : theoretische Grundlagen und empirische Befunde},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-44220},
  year      = {1984},
  abstract  = {Inhalt: 1. Zur Konzeptualisierung des bias in der Attributionstheorie 2. Self-serving bias-Hypothese und informationstheoretische Alternativerkl{\"a}rung:Theoretische Kontroverse und empirische Befunde - Selbstwertbezogene Attributionen eigener Handlungsergebnisse - Kausalattributionen von Erfolg und Mißerfolg bei Wettbewerb und Kooperation - Kausalattributionen f{\"u}r Erfolg und Mißerfolg aus der Beobachterperspektive - Kontradefensive Attributionen und Selbstdarstellungsbed{\"u}rfnisse - Zum Stand der Kognitions-Motivations-Debatte im Lichte der neueren Ergebnisse 3. Ans{\"a}tze zum Abbau des gegenw{\"a}rtigen Theoriedefizits der self-serving bias-Forschung},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{KraheMoellerKirwiletal.2011,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Moeller, Ingrid and Kirwil, Lucyna and Huesmann, L. Rowell and Felber, Juliane and Berger, Anja},
  title     = {Desensitization to media violence links with habitual media violence exposure, aggressive cognitions, and aggressive behavior},
  series = {Journal of personality and social psychology},
  volume    = {100},
  journal   = {Journal of personality and social psychology},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {0022-3514},
  doi       = {10.1037/a0021711},
  pages     = {630 -- 646},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {This study examined the links between desensitization to violent media stimuli and habitual media violence exposure as a predictor and aggressive cognitions and behavior as outcome variables. Two weeks after completing measures of habitual media violence exposure, trait aggression, trait arousability, and normative beliefs about aggression, undergraduates (N = 303) saw a violent film clip and a sad or a funny comparison clip. Skin conductance level (SCL) was measured continuously, and ratings of anxious and pleasant arousal were obtained after each clip. Following the clips, participants completed a lexical decision task to measure accessibility of aggressive cognitions and a competitive reaction time task to measure aggressive behavior. Habitual media violence exposure correlated negatively with SCL during violent clips and positively with pleasant arousal, response times for aggressive words, and trait aggression, but it was unrelated to anxious arousal and aggressive responding during the reaction time task. In path analyses controlling for trait aggression, normative beliefs, and trait arousability, habitual media violence exposure predicted faster accessibility of aggressive cognitions, partly mediated by higher pleasant arousal. Unprovoked aggression during the reaction time task was predicted by lower anxious arousal. Neither habitual media violence usage nor anxious or pleasant arousal predicted provoked aggression during the laboratory task, and SCL was unrelated to aggressive cognitions and behavior. No relations were found between habitual media violence viewing and arousal in response to the sad and funny film clips, and arousal in response to the sad and funny clips did not predict aggressive cognitions or aggressive behavior on the laboratory task. This suggests that the observed desensitization effects are specific to violent content.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{TetznerKlieglKraheetal.2017,
  author    = {Tetzner, Julia and Kliegl, Reinhold and Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Busching, Robert and Esser, G{\"u}nter},
  title     = {Developmental problems in adolescence},
  series = {Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology},
  volume    = {53},
  journal   = {Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {0193-3973},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.appdev.2017.08.003},
  pages     = {40 -- 53},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {This longitudinal study investigated patterns of developmental problems across depression, aggression, and academic achievement during adolescence, using two measurement points two years apart (N = 1665; age T1: M = 13.14; female = 49.6\%). Latent Profile Analyses and Latent Transition Analyses yielded four main findings: A three-type solution provided the best fit to the data: an asymptomatic type (i.e., low problem scores in all three domains), a depressed type (i.e., high scores in depression), an aggressive type (i.e., high scores in aggression). Profile types were invariant over the two data waves but differed between girls and boys, revealing gender specific patterns of comorbidity. Stabilities over time were high for the asymptomatic type and for types that represented problems in one domain, but moderate for comorbid types. Differences in demographic variables (i.e., age, socio-economic status) and individual characteristics (i.e., self-esteem, dysfunctional cognitions, cognitive capabilities) predicted profile type memberships and longitudinal transitions between types.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Krahe1985,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Die Zuschreibung von Verantwortlichkeit nach Vergewaltigung : Opfer und T{\"a}ter im Dickicht der attributionstheoretischen Forschung},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-34454},
  year      = {1985},
  abstract  = {Die Zuschreibung von Verantwortlichkeit an Vergewaltigungsopfer und -t{\"a}ter in sozialen Urteilsprozessen hat sich im Zuge einer st{\"a}rkeren Anwendungsorientierung der attributionstheoretischen Forschung zu einem eigenst{\"a}ndigen Themenschwerpunkt entwickelt. Vor dem Hintergrund eines zunehmenden {\"o}ffentlichen Problembewußtseins ist zu fragen, welchen Beitrag die Attributionsforschung aktuell undpotentiell zur Kl{\"a}rung der Bedingungen und Konsequenzen von Verantwortungsurteilen {\"u}ber Opfer und T{\"a}ter von Vergewaltigungsdelikten leisten kann.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{AbrahamKraheDominicetal.2002,
  author    = {Abraham, Charles and Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Dominic, Robert and Fritsche, Immo},
  title     = {Do health promotion messages target cognitive and behavioural correlates of condom use? : a content analysis of safer sex promotion leaflets in two countries},
  issn      = {1359-107X},
  year      = {2002},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchusterTomaszewskaMarchewkaetal.2020,
  author    = {Schuster, Isabell and Tomaszewska, Paulina and Marchewka, Juliette and Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Does question format matter in assessing the prevalence of sexual aggression?},
  series = {The journal of sex research},
  volume    = {58},
  journal   = {The journal of sex research},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group},
  address   = {Abingdon},
  issn      = {0022-4499},
  doi       = {10.1080/00224499.2020.1777927},
  pages     = {502 -- 511},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {As research on sexual aggression has been growing, methodological issues in assessing prevalence rates have received increased attention. Building on work by Abbey and colleagues about effects of question format, participants in this study (1,253; 621 female; 632 male) were randomly assigned to one of two versions of the Sexual Aggression and Victimization Scale (SAV-S). In Version 1, the coercive tactic (use/threat of physical force, exploitation of the inability to resist, verbal pressure) was presented first, and sexual acts (sexual touch, attempted and completed sexual intercourse, other sexual acts) were presented as subsequent questions. In Version 2, sexual acts were presented first, and coercive tactics as subsequent questions. No version effects emerged for overall perpetration rates reported by men and women. The overall victimization rate across all items was significantly higher in the tactic-first than in the sexual-act-first conditions for women, but not for men. Classifying participants by their most severe experience of sexual victimization showed that fewer women were in the nonvictim category and more men were in the nonconsensual sexual contact category when the coercive tactic was presented first. Sexual experience background did not moderate the findings. The implications for the measurement of self-reported sexual aggression victimization and perpetration are discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{SchusterTomaszewskaMarchewkaetal.2020,
  author    = {Schuster, Isabell and Tomaszewska, Paulina and Marchewka, Juliette and Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Does question format matter in assessing the prevalence of sexual aggression?},
  series = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {4},
  issn      = {1866-8364},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-54663},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-546632},
  pages     = {13},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {As research on sexual aggression has been growing, methodological issues in assessing prevalence rates have received increased attention. Building on work by Abbey and colleagues about effects of question format, participants in this study (1,253; 621 female; 632 male) were randomly assigned to one of two versions of the Sexual Aggression and Victimization Scale (SAV-S). In Version 1, the coercive tactic (use/threat of physical force, exploitation of the inability to resist, verbal pressure) was presented first, and sexual acts (sexual touch, attempted and completed sexual intercourse, other sexual acts) were presented as subsequent questions. In Version 2, sexual acts were presented first, and coercive tactics as subsequent questions. No version effects emerged for overall perpetration rates reported by men and women. The overall victimization rate across all items was significantly higher in the tactic-first than in the sexual-act-first conditions for women, but not for men. Classifying participants by their most severe experience of sexual victimization showed that fewer women were in the nonvictim category and more men were in the nonconsensual sexual contact category when the coercive tactic was presented first. Sexual experience background did not moderate the findings. The implications for the measurement of self-reported sexual aggression victimization and perpetration are discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{JungKraheBondueetal.2016,
  author    = {Jung, Janis Moritz and Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Bondue, Rebecca and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Wyschkon, Anne},
  title     = {Dynamic progression of antisocial behavior in childhood and adolescence},
  series = {Applied Developmental Science},
  volume    = {22},
  journal   = {Applied Developmental Science},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group},
  address   = {Abingdon},
  issn      = {1088-8691},
  doi       = {10.1080/10888691.2016.1219228},
  pages     = {74 -- 88},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {This longitudinal study from Germany examined the dynamic progression of antisocial behavior in childhood and adolescence based on the social interactional model by Patterson, DeBaryshe, and Ramsey. It examined the link between antisocial behavior, social rejection, academic failure, and affiliation with deviant peers in a sample of 1,657 children and youths aged between 6 and 15 years who were studied at three measurement waves (T1 to T3) over a time period of about 5 years. Teachers rated the children on all variables, parents additionally provided ratings of antisocial behavior and social rejection. Latent structural equation modeling yielded the predicted positive paths from antisocial behavior at T1 to social rejection and academic failure at T2. As predicted, affiliation with deviant peers at T2 was positively associated with social rejection and academic failure at the same measurement point. Finally, affiliation with deviant peers at T2 significantly predicted antisocial behavior at T3.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{VollrathKraheHampson2004,
  author    = {Vollrath, M. and Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Hampson, S.},
  title     = {Editorial : Personality and social relations},
  issn      = {0890-2070},
  year      = {2004},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Krahe2006,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Effects of violent pornography},
  issn      = {0952-8229},
  year      = {2006},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MoellerKraheBuschingetal.2012,
  author    = {Moeller, Ingrid and Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Busching, Robert and Krause, Christina},
  title     = {Efficacy of an intervention to reduce the use of media violence and aggression an experimental evaluation with adolescents in Germany},
  series = {Journal of youth and adolescence : a multidisciplinary research publication},
  volume    = {41},
  journal   = {Journal of youth and adolescence : a multidisciplinary research publication},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {0047-2891},
  doi       = {10.1007/s10964-011-9654-6},
  pages     = {105 -- 120},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Several longitudinal studies and meta-analytic reviews have demonstrated that exposure to violent media is linked to aggression over time. However, evidence on effective interventions to reduce the use of violent media and promote critical viewing skills is limited. The current study examined the efficacy of an intervention designed to reduce the use of media violence and aggression in adolescence, covering a total period of about 12 months. A sample of 683 7th and 8th graders in Germany (50.1\% girls) were assigned to two conditions: a 5-week intervention and a no-intervention control group. Measures of exposure to media violence and aggressive behavior were obtained about 3 months prior to the intervention (T1) and about 7 months post-intervention (T2). The intervention group showed a significantly larger decrease in the use of violent media from T1 to T2 than the control group. Participants in the intervention group also scored significantly lower on self-reported aggressive behavior (physical aggression and relational aggression) at T2 than those in the control group, but the effect was limited to those with high levels of initial aggression. This effect was mediated by an intervention-induced decrease in the normative acceptance of aggression. No gender differences in program efficacy were found. The results show that a 5-week school-based intervention can produce changes in the use of media violence, aggressive norms, and behaviors sustained over several months.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{EnsafdaranKraheNjadetal.2019,
  author    = {Ensafdaran, Faride and Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Njad, Soodabe Bassak and Arshadi, Nasrin},
  title     = {Efficacy of different versions of Aggression Replacement Training (ART)},
  series = {Aggression and violent behavior : a review journal},
  volume    = {47},
  journal   = {Aggression and violent behavior : a review journal},
  publisher = {Elsevier Science},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {1359-1789},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.avb.2019.02.006},
  pages     = {230 -- 237},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Aggression Replacement Training (ART) is a multimodal intervention for chronically aggressive youth. The program has been frequently administered in a variety of samples in the original form or in modified versions. This review examines evaluations of the efficacy of ART on aggressive behavior and secondary outcomes in children and youth, including modifications of ART and evaluations of the original version not covered by earlier reviews. Method: Scholarly databases were searched to identify 10 articles reporting 11 independent studies evaluating the efficacy ART in reducing aggressive behavior and improving anger control, social skills, and moral reasoning in children and youth. Results: The majority of studies found positive effects of ART on aggression and other outcomes related to anger control, social skills, and moral reasoning. However, most studies were based on small samples, and few included a control group to evaluate intervention success. Conclusions: The studies reviewed in this paper tentatively suggest that ART is an efficacious intervention to reduce aggressive behavior and improve anger control, social skills, and moral reasoning in at-risk children and youth. However, this conclusion is qualified by a number of methodological limitations that highlight the need for further, more rigorous evaluation studies.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KraheBergerMoeller2007,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Berger, Anja and Moeller, Ingrid},
  title     = {Entwicklung und Validierung eines Inventars zur Erfassung des Geschlechtsrollenselbstkonzepts im Jugendalter},
  year      = {2007},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{SchieferKrahe2014,
  author    = {Schiefer, David and Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Ethnic identity and orientation to white American culture are linked to well-being among american indians-but in different ways},
  series = {Social psychology},
  volume    = {45},
  journal   = {Social psychology},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Hogrefe},
  address   = {G{\"o}ttingen},
  issn      = {1864-9335},
  doi       = {10.1027/1864-9335/a000155},
  pages     = {1 -- 14},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {This study examined the relationship between ethnic identity, orientation toward the White mainstream culture, and psychological well-being among American Indians. In the light of the unique history of American Indians, we investigated the relationship between identification with the American Indian ingroup, orientation toward the dominant White American culture ( in terms of showing behavior typical for White mainstream culture as well as positive attitudes and feelings of belonging to White American culture), and self-efficacy and learned helplessness as indicators of psychological well-being. Structural equation analyses with an adolescent and an adult sample revealed a positive relationship between ethnic identity and self-efficacy but no link with learned helplessness. The tendency to show behavior typical for White mainstream culture was associated with higher self-efficacy in both samples and with lower helplessness in the adult subsample. White American orientation in the form of positive attitudes and sense of belonging were associated with higher helplessness in both samples and with lower self-efficacy among adults. The findings are discussed in terms of the role of both ethnic identity and the orientation toward the mainstream culture for well-being among American Indians, focusing on the distinct relations of White American behavior versus White American affiliation with well-being in American Indians.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KraheSemin1988,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Semin, G{\"u}n R.},
  title     = {Explaining perceived cross-situational consistency : intuitive psychometrics or semantic mediation?},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33847},
  year      = {1988},
  abstract  = {Recent studies at the interface of social cognition and personality theory have stressed lay persons' ability to 'function as intuitive psychometricians' (Epstein and Teraspulsky, 1986). This research argues that lay persons not only show a substantial degree of accuracy in estimating cross-situational generality of behaviour, but also take into account principles of aggregation over time. In contrast, it is argued here that lay persons' perceptions of the degree of relatedness of different behaviours are mediated largely by the decontextualized semantic relationships between behavioural descriptions. This argument finds support in two experimental studies which demonstrate that the main source for subjects' judgments of 'cross-situational consistency' can be found in an abstracted knowledge base which is represented and mediated through language. The implications of the findings are drawn out for personality research. in particular with reference to domain and item selection in questionnaires for research.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MoellerKrahe2009,
  author    = {M{\"o}ller, Ingrid and Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Exposure to violent video games and aggression in German adolescents : a longitudinal analysis},
  issn      = {0096-140X},
  doi       = {10.1002/Ab.20290},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {The relationship between exposure to violent electronic games and aggressive cognitions and behavior was examined in a longitudinal study. A total of 295 German adolescents completed the measures of violent video game usage, endorsement of aggressive norms, hostile attribution bias, and physical as well as indirect/relational aggression cross- sectionally, and a subsample of N = 143 was measured again 30 months later. Cross-sectional results at T1 showed a direct relationship between violent game usage and aggressive norms, and an indirect link to hostile attribution bias through aggressive norms. In combination, exposure to game violence, normative beliefs, and hostile attribution bias predicted physical and indirect/relational aggression. Longitudinal analyses using path analysis showed that violence exposure at T1 predicted physical (but not indirect/relational) aggression 30 months later, whereas aggression at T1 was unrelated to later video game use. Exposure to violent games at T1 influenced physical (but not indirect/relational) aggression at T2 via an increase of aggressive norms and hostile attribution bias. The findings are discussed in relation to social-cognitive explanations of long-term effects of media violence on aggression.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Krahe1989,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Faking personality profiles on a standard personality inventory},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-34486},
  year      = {1989},
  abstract  = {A study is reported which investigates the fakeability of personality profiles as measured by a standard personality inventory, the Freiburger Pers{\"o}nlichkeitsinventar (FPI). Unlike previous studies investigating laypersons' ability to fake a global good or bad impression, the present study examined individuals' ability to fake a specific personality profile. Four groups of subjects were instructed to fake their FPI scores so as to present themselves as high vs low scorers on the "social orientation" dimension or high vs low scorers on the "achievement orientation" dimension. The results clearly demonstrate that subjects are successful in manipulating their scores on the critical dimensions according to instruction. Moreover, they also fake related scales in a way that corroborates the intended image of a person with a high (or low) achievement (or social) orientation. The overall pattern of results reveals that subjects were able to distort their responses in a way that reflects their intuitive understanding of the dimensional structure of the FPI. The implications of the present findings for the use of personality inventories as valid diagnostic instruments are discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KraheKundrotas1992,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Kundrotas, Silvia},
  title     = {Glaubw{\"u}rdigkeitsbeurteilung bei Vergewaltigungsanzeigen : ein aussagenanalytisches Feldexperiment},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-34300},
  year      = {1992},
  abstract  = {Die Studie untersucht die Frage, ob sich anhand eines bereits bei kindlichen Zeugenaussagen bew{\"a}hrten Katalogs von Glaubhaftigkeitskriterien zwischen wahren und falschen Vergewaltigungsanzeigen unterscheiden l{\"a}ßt. Das Fallmaterial bestand aus dreißig authentischen Vernehmungsprotokollen, von denen je die H{\"a}lfte eingestandene Falschaussagen bzw. anhand von T{\"a}tergest{\"a}ndnissen oder Indizien als wahr klassifizierte Aussagen waren. Erfahrene Polizeibeamte aus dem Bereich Sexualstraftaten (N = 30) beurteilten diese F{\"a}lle anhand des Kriterienkatalogs von Steiler und K{\"o}hnken (1989) und gaben ein abschließendes Urteil {\"u}ber die Glaubw{\"u}rdigkeit jedes Falles ab. Eine zweite Gruppe von Polizeibeamten (N=22) beurteilte die F{\"a}lle ohne R{\"u}ckgriff auf Realkennzeichen als wahr bzw, falsch. Die diskriminanzanalytische Auswertung der Ergebnisse zeigt, daß der Kriterienkatalog insgesamt gut dazu geeignet ist, zwischen wahren und falschen Vergewaltigungsanzeigen zu differenzieren. Die Ergebnisse der schrittweisen Diskriminanzanalyse zeigen dar{\"u}ber hinaus, welche Glaubhaftigkeitskriterien im einzelnen einen signifikanten Beitrag zur Trennung zwischen Wahr- und Falschaussagen leisten. Der h{\"o}here Prozentsatz korrekter Klassifikationen in der Gruppe, die die Realkennzeichen verwendete, erreichte allerdings nur knapp statistische Signifikanz. Insgesamt st{\"u}tzt die vorliegende Studie die Grundannahme der Aussagenanalyse, daß die Analyse der sprachlichen Merkmale einer Aussage einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Beurteilung des Wahrheitsgehalts einer Anzeige leisten kann.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Krahe1997,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {How human beings develop in social contexts and how social contexts are affected by human development : commentary for the special issue "Entwicklungs- und sozialpsychologische Perspektiven der Selbstforschung"},
  year      = {1997},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{SixKrahe1984,
  author    = {Six, Bernd and Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Implicit psychologists' estimates of attitude-behaviour consistencies},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-34427},
  year      = {1984},
  abstract  = {To investigate the relationship between implicit psychological hypotheses and explicit empirical findings, summaries of twenty published studies on attitude-behaviour consistency were presented to a sample of forty-eight psychology undergraduates. Subjects were asked to estimate the percentage of agreement between attitudes and behaviour obtained by each study. Correlations between subjects' covariation judgements and empirically obtained attitude-behaviour consistencies were minimal and nonsignificant. Results are discussed in the light of more recent research on attitudebehaviour relationship.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KraheSemin1989,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Semin, G{\"u}n R.},
  title     = {In search of explanations : a rejoinder to Borkenau},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33859},
  year      = {1989},
  abstract  = {The main points raised by Borkenau against our challenge of the 'intuitive psychometrics' view of personality judgements are discussed, in particular his example of the link between school grades and intelligence. It is argued that the semantic similarity interpretation advanced in our paper is more adequate and more parsimonious than explanations in terms of psychometric reasoning.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KraheReimer1998,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Reimer, Torsten},
  title     = {Indirekte Vorurteilsmessung : die Beurteilung von Straftaten als Indikator vorteilshafter Einstellungen},
  year      = {1998},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{KraheBusching2014,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Busching, Robert},
  title     = {Interplay of normative beliefs and behavior in developmental patterns of physical and relational aggression in adolescence: a four-wave longitudinal study},
  series = {Frontiers in psychology},
  volume    = {5},
  journal   = {Frontiers in psychology},
  publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation},
  address   = {Lausanne},
  issn      = {1664-1078},
  doi       = {10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01146},
  pages     = {11},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {In a longitudinal study with N = 1,854 adolescents from Germany, we investigated patterns of change and gender differences in physical and relational aggression in relation to normative beliefs about these two forms of aggression. Participants, whose mean age was 13 years at T1, completed self-report measures of physically and relationally aggressive behavior and indicated their normative approval of both forms of aggression at four data waves separated by 12-month intervals. Boys scored higher than did girls on both forms of aggression, but the gender difference was more pronounced for physical aggression. Physical aggression decreased and relational aggression increased over the four data waves in both gender groups. The normative acceptance of both forms of aggression decreased over time, with a greater decrease for the approval of physical aggression. In both gender groups, normative approval of relational aggression prospectively predicted relational aggression across all data waves, and the normative approval of physical aggression predicted physically aggressive behavior at the second and third data waves. A reciprocal reinforcement of aggressive norms and behavior was found for both forms of aggression. The findings are discussed as supporting a social information processing perspective on developmental patterns of change in physical and relational aggression in adolescence.},
  language  = {en}
}
@unpublished{KraheAbbey2013,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Abbey, Antonia},
  title     = {Intimate partner violence as a global problem - international and interdisciplinary perspectives},
  series = {International journal of conflict and violence},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {International journal of conflict and violence},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Inst. for Interdisciplinary Conflict and Violence Research, Univ. of Bielefeld},
  address   = {Bielefeld},
  issn      = {1864-1385},
  pages     = {198 -- 202},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {This editorial introduces the Focus Section on Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) as a worldwide problem, which brings together six papers that are truly international and interdisciplinary. They provide insights into IPV from nine different cultures - China, Germany, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Northern Ireland, Sweden, Turkey, and the United States - from scholars in the fields of psychology, gender studies, political science, and economics. The first three papers look at how widespread the experience of IPV is among different groups of women, examine selected risk factors associated with heightened vulnerability to victimization, and discuss consequences of intimate partner victimization. Another two papers place the problem of IPV in the wider context of societal perceptions and attitudes about victims and perpetrators of IPV in different countries, whereas the last paper examines the role of individual differences in the management of emotions in the escalation or de-escalation of relationship conflict. In combination, the papers highlight the interplay between the macro level of social and cultural norms condoning the use of violence, the micro level of family relations and construction of couple relationships, and the individual level of attitudes and behaviors that precipitate IPV.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KraheSemin1987,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Semin, G{\"u}n R.},
  title     = {Lay conceptions of personality : eliciting tiers of a scientific conception of personality},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33827},
  year      = {1987},
  abstract  = {Two studies are reported which examine the availability of scientific propositions of personality in lay conceptions of personality. It is argued from a social constructivist perspective that models of personality must derive from and refer to lay conceptions of persons. Eysenck's trait-type model of introversion-extroversion, containing specific propositions about phenotypic and genotypic differences between extraverts and introverts, was utilized as the scientific model of personality and its availability in lay conceptions of personality was examined in two studies. In the first study, subjects were presented with a genotypic characterization of either an introvert or an extravert target person and asked to infer corresponding phenotypic differences. In the second study, the inference process was reversed with subjects being asked to infer genotypic characteristics of introverts versus extraverts on the basis of phenotypic target person descriptions of the two types. Results from both studies show a high degree of accuracy in subjects' inferences, suggesting that laypersons have well-formed conceptions about personality containing 'higher-order' psychogenetic propositions corresponding to Eysenck's trait-type model. The implications of the findings for theory construction are discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SkowronskiBuschingKrahe2022,
  author    = {Skowronski, Marika and Busching, Robert and Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Links between exposure to sexualized Instagram images and body image concerns in girls and boys},
  series = {Journal of media psychology},
  volume    = {34},
  journal   = {Journal of media psychology},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Hogrefe \& Huber Publ. [u.a.]},
  address   = {G{\"o}ttingen},
  issn      = {1864-1105},
  doi       = {10.1027/1864-1105/a000296},
  pages     = {55 -- 62},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {The current study examined the links between viewing female and male sexualized Instagram images (SII) and body image concerns within the three-step process of self-objectification among adolescents aged 13-18 years from Germany (N = 300, 61\% female). Participants completed measures of SII use, thin- and muscular-ideal internalization, valuing appearance over competence, and body surveillance. Structural equation modeling revealed that SII use was associated with body image concerns for boys and girls via different routes. Specifically, female SII use was indirectly associated with higher body surveillance via thin-ideal internalization and subsequent valuing appearance over competence for girls. For both girls and boys, male SII use was indirectly linked to higher body surveillance via muscular-ideal internalization. Implications for the three-step model of self-objectification by sexualized social media are discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BondueKrahe2015,
  author    = {Bond{\"u}, Rebecca and Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Links of justice and rejection sensitivity with aggression in childhood and adolescence},
  series = {Aggressive behavior : a multidisciplinary journal devoted to the experimental and observational analysis of conflict in humans and animals},
  volume    = {41},
  journal   = {Aggressive behavior : a multidisciplinary journal devoted to the experimental and observational analysis of conflict in humans and animals},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {0096-140X},
  doi       = {10.1002/ab.21556},
  pages     = {353 -- 368},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Individual differences in justice sensitivity and rejection sensitivity have been linked to differences in aggressive behavior in adults. However, there is little research studying this association in children and adolescents and considering the two constructs in combination. We assessed justice sensitivity from the victim, observer, and perpetrator perspective as well as anxious and angry rejection sensitivity and linked both constructs to different forms (physical, relational), and functions (proactive, reactive) of self-reported aggression and to teacher- and parent-rated aggression in N=1,489 9- to 19-year olds in Germany. Victim sensitivity and both angry and anxious rejection sensitivity showed positive correlations with all forms and functions of aggression. Angry rejection sensitivity also correlated positively with teacher-rated aggression. Perpetrator sensitivity was negatively correlated with all aggression measures, and observer sensitivity also correlated negatively with all aggression measures except for a positive correlation with reactive aggression. Path models considering the sensitivity facets in combination and controlling for age and gender showed that higher victim justice sensitivity predicted higher aggression on all measures. Higher perpetrator sensitivity predicted lower physical, relational, proactive, and reactive aggression. Higher observer sensitivity predicted lower teacher-rated aggression. Angry rejection sensitivity predicted higher proactive and reactive aggression, whereas anxious rejection sensitivity did not make an additional contribution to the prediction of aggression. The findings are discussed in terms of social information processing models of aggression in childhood and adolescence. Aggr. Behav. 41:353-368, 2015. (c) 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ProtGentileAndersonetal.2014,
  author    = {Prot, Sara and Gentile, Douglas A. and Anderson, Craig A. and Suzuki, Kanae and Swing, Edward and Lim, Kam Ming and Horiuchi, Yukiko and Jelic, Margareta and Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Wei Liuqing, and Liau, Albert K. and Khoo, Angeline and Petrescu, Poesis Diana and Sakamoto, Akira and Tajima, Sachi and Toma, Roxana Andreea and Warburton, Wayne and Zhang, Xuemin and Lam, Ben Chun Pan},
  title     = {Long-term relations among prosocial-media use, empathy, and prosocial behavior},
  series = {Psychological science : research, theory, \& application in psychology and related sciences},
  volume    = {25},
  journal   = {Psychological science : research, theory, \& application in psychology and related sciences},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Sage Publ.},
  address   = {Thousand Oaks},
  issn      = {0956-7976},
  doi       = {10.1177/0956797613503854},
  pages     = {358 -- 368},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Despite recent growth of research on the effects of prosocial media, processes underlying these effects are not well understood. Two studies explored theoretically relevant mediators and moderators of the effects of prosocial media on helping. Study 1 examined associations among prosocial- and violent-media use, empathy, and helping in samples from seven countries. Prosocial-media use was positively associated with helping. This effect was mediated by empathy and was similar across cultures. Study 2 explored longitudinal relations among prosocial-video-game use, violent-video-game use, empathy, and helping in a large sample of Singaporean children and adolescents measured three times across 2 years. Path analyses showed significant longitudinal effects of prosocial- and violent-video-game use on prosocial behavior through empathy. Latent-growth-curve modeling for the 2-year period revealed that change in video-game use significantly affected change in helping, and that this relationship was mediated by change in empathy.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KraheBerger2017,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Berger, Anja},
  title     = {Longitudinal pathways of sexual victimization, sexual self-esteem, and depression in women and men},
  series = {Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {1942-9681},
  doi       = {10.1037/tra0000198},
  pages     = {147 -- 155},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Objective: This article presents a longitudinal analysis of the links between sexual assault victimization, depression, and sexual self-esteem by examining their cross-lagged paths among both men and women. Method: Male and female college students (N = 2,425) in Germany participated in the study that comprised 3 data waves in their first, second, and third year of university, separated by 12-month intervals. Sexual assault victimization was assessed at Time 1 (T1) since the age of 14 and at Time 2 (T2) and Time 3 (T3) for the last 12 months. Depression and sexual self-esteem were measured at each wave. Results: Random-intercept cross-lagged panel analyses, controlling for individual differences in depression and sexual self-esteem, showed that sexual assault at T1 predicted depression and lower sexual self-esteem at T2, and depression and lower self-esteem at T2 predicted sexual assault victimization at T3. In addition, significant paths were found from T1 depression to T2 sexual assault victimization and from T2 sexual assault victimization to depression at T3. Sexual victimization at T1 was indirectly linked to sexual victimization at T3 via depression at T2. Both depression and sexual self-esteem at T1 were indirectly linked to sexual victimization at T3. The paths did not differ significantly between men and women. Conclusion: Sexual assault victimization was shown to be a risk factor for both depression as a general mental health indicator and lowered sexual self-esteem as a specific outcome in the domain of sexuality. Moreover, depression and sexual self-esteem increased the vulnerability for sexual assault victimization, which has implications for prevention and intervention efforts. This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers. This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KirschRohlfKrahe2015,
  author    = {Kirsch, Fabian and Rohlf, Helena L. and Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Measuring anger regulation in middle childhood through behavioural observation: a longitudinal validation},
  series = {European journal of developmental psychology},
  volume    = {12},
  journal   = {European journal of developmental psychology},
  number    = {6},
  publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group},
  address   = {Abingdon},
  issn      = {1740-5629},
  doi       = {10.1080/17405629.2015.1101375},
  pages     = {718 -- 727},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Learning to regulate anger is an important task in childhood development, as maladaptive anger regulation has been linked to a variety of problems, including aggression and social rejection. To assess anger regulation in situ, in a previous study we developed a behavioural observation measure and demonstrated its cross-sectional construct and criterion validity in a sample of 599 children with a mean age of 8.1years. The present study further validated the measure by demonstrating its predictive validity. About 10months after the behavioural observation, participants were asked to imagine two anger-eliciting situations and report what they would do to get rid of their anger. Observed anger regulation strategies at T1 correlated significantly with self-reported regulatory behaviour at T2, suggesting that the behavioural observation measure is an ecologically valid approach for assessing anger regulation in middle childhood.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KraheReimerFritscheetal.1999,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Reimer, Torsten and Fritsche, Immo and Scheinberger-Olwig, Renate},
  title     = {Measuring sexual aggression : the reliability of the Sexual Experiences Survey in a German sample},
  year      = {1999},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AndersonSuzukiSwingetal.2017,
  author    = {Anderson, Craig A. and Suzuki, Kanae and Swing, Edward L. and Groves, Christopher L. and Gentile, Douglas A. and Prot, Sara and Lam, Chun Pan and Sakamoto, Akira and Horiuchi, Yukiko and Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Jelic, Margareta and Wei Liuqing, and Toma, Roxana and Warburton, Wayne A. and Zhang, Xue-Min and Tajima, Sachi and Qing, Feng and Petrescu, Poesis},
  title     = {Media Violence and Other Aggression Risk Factors in Seven Nations},
  series = {Personality and social psychology bulletin},
  volume    = {43},
  journal   = {Personality and social psychology bulletin},
  publisher = {Sage Publ.},
  address   = {Thousand Oaks},
  issn      = {0146-1672},
  doi       = {10.1177/0146167217703064},
  pages     = {986 -- 998},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Cultural generality versus specificity of media violence effects on aggression was examined in seven countries (Australia, China, Croatia, Germany, Japan, Romania, the United States). Participants reported aggressive behaviors, media use habits, and several other known risk and protective factors for aggression. Across nations, exposure to violent screen media was positively associated with aggression. This effect was partially mediated by aggressive cognitions and empathy. The media violence effect on aggression remained significant even after statistically controlling a number of relevant risk and protective factors (e.g., abusive parenting, peer delinquency), and was similar in magnitude to effects of other risk factors. In support of the cumulative risk model, joint effects of different risk factors on aggressive behavior in each culture were larger than effects of any individual risk factor.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Krahe2014,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Media violence use as a risk factor for aggressive behaviour in adolescence},
  series = {European review of social psychology},
  volume    = {25},
  journal   = {European review of social psychology},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group},
  address   = {Abingdon},
  issn      = {1046-3283},
  doi       = {10.1080/10463283.2014.923177},
  pages     = {71 -- 106},
  year      = {2014},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MoellerKrahe2009,
  author    = {M{\"o}ller, Ingrid and Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Mediengewaltkonsum und Aggression im Jugendalter : ein Forschungs{\"u}berblick},
  year      = {2009},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{KraheBerger2013,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Berger, Anja},
  title     = {Men and women as perpetrators and victims of sexual aggression in heterosexual and same-sex encounters : a study of first-year college students in Germany},
  series = {Aggressive behavior : a multidisciplinary journal devoted to the experimental and observational analysis of conflict in humans and animals},
  volume    = {39},
  journal   = {Aggressive behavior : a multidisciplinary journal devoted to the experimental and observational analysis of conflict in humans and animals},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {0096-140X},
  doi       = {10.1002/ab.21482},
  pages     = {391 -- 404},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {This study examined the prevalence of sexual aggression and victimization in a large convenience sample of N=2,149 first-year college students from different universities in Germany. Participants were asked about both victimization by, and perpetration of, sexual aggression since the age of 14. Both same-sex and heterosexual victim-perpetrator constellations were examined. Prevalence rates were established for different victim-perpetrator relationships (partners, acquaintances, strangers) and for incidents involving alcohol consumption by one or both partners. The overall perpetration rate was 13.2\%, for men and 7.6\% for women. The overall victimization rate was 35.9\% for women and 19.4\% for men. A disparity between victimization and perpetration reports was found for both men and women. Perpetration and victimization rates were highest among participants who had sexual contacts with both opposite-sex and same-sex partners. Sexual aggression and victimization rates were higher between current or former partners and acquaintances than between strangers. Alcohol consumption by one or both partners was involved in almost 75\% of all victimization and almost 70\% of all perpetration incidents. The findings portray a comprehensive picture of the scale of sexual aggression and victimization in college students with different sexual lifestyles.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KraheScheinbergerOlwigBieneck2003,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Scheinberger-Olwig, Renate and Bieneck, Steffen},
  title     = {Men's reports of nonconsensual sexual interactions with women},
  year      = {2003},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Krahe1982,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Motivationseinfl{\"u}sse im Attributionsprozess : zur Diskussion um den "self-serving bias" in der Attributionsforschung},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-37666},
  year      = {1982},
  abstract  = {Inhalt: 1 Zur alltagspsychologischen Bedeutung von Kausalinterpretationen 2 Theoretischer und empirischer Bezugsrahmen 2.1 Grundlegende Konzepte der Attributionstheorie - 2.1.1 Die klassischen Modelle der Attributionsforschung - 2.1.2 Neuere kognitive Erkl{\"a}rungsans{\"a}tze der Kausalattribution 2.2 Empirische Befunde zum Problem der selbstwertbezogenen Attribution - 2.2.1 Selbstwertbezogene Attributionen eigener Handlungsergebnisse - 2.2.2 Das Wettbewerbsparadigma - 2.2.3 Selbstwertbezogene Voreingenommenheiten aus der Beobachter-Perspektive - 2.2.4 Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede bei der Kausalattribution von Erfolg und Mißerfolg - 2.2.5 Zusammenfassende Bewertung der Untersuchungsergebnisse 2.3 Zum Stand der Theorie - und Methodendiskussion im Rahmen selbstwertbezogener Voreingenommenheiten - 2.3.1 Ich-Beteiligung und Zentralit{\"a}t - 2.3.2 Der informationstheoretische Erkl{\"a}rungsansatz - 2.3.3 Zur Methodik der Erfassung selbstwertbezogener Attributionen - 2.3.4 Die Bedeutung sozialer Vergleichsprozesse f{\"u}r die Kausalattribution 3 Empirische Untersuchung zur Erfassung von kausalattributionen f{\"u}r Verhaltensergebnisse anderer Personen 3.1 Darstellung des Untersuchungsansatzes 3.2 Fragestellung und Hypothesen 3.3 Ablauf der Untersuchung - 3.3.1 Aufgaben der Voruntersuchung - 3.3.2 Durchf{\"u}hrung der Hauptuntersuchung 3.4 Schritte der Datenanalyse - 3.4.1 Auswertung der Attributionsskala - 3.4.2 Uberpr{\"u}fung der Untersuchungshypothesen 3.5 Diskussion und Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{BergerKrahe2013,
  author    = {Berger, Anja and Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Negative attributes are gendered too - conceptualizing and measuring positive and negative facets of sex-role identity},
  series = {European journal of social psychology},
  volume    = {43},
  journal   = {European journal of social psychology},
  number    = {6},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {0046-2772},
  doi       = {10.1002/ejsp.1970},
  pages     = {516 -- 531},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Measures of gender identity have almost exclusively relied on positive aspects of masculinity and femininity, although conceptually the self-concept is not limited to positive attributes. A theoretical argument is made for considering negative attributes of gender identity, followed by five studies developing the Positive-Negative Sex-Role Inventory (PN-SRI) as a new measure of gender identity. Study 1 demonstrated that many of the attributes of a German version of the Bem Sex-Role Inventory are no longer considered to differ in desirability for men and women. For the PN-SRI, Study 2 elicited attributes characterizing men and women in today's society, for which ratings of typicality and desirability as well as self-ratings by men and women were obtained in Study 3. Study 4 examined the reliability and factorial structure of the four subscales of positive and negative masculinity and femininity and demonstrated the construct and discriminant validity of the PN-SRI by showing that the negative masculinity and femininity scales were unique predictors of select validation constructs. Study 5 showed that the new instrument explained variance in the validation constructs beyond earlier measures of gender identity. Key message: Even in the construction of negative aspects of gender identity, individuals prefer gender-congruent attributes. Negative masculinity and femininity make a unique contribution to understanding gender-related differences in psychological outcome variables.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KraheBerger2021,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Berger, Anja},
  title     = {Pathways from college students' cognitive scripts for consensual sex to sexual victimization},
  series = {The journal of sex research : the publication of the Society for the Scientific Study of Sex},
  volume    = {58},
  journal   = {The journal of sex research : the publication of the Society for the Scientific Study of Sex},
  number    = {9},
  publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {0022-4499},
  doi       = {10.1080/00224499.2021.1972922},
  pages     = {1130 -- 1139},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Sexual scripts serve as cognitive representations of typical elements of sexual interactions that guide sexual behavior. To the extent that cognitive scripts for consensual sex comprise elements associated with a risk of experiencing nonconsensual sex, they may be indirectly linked to sexual victimization via risky sexual behavior. A longitudinal study with 2,425 college students in Germany (58\% female) examined pathways from sexual scripts for consensual sex, sexual behavior, and sexual victimization over three data waves separated by 12-month intervals. Sexual scripts and behavior were defined as risky to the extent that they include known vulnerability factors for sexual victimization (casual sex, alcohol consumption, ambiguous communication of sexual intentions). Path analyses confirmed that more risky sexual scripts prospectively predicted more risky sexual behavior, which predicted higher odds of sexual victimization. The findings held for men and women and participants with exclusively opposite-sex and both same- and opposite-sex contacts. Moreover, reciprocal influences between risky scripts and risky sexual behavior were found over time, confirming the proposed mutual reinforcement of scripts and behavior. The findings have implications for conceptualizing the role of scripts for consensual sex as vulnerability factors for sexual victimization among women and men and may inform intervention efforts.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KraheAbrahamFelberetal.2005,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Abraham, Charles and Felber, Juliane and Helbig, M. K.},
  title     = {Perceived discrimination of international visitors to universities in Germany and the UK},
  issn      = {0007-1269},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {The extent to which international students and academics feel discriminated against in the host country was explored in three samples from two countries: students in Germany (N = 161), students in the UK (N = 139), and academics in Germany (N = 79). Respondents completed a measure of perceived discrimination of increasing severity, comprising antilocution (verbal derogation), avoidance, behavioural discrimination, and physical assault. Physical discernibility as foreigner, quality of private contacts with host nationals, and language proficiency were explored as predictors of perceived discrimination. Across the three samples, respondents who were identifiable as foreigners by their appearance reported more discrimination. Positive contacts with host nationals were associated with lower levels of perceived discrimination. Language proficiency predicted perceived antilocution in the two German samples. All samples perceived their personal level of discrimination to be lower than that of their respective in-groups (international students/ academics), but the tendency was moderated by visibility and contact quality},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Krahe1992,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Personality and language},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-34073},
  year      = {1992},
  abstract  = {Content Introduction Towards a framework for personality and language Personality and language Personal pronouns Adjectives as disposilional markers Cognitive properties of trait terms Everyday language and personality Speech end personality Conclusions and directions References},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{Krahe1994,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Personality and Social Psychology},
  publisher = {Guerini},
  address   = {Mailand},
  year      = {1994},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{Krahe1996,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Personality and Social Psychology},
  publisher = {Shobo},
  address   = {Kyoto},
  year      = {1996},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Krahe1992,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Personality and social psychology : towards a synthesis},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-38306},
  year      = {1992},
  abstract  = {Content: 1 Persons and Situations: Cornerstones of Modern Personality Psychology 2 The Issue of Consistency in Personality:Sixty Years of Controversy 3 In Defence of Traits: New (and Revived) Perspectives 4 Modern Interactionism: An Alternative Framework for Personality Research 5 Implementing the Interactionist Programme:Three Exemplary Areas of Research 6 Improving Personality Measurement:The Nomothetic Road to the Study of Consistency 7 Personality Psychology is about Individuals:Rediscovering the Idiographic Legacy 8 The Role of the Situation in Personality Research 9 Personality Psychology in the Nineties: An Outlook},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KraheMoeller2004,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and M{\"o}ller, Ingrid},
  title     = {Playing violent electronic games, hostile attributional style, and aggression-related norms in German adolescents},
  issn      = {0140-1971},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {The relationship was examined between exposure to and preference for violent electronic games and aggressive norms as well as hostile attributional style. Following a pilot study to sample widely used electronic games varying in violent content, 231 eighth-grade adolescents in Germany reported their use of and attraction to violent electronic games. They also completed measures of hostile attributional style and endorsement of aggressive norms. There were significant gender differences in usage and attraction to violent electronic games, with boys scoring higher than girls. Significant relationships were found between attraction to violent electronic games and the acceptance of norms condoning physical aggression. Violent electronic games were linked indirectly to hostile attributional style through aggressive norms. The findings are discussed with respect to North American research on the aggression-enhancing effect of violent electronic games. (C) 2003 The Association for Professionals in Services for Adolescents. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Krahe1991,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Police officers' definitions of rape : a prototype study},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33922},
  year      = {1991},
  abstract  = {The study investigates police officers' definitions of different rape situations. On the basis of the concept of 'cognitive prototypes' a methodology is developed which elicits consensual feature lists describing six rape situations: the typical, i.e. most common rape, the credible, dubious, and false rape complaints as weil as the rape experiences that are particularly hard vs. relatively easy for the victim to cope with. Qualitative analysis of the data allows the identification of the characteristic features defining the prototype of each rape situation, as weil as comparisons between the situations in terms of their common and distinctive features. It is shown that police officers, while sharing some of the widely held stereotypes about rape, generally perceive rape as a serious crime with long-term negative consequences for the victim. The quantitative analysis of prototype similarity between the six situations corroborates this conclusion by demonstrating a high similarity between the prototypes of the typical and the credible rape situation: In addition, subjects' general attitude towards rape victims is measured to compare the prototypes provided by respondents holding a positive vs. negative attitude towards rape victims. Findings for the two groups, however, reveal more similarities than differences in their descriptions of rape prototypes. The paper concludes with a discussion of the feasibility of the prototype approach presented in this study as a strategy for investigating implicit or common-sense theories of rape.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Krahe2011,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Pornography use, sexual scripts, and sexual aggression in adolescence},
  series = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Entwicklungspsychologie und p{\"a}dagogische Psychologie},
  volume    = {43},
  journal   = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Entwicklungspsychologie und p{\"a}dagogische Psychologie},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Hogrefe},
  address   = {G{\"o}ttingen},
  issn      = {0049-8637},
  doi       = {10.1026/0049-8637/a000044},
  pages     = {133 -- 141},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {The link between pornography use, normative acceptance of sexual aggression, and the presence of risk factors of sexual aggression in sexual scripts for consensual sexual interactions was studied in a sample of 197 adolescents in Germany. Risk factors included sex after only a short acquaintanceship, alcohol and drug use in sexual interactions, and ambiguous communication of sexual intentions. In addition to a measure of overall pornography use, exposure to portrayals of consensual sex, coerced sex and degrading sex was measured. Almost all participants had seen pornografic material at least once, just under half had seen depictions of coerced sex. Significant correlations were found between all measures of pornography use and the presence of risk factors of sexual aggression in consensual sexual scripts. Violent pornography usage showed a positive correlation with the normative acceptance of sexual aggression that was partly accounted for by sexual scripts. The findings are discussed with regard to the significance of pornografic media contents in the process of adolescents' sexual socialization.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{SkowronskiBuschingKrahe2020,
  author    = {Skowronski, Marika and Busching, Robert and Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Predicting adolescents' self-objectification from sexualized video game and Instagram use},
  series = {Sex roles : a journal of research},
  volume    = {84},
  journal   = {Sex roles : a journal of research},
  number    = {9-10},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {0360-0025},
  doi       = {10.1007/s11199-020-01187-1},
  pages     = {584 -- 598},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {A growing body of research has demonstrated negative effects of sexualization in the media on adolescents' body image, but longitudinal studies and research including interactive and social media are scarce. The current study explored the longitudinal associations of adolescents' use of sexualized video games (SVG) and sexualized Instagram images (SII) with body image concerns. Specifically, our study examined relations between adolescents' SVG and SII use and appearance comparisons, thin- and muscular-ideal internalization, valuing appearance over competence, and body surveillance. A sample of 660 German adolescents (327 female, 333 male;M-age = 15.09 years) participated in two waves with an interval of 6 months. A structural equation model showed that SVG and SII use at Time 1 predicted body surveillance indirectly via valuing appearance over competence at Time 2. Furthermore, SVG and SII use indirectly predicted both thin- and muscular-ideal internalization through appearance comparisons at Time 1. In turn, thin-ideal internalization at Time 1 predicted body surveillance indirectly via valuing appearance over competence at Time 2. The results indicate that sexualization in video games and on Instagram can play an important role in increasing body image concerns among adolescents. We discuss the findings with respect to objectification theory and the predictive value of including appearance comparisons in models explaining the relation between sexualized media and self-objectification.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{SkowronskiBuschingKrahe2020,
  author    = {Skowronski, Marika and Busching, Robert and Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Predicting adolescents' self-objectification from sexualized video game and Instagram use},
  series = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {9-10},
  issn      = {1866-8364},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-54199},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-541992},
  pages     = {17},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {A growing body of research has demonstrated negative effects of sexualization in the media on adolescents' body image, but longitudinal studies and research including interactive and social media are scarce. The current study explored the longitudinal associations of adolescents' use of sexualized video games (SVG) and sexualized Instagram images (SII) with body image concerns. Specifically, our study examined relations between adolescents' SVG and SII use and appearance comparisons, thin- and muscular-ideal internalization, valuing appearance over competence, and body surveillance. A sample of 660 German adolescents (327 female, 333 male;M-age = 15.09 years) participated in two waves with an interval of 6 months. A structural equation model showed that SVG and SII use at Time 1 predicted body surveillance indirectly via valuing appearance over competence at Time 2. Furthermore, SVG and SII use indirectly predicted both thin- and muscular-ideal internalization through appearance comparisons at Time 1. In turn, thin-ideal internalization at Time 1 predicted body surveillance indirectly via valuing appearance over competence at Time 2. The results indicate that sexualization in video games and on Instagram can play an important role in increasing body image concerns among adolescents. We discuss the findings with respect to objectification theory and the predictive value of including appearance comparisons in models explaining the relation between sexualized media and self-objectification.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Krahe2002,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Predicting aggressive driving behavior : the role of macho personality, age and power of car},
  issn      = {0096-140x},
  year      = {2002},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{EckesKraheSix1989,
  author    = {Eckes, Thomas and Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Six, Bernd},
  title     = {Predicting behavior in natural settings : four field studies},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33862},
  year      = {1989},
  abstract  = {Content Basic Concepts and Applied Perspectives in Attitude-Behavior Research Searching for Medium-Range Models of Behavior Prediction Putting the Models to Test General Discussion References},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KraheReiss1995,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Reiss, C.},
  title     = {Predicting intentions of AIDS-preventive behavior among adolescents},
  year      = {1995},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Krahe2014,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Predicting sexual aggression in male college students in Brazil},
  series = {Psychology of men \& masculinity},
  volume    = {15},
  journal   = {Psychology of men \& masculinity},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {1524-9220},
  doi       = {10.1037/a0032789},
  pages     = {152 -- 162},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {The study is the first to provide data on risk factors for sexual aggression in male college students in Brazil. A total of N = 286 participants took part in the study, of whom a subsample of n = 120 participated in two measurements separated by a 6-month interval. Cognitive (i.e., risky sexual scripts, normative beliefs), behavioral (i.e., pornography use, sexual behavior patterns), and biographical (i.e., childhood abuse) risk factors were linked to sexual aggression both cross-sectionally and longitudinally, with the path models for the cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses demonstrating good fit with the data consistent with the hypotheses. The extent to which risk factors for sexual aggression (alcohol consumption, casual sex, and ambiguous communication) were included and normatively accepted in participants' cognitive scripts for consensual sex was linked to sexual aggression through risky sexual behavior. Risky sexual behavior was further predicted by childhood abuse, and pornography use was linked to sexual aggression via risky sexual scripts. The findings contribute evidence from Brazil to the international database on risk factors for sexual aggression in male college students.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Krahe2005,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Predictors of women's aggressive driving behavior},
  issn      = {0096-140X},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {Predictors of women's aggressive driving behavior were explored in a study involving 256 female motorists. Sex role orientation, dispositional aggressiveness, age, and annual mileage were measured as independent variables, and aggressive driving behavior was included as the dependent variable. Stepwise hierarchical regression analysis showed that age was negatively related to driving aggression, whereas annual mileage had a positive relationship with driving aggression. Dispositional aggressiveness was a significant predictor of driving aggression. Of the two components of sex role orientation, only femininity was associated with driving aggression, with higher femininity scores predicting lower aggressive driving scores. Masculinity failed to predict aggressive driving, as did the interaction of masculinity and femininity. In combination, the predictors explained 29\% of the variance in women's aggressive driving. The results are discussed with respect to the role of dispositional variables as predictors of driving aggression in women. Aggr. Behav. 31:537-546, 2005. (c) 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KraheBergerVanwesenbeecketal.2015,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Berger, Anja and Vanwesenbeeck, Ine and Bianchi, Gabriel and Chliaoutakis, Joannes and Fernandez-Fuertes, Andres A. and Fuertes, Antonio and de Matos, Margarida Gaspar and Hadjigeorgiou, Eleni and Haller, Birgitt and Hellemans, Sabine and Izdebski, Zbigniew and Kouta, Christiana and Meijnckens, Dwayne and Murauskiene, Liubove and Papadakaki, Maria and Ramiro, Lucia and Reis, Marta and Symons, Katrien and Tomaszewska, Paulina and Vicario-Molina, Isabel and Zygadlo, Andrzej},
  title     = {Prevalence and correlates of young people's sexual aggression perpetration and victimisation in 10 European countries: a multi-level analysis},
  series = {Culture, health \& sexuality : a journal for research, intervention and care},
  volume    = {17},
  journal   = {Culture, health \& sexuality : a journal for research, intervention and care},
  number    = {6},
  publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group},
  address   = {Abingdon},
  issn      = {1369-1058},
  doi       = {10.1080/13691058.2014.989265},
  pages     = {682 -- 699},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Data are presented on young people's sexual victimisation and perpetration from 10 European countries (Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Greece, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia and Spain) using a shared measurement tool (N = 3480 participants, aged between 18 and 27 years). Between 19.7 and 52.2\% of female and between 10.1 and 55.8\% of male respondents reported having experienced at least one incident of sexual victimisation since the age of consent. In two countries, victimisation rates were significantly higher for men than for women. Between 5.5 and 48.7\% of male and 2.6 and 14.8\% of female participants reported having engaged in a least one act of sexual aggression perpetration, with higher rates for men than for women in all countries. Victimisation rates correlated negatively with sexual assertiveness and positively with alcohol use in sexual encounters. Perpetration rates correlated positively with attitudes condoning physical dating violence and with alcohol use in men, and negatively with sexual assertiveness in women. At the country level, lower gender equality in economic power and in the work domain was related to higher male perpetration rates. Lower gender equality in political power and higher sexual assertiveness in women relative to men were linked to higher male victimisation rates.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KraheTomaszewskaKuyperetal.2014,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Tomaszewska, Paulina and Kuyper, Lisette and Vanwesenbeeck, Ine},
  title     = {Prevalence of sexual aggression among young people in Europe: a review of the evidence from 27 EU countries},
  series = {Aggression and violent behavior : a review journa},
  volume    = {19},
  journal   = {Aggression and violent behavior : a review journa},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {1359-1789},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.avb.2014.07.005},
  pages     = {545 -- 558},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Sexual aggression poses a serious threat to the sexual well-being of young people. This paper documents the available evidence on the prevalence of sexual aggression perpetration and victimization from 27 EU countries, established as part of the Youth Sexual Aggression and Victimization (Y-SAV) project. A total of N = 113 studies were identified through a systematic review of the literature and consultations with experts in each country. Despite differences in the number of available studies, methodology, and sample composition, the review shows substantial prevalence rates of sexual aggression perpetration and victimization across Europe. A wide variation was found, both within and between countries. The lifetime prevalence rates of female sexual victimization, excluding childhood sexual abuse, ranged from 9 to 83\%, the rates of male sexual victimization ranged from 2 to 66\%, the rates of male sexual aggression ranged from 0 to 80\%, and the range of female sexual aggression ranged from 0.8 to 40\%. One-year prevalence rates showed a similar variability. Conceptual and methodological problems in the database are discussed, and an outline is presented for a more harmonized approach to studying the scale of sexual aggression among young people in Europe. (c) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KraheSchusterTomaszewska2021,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Schuster, Isabell and Tomaszewska, Paulina},
  title     = {Prevalence of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration in a German university student sample},
  series = {Archives of sexual behavior : the official publication of the International Academy of Sex Research},
  volume    = {50},
  journal   = {Archives of sexual behavior : the official publication of the International Academy of Sex Research},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {0004-0002},
  doi       = {10.1007/s10508-021-01963-4},
  pages     = {2109 -- 2121},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {This study examined the prevalence of sexual aggression perpetration and victimization in a sample of 1,172 students (755 female, 417 male) from four universities in Germany. All participants were asked about both victimization by, and perpetration of, sexual aggression since the age of 14 years, using the Sexual Aggression and Victimization Scale (SAV-S). Prevalence rates were established for different coercive strategies, sexual acts, and victim-perpetrator relationships. Both same-sex and opposite-sex victim-perpetrator constellations were examined. The overall victimization rate was 62.1\% for women and 37.5\% for men. The overall perpetration rate was 17.7\% for men and 9.4\% for women. Prevalence rates of both victimization and perpetration were higher for participants who had sexual contacts with both opposite-sex and same-sex partners than for participants with exclusively opposite-sex partners. Significant overlap was found between victim and perpetrator status for men and women as well as for participants with only opposite-sex and both opposite-sex and same-sex partners. A disparity between (higher) victimization and (lower) perpetration reports was found for both men and women, suggesting a general underreporting of perpetration rather than a gendered explanation in terms of social desirability or the perception of consent cues. The findings are placed in the international research literature on the prevalence of sexual aggression before and after the \#metoo campaign, and their implications for prevention efforts are discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{SchusterKraheTopluDemirtaş2016,
  author    = {Schuster, Isabell and Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Toplu-Demirta{\c{s}}, Ezgi},
  title     = {Prevalence of Sexual Aggression Victimization and Perpetration in a Sample of Female and Male College Students in Turkey},
  doi       = {10.1080/00224499.2016.1207057},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-96357},
  pages     = {1 -- 14},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {In Turkey, there is a shortage of studies on the prevalence of sexual aggression among young adults. The present study examined sexual aggression victimization and perpetration since the age of 15 in a convenience sample of N = 1,376 college students (886 women) from four public universities in Ankara, Turkey. Prevalence rates for different coercive strategies, victim-perpetrator constellations, and sexual acts were measured with a Turkish version of the Sexual Aggression and Victimization Scale (SAV-S). Overall, 77.6\% of women and 65.5\% of men reported at least one instance of sexual aggression victimization, and 28.9\% of men and 14.2\% of women reported at least one instance of sexual aggression perpetration. Prevalence rates of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration were highest for current or former partners, followed by acquaintances/friends and strangers. Alcohol was involved in a substantial proportion of the reported incidents. The findings are the first to provide systematic evidence on sexual aggression perpetration and victimization among college students in Turkey, including both women and men.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchusterKraheTopluDemirtas2016,
  author    = {Schuster, Isabell and Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Toplu-Demirtas, Ezgi},
  title     = {Prevalence of Sexual Aggression Victimization and Perpetration in a Sample of Female and Male College Students in Turkey},
  series = {The journal of sex research : the publication of the Society for the Scientific Study of Sex},
  volume    = {53},
  journal   = {The journal of sex research : the publication of the Society for the Scientific Study of Sex},
  publisher = {World Scientific},
  address   = {Abingdon},
  issn      = {0022-4499},
  doi       = {10.1080/00224499.2016.1207057},
  pages     = {1139 -- 1152},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {In Turkey, there is a shortage of studies on the prevalence of sexual aggression among young adults. The present study examined sexual aggression victimization and perpetration since the age of 15 in a convenience sample of N=1,376 college students (886 women) from four public universities in Ankara, Turkey. Prevalence rates for different coercive strategies, victim-perpetrator constellations, and sexual acts were measured with a Turkish version of the Sexual Aggression and Victimization Scale (SAV-S). Overall, 77.6\% of women and 65.5\% of men reported at least one instance of sexual aggression victimization, and 28.9\% of men and 14.2\% of women reported at least one instance of sexual aggression perpetration. Prevalence rates of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration were highest for current or former partners, followed by acquaintances/friends and strangers. Alcohol was involved in a substantial proportion of the reported incidents. The findings are the first to provide systematic evidence on sexual aggression perpetration and victimization among college students in Turkey, including both women and men.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{DeSchrijverVanderBekenKraheetal.2018,
  author    = {De Schrijver, Lotte and Vander Beken, Tom and Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Keygnaert, Ines},
  title     = {Prevalence of sexual violence in migrants, applicants for international protection, and refugees in Europe},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {674},
  issn      = {1866-8364},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-45973},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-459733},
  pages     = {19},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {(1) Background: Sexual violence (SV) is a major public health problem, with negative socio-economic, physical, mental, sexual, and reproductive health consequences. Migrants, applicants for international protection, and refugees (MARs) are vulnerable to SV. Since many European countries are seeing high migratory pressure, the development of prevention strategies and care paths focusing on victimised MARs is highly needed. To this end, this study reviews evidence on the prevalence of SV among MAR groups in Europe and the challenges encountered in research on this topic. (2) Methods: A critical interpretive synthesis of 25 peer-reviewed academic studies and 22 relevant grey literature documents was conducted based on a socio-ecological model. (3) Results: Evidence shows that SV is highly frequent in MARs in Europe, yet comparison with other groups is still difficult. Methodologically and ethically sound representative studies comparing between populations are still lacking. Challenges in researching SV in MARs are located at the intrapersonal, interpersonal, community, societal, and policy levels. (4) Conclusions: Future research should start with a clear definition of the concerned population and acts of SV to generate comparable data. Participatory qualitative research approaches could be applied to better grasp the complexity of interplaying determinants of SV in MARs.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Krahe1994,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Psicologia della personalit{\`a} e psicologia sociale : verso una sintesi},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-38313},
  year      = {1994},
  abstract  = {Contenuto: 1. Persone e situazioni: pietre angolari nella moderna psicologiadella personalit{\`a} 2. La questione della costanza nella personalit{\`a}: sessant'anni dicontroversia 3. In difesa dei tratti: nuove (e rinnovate) prospettive 4. II «moderno interazionismo»: una cornice alternativa alla ricercasulla personalit{\`a} 5. Realizzare il programma interazionista: tre aree esemplaridi ricerca 6. Migliorare la misurazione della personalit{\`a}: la via nomoteticaallo studio della costanza 7. La psicologia della personalit{\`a} riguarda gli individui: la riscoperta dell'eredit{\`a} idiografica 8. II ruolo della situazione nella ricerca sulla personalit{\`a} 9. Psicologia della personalit{\`a} negli anni Novanta: uno sguardo d'insieme},
  language  = {mul}
}
@article{Krahe1995,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Rape},
  year      = {1995},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Krahe2012,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Report of the Media Violence Commission},
  series = {Aggressive behavior : a multidisciplinary journal devoted to the experimental and observational analysis of conflict in humans and animals},
  volume    = {38},
  journal   = {Aggressive behavior : a multidisciplinary journal devoted to the experimental and observational analysis of conflict in humans and animals},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {0096-140X},
  doi       = {10.1002/ab.21443},
  pages     = {335 -- 341},
  year      = {2012},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Krahe1999,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Repression and coping with the threat of rape},
  year      = {1999},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KraheMoellerBergeretal.2011,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and M{\"o}ller, Ingrid and Berger, Anja and Felber, Juliane},
  title     = {Repression versus sensitization in response to media violence as predictors of cognitive avoidance and vigilance},
  series = {Journal of personality},
  volume    = {79},
  journal   = {Journal of personality},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  address   = {Malden},
  issn      = {0022-3506},
  doi       = {10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00674.x},
  pages     = {165 -- 190},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Repression and sensitization as situational modes of coping with anxiety were examined as predictors of trait measures of cognitive avoidance and vigilance. In this study, 303 undergraduates saw a violent film clip to elicit anxiety. Increases in skin conductance level (SCL) and state anxiety (STA) from baseline were measured to identify repressors (high SCL, low STA) and contrast them with sensitizers (low SCL, high STA) and genuinely low anxious individuals (low SCL, low STA). State anger was also recorded. Trait measures of vigilance and cognitive avoidance were collected 2 weeks earlier. Significant SCL x STA interactions indicated that repressors scored higher on cognitive avoidance and lower on vigilance compared to sensitizers and low anxious participants. Repressors were less likely than sensitizers to report gaze avoidance during the clip. The anger by SCL interaction was nonsignificant, suggesting that repressors and sensitizers differ specifically in the processing of anxiety rather than negative affect in general.},
  language  = {en}
}
@unpublished{Krahe2014,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Restoring the spirit of fair play in the debate about violent video games a comment on Elson and Ferguson (2013)},
  series = {EUROPEAN PSYCHOLOGIST},
  volume    = {19},
  journal   = {EUROPEAN PSYCHOLOGIST},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Hogrefe},
  address   = {Kirkland},
  issn      = {1016-9040},
  doi       = {10.1027/1016-9040/a000165},
  pages     = {56 -- 59},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {This commentary argues that, rather than providing an "exhaustive review," Elson and Ferguson (2013) discuss a selective sample of empirical studies on violent video game use which corroborate their claim that there is no systematic evidence for a link between violent video game play and aggression. In evaluating the evidence, the authors portray a biased picture of the current state of knowledge about media violence effects. They fail to distinguish between aggression and violence and between everyday and clinical forms of aggression. Furthermore, they misrepresent key constructs, such as mediation, moderation, and external validity, to discredit methodologies used to assess aggression and media violence use. The paper moves the debate backward rather than forward, falling behind existing meta-analytic studies that consider a much wider and more balanced range of studies.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Krahe2020,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Risk cactors for the development of aggressive behavior from middle childhood to adolescence},
  series = {Current directions in psychological science},
  volume    = {29},
  journal   = {Current directions in psychological science},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Sage},
  address   = {Thousand Oaks},
  issn      = {0963-7214},
  doi       = {10.1177/0963721420917721},
  pages     = {333 -- 339},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {In this article, I examine the development of aggressive behavior from middle childhood to adolescence as a result of the interaction between the person and the environment and discuss implications for intervention measures. Three main questions are addressed and illustrated by examples from recent research: What are intrapersonal risk factors for the development and persistence of aggressive behavior from middle childhood to adolescence? What factors in the social environment contribute to the development of aggressive behavior? How do individual dispositions and environmental risk factors interact to explain developmental trajectories of aggressive behavior?},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Krahe2001,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Risk factors of sexual aggression and victimization among homosexual men},
  year      = {2001},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Krahe2001,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Risk factors of sexual victimisation among women and homosexual men : exploring parallels in female and male sexual victimisation},
  isbn      = {0-306-46624-4},
  year      = {2001},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KraheBerger2005,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Berger, Anja},
  title     = {Sex differences in relationship aggression among young adults in Germany},
  issn      = {0360-0025},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {The study examined the prevalence of physical aggression in the relationships of young adults in Germany. A convenience sample of 248 women and 400 men aged between 17 and 29 years provided reports of physical aggression shown toward and experienced by a partner using the revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2). Sex differences were found for several physically aggressive behaviors measured by the CTS2, mostly for minor forms of physical aggression. All sex differences were in the direction of women scoring higher than men on the perpetration of aggressive acts, and men scoring higher than women on being the targets of partner aggression. The findings are discussed in the context of the current debate on sex differences in relationship aggression},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Krahe1998,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Sexual aggression among adolescents : prevalence and predictors in a German sample},
  year      = {1998},
  language  = {en}
}