@article{ForbrichKutzbachHormannetal.2010,
  author    = {Forbrich, Inke and Kutzbach, Lars and Hormann, Annabell and Wilmking, Martin},
  title     = {A comparison of linear and exponential regression for estimating diffusive CH4 fluxes by closed-chambers in peatlands},
  issn      = {0038-0717},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.12.004},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {The closed-chamber method is the most common approach to determine CH4 fluxes in peatlands. The concentration change in the chamber is monitored over time, and the flux is usually calculated by the slope of a linear regression function. Theoretically, the gas exchange cannot be constant over time but has to decrease, when the concentration gradient between chamber headspace and soil air decreases. In this study, we test whether we can detect this non- linearity in the concentration change during the chamber closure with six air samples. We expect generally a low concentration gradient on dry sites (hummocks) and thus the occurrence of exponential concentration changes in the chamber due to a quick equilibrium of gas concentrations between peat and chamber headspace. On wet (flarks) and sedge- covered sites (lawns), we expect a high gradient and near-linear concentration changes in the chamber. To evaluate these model assumptions, we calculate both linear and exponential regressions for a test data set (n = 597) from a Finnish mire. We use the Akaike Information Criterion with small sample second order bias correction to select the best-fitted model. 13.6\%, 19.2\% and 9.8\% of measurements on hummocks, lawns and flarks, respectively, were best fitted with an exponential regression model. A flux estimation derived from the slope of the exponential function at the beginning of the chamber closure can be significantly higher than using the slope of the linear regression function. Non-linear concentration-overtime curves occurred mostly during periods of changing water table. This could be due to either natural processes or chamber artefacts, e.g. initial pressure fluctuations during chamber deployment. To be able to exclude either natural processes or artefacts as cause of non-linearity, further information, e.g. CH4 concentration profile measurements in the peat, would be needed. If this is not available, the range of uncertainty can be substantial. We suggest to use the range between the slopes of the exponential regression at the beginning and at the end of the closure time as an estimate of the overall uncertainty.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WilkeAppelVinczeetal.2010,
  author    = {Wilke, Max and Appel, Karen and Vincze, Laszlo and Schmidt, Christian and Borchert, Manuela and Pascarelli, Sakura},
  title     = {A confocal set-up for micro-XRF and XAFS experiments using diamond-anvil cells},
  issn      = {0909-0495},
  doi       = {10.1107/S0909049510023654},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {A confocal set-up is presented that improves micro-XRF and XAFS experiment with high-pressure e diamond-anvil cells (DACs) In this experiment a probing volume is defined by the focus of the incoming synchrotron radiation beam and that of a polycapillary X-ray half-lens with a very long working distance, which is placed in front of the fluorescence detector This set-up enhances the quality of the fluorescence and XAFS spectra, and thus the sensitivity for detecting elements at low concentrations. It efficiently suppresses signal from outside the sample chamber, which stems from elastic and inelastic scattering of the incoming beam by the diamond anvils as well as from excitation of fluorescence from the body of the DAC},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HerzschuhBirksMischkeetal.2010,
  author    = {Herzschuh, Ulrike and Birks, H. John B. and Mischke, Steffen and Zhang, Chengjun and B{\"o}hner, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {A modern pollen-climate calibration set based on lake sediments from the Tibetan Plateau and its application to a Late Quaternary pollen record from the Qilian Mountains},
  issn      = {0305-0270},
  doi       = {10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02245.x},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Aim: Fossil pollen spectra from lake sediments on the Tibetan Plateau have been used for qualitative climate reconstruction, but no modern pollen-climate calibration set based on lake sediments is available to infer past climate quantitatively. This study aims to develop such a dataset and apply it to fossil data. Location: The Tibetan Plateau, between 30 and 40 degrees N and 87 and 103 degrees E. Methods: We collected surface sediments from 112 lakes and analysed them palynologically. The lakes span a wide range of mean annual precipitation (P-ann; 31-1022 mm), mean annual temperature (T-ann; -6.5 to 1 degrees C), and mean July temperature (T-July; 2.6-19.7 degrees C). Redundancy analysis showed that the modern pollen spectra are characteristic of their respective vegetation types and local climate. Transfer functions for P-ann, T-ann and T-July were developed with weighted averaging partial least squares. Model performance was assessed by leave-one-out cross-validation. Results: The root mean square errors of prediction (RMSEP) were 104 mm (P-ann), 1.18 degrees C (T-ann) and 1.17 degrees C (T-July). The RMSEPs, when expressed as percentages of the gradient sampled, were 10.6\% (P-ann), 15.7\% (T-ann) and 11.9\% (T-July). These low values indicate the good performance of our models. An application of the models to fossil pollen spectra covering the last c. 50 kyr yielded realistic results for Luanhaizi Lake in the Qilian Mountains on the north-eastern Tibetan Plateau (modern P-ann 480 mm; T-ann-1 degrees C). T-ann and P-ann values similar to present ones were reconstructed for late Marine Isotope Stage 3, with minimum values for the Last Glacial Maximum (c. 300 mm and 2 degrees C below present), and maximum values for the early Holocene (c. 70 mm and 0.5 degrees C greater than present). Main conclusions: The modern pollen-climate calibration set will potentially be useful for quantitative climate reconstructions from lake-sediment pollen spectra from the Tibetan Plateau, an area of considerable climatic and biogeographical importance.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GraeffZeheSchlaegeretal.2010,
  author    = {Gr{\"a}ff, Thomas and Zehe, Erwin and Schl{\"a}ger, Stefan and Morgner, Markus and Bauer, Andreas and Becker, Rolf and Creutzfeldt, Benjamin and Bronstert, Axel},
  title     = {A quality assessment of spatial TDR soil moisture measurements in homogenous and heterogeneous media with laboratory experiments},
  issn      = {1812-2108},
  doi       = {10.5194/hessd-7-269-2010},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Investigation of transient soil moisture profiles yields valuable information of near- surface processes. A recently developed reconstruction algorithm based on the telegraph equation allows the inverse estimation of soil moisture profiles along coated, three rod TDR probes. Laboratory experiments were carried out to prove the results of the inversion and to understand the influence of probe rod deformation and solid objects close to the probe in heterogonous media. Differences in rod geometry can lead to serious misinterpretations in the soil moisture profile but have small influence on the average soil moisture along the probe. Solids in the integration volume have almost no effect on average soil moisture but result in locally slightly decreased moisture values. Inverted profiles obtained in a loamy soil with a clay content of about 16\% were in good agreement with independent measurements.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GraeffZeheSchlaegeretal.2010,
  author    = {Gr{\"a}ff, Thomas and Zehe, Erwin and Schlaeger, Stefan and Morgner, Markus and Bauer, Andreas and Becker, Rolf and Creutzfeldt, Benjamin and Bronstert, Axel},
  title     = {A quality assessment of Spatial TDR soil moisture measurements in homogenous and heterogeneous media with laboratory experiments},
  issn      = {1027-5606},
  doi       = {10.5194/hess-14-1007-2010},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Investigation of transient soil moisture profiles yields valuable information of near- surface processes. A recently developed reconstruction algorithm based on the telegraph equation allows the inverse estimation of soil moisture profiles along coated, three rod TDR probes. Laboratory experiments were carried out to prove the results of the inversion and to understand the influence of probe rod deformation and solid objects close to the probe in heterogeneous media. Differences in rod geometry can lead to serious misinterpretations in the soil moisture profile, but have small influence on the average soil moisture along the probe. Solids in the integration volume have almost no effect on average soil moisture, but result in locally slightly decreased moisture values. Inverted profiles obtained in a loamy soil with a clay content of about 16\% were in good agreement with independent measurements.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KoehlerZeheCorreetal.2010,
  author    = {K{\"o}hler, Birgit and Zehe, Erwin and Corre, Marife D. and Veldkamp, Edzo},
  title     = {An inverse analysis reveals limitations of the soil-CO2 profile method to calculate CO2 production and efflux for well-structured soils},
  issn      = {1726-4170},
  doi       = {10.5194/bg-7-2311-2010},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Soil respiration is the second largest flux in the global carbon cycle, yet the underlying below-ground process, carbon dioxide (CO2) production, is not well understood because it can not be measured in the field. CO2 production has frequently been calculated from the vertical CO2 diffusive flux divergence, known as "soil-CO2 profile method". This relatively simple model requires knowledge of soil CO2 concentration profiles and soil diffusive properties. Application of the method for a tropical lowland forest soil in Panama gave inconsistent results when using diffusion coefficients (D) calculated based on relationships with soil porosity and moisture ("physically modeled" D). Our objective was to investigate whether these inconsistencies were related to (1) the applied interpolation and solution methods and/or (2) uncertainties in the physically modeled profile of D. First, we show that the calculated CO2 production strongly depends on the function used to interpolate between measured CO2 concentrations. Secondly, using an inverse analysis of the soil-CO2 profile method, we deduce which D would be required to explain the observed CO2 concentrations, assuming the model perception is valid. In the top soil, this inversely modeled D closely resembled the physically modeled D. In the deep soil, however, the inversely modeled D increased sharply while the physically modeled D did not. When imposing a constraint during the fit parameter optimization, a solution could be found where this deviation between the physically and inversely modeled D disappeared. A radon (Rn) mass balance model, in which diffusion was calculated based on the physically modeled or constrained inversely modeled D, simulated observed Rn profiles reasonably well. However, the CO2 concentrations which corresponded to the constrained inversely modeled D were too small compared to the measurements. We suggest that, in well-structured soils, a missing description of steady state CO2 exchange fluxes across water-filled pores causes the soil-CO2 profile method to fail. These fluxes are driven by the different diffusivities in inter- vs. intra-aggregate pores which create permanent CO2 gradients if separated by a "diffusive water barrier". These results corroborate other studies which have shown that the theory to treat gas diffusion as homogeneous process, a precondition for use of the soil-CO2 profile method, is inaccurate for pore networks which exhibit spatial separation between CO2 production and diffusion out of the soil.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SotoBaeuerleArriagadaGonzalezCastroCorreaetal.2010,
  author    = {Soto Baeuerle, Mar{\´i}a Victoria and Arriagada Gonz{\´a}lez, Joselyn and Castro Correa, Carmen Paz and Maerker, Michael and Rodolfi, Giuliano},
  title     = {Aspectos geodin{\´a}micos de un paleoestuario del desierto marginal de Chile : R{\´i}o Copiap{\´o}},
  issn      = {0379-8682},
  doi       = {10.4067/S0718-34022010000200007},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {In this investigation we analyze the evolution of forms that constitute the Copiapo River estuarine system during the past 30 years. Through photo interpretation and field work is possible to realize that during the period, the essential forms of the estuary haven't manifest significant changes, on the other hand, estuarine complex such as the estuarine lagoon, sandy beach and dunes have presented modifications. The most significant morphological elements in order to understand these phenomena of changes have been the dynamics of waves and their spatial correlation with the width of the surf zone and dune continuum. The basic shapes present stabilization in their dynamic, which allows us to consider the estuarine system of Copiapo, a paleoestuario.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{ZimmermannPapritzElsenbeer2010,
  author    = {Zimmermann, Beate and Papritz, Andreas and Elsenbeer, Helmut},
  title     = {Asymmetric response to disturbance and recovery : Changes of soil permeability under forest-pasture-forest transitions},
  issn      = {0016-7061},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.geoderma.2010.07.013},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {In the humid tropics, continuing high deforestation rates are seen alongside an increasing expansion of secondary forests. In order to understand and model the consequences of these dynamic land-use changes for regional water cycles, the response of soil hydraulic properties to forest disturbance and recovery has to be quantified.At a site in the Brazilian Amazonia, we annually monitored soil infiltrability and saturated hydraulic conductivity (K-s) at 12.5, 20 cm, and 50 cm soil depth after manual forest conversion to pasture (year zero to four after pasture establishment), and during secondary succession after pasture abandonment (year zero to seven after pasture abandonment). We evaluated the hydrological consequences of the detected changes by comparing the soil hydraulic properties with site-specific rainfall intensities and hydrometric observations. Within one year after grazing started, infiltrability and K-s at 12.5 and 20 cm depth decreased by up to one order of magnitude to levels which are typical for 20-year-old pasture. In the three subsequent monitoring years, infiltrability and K-s remained stable. Land use did not impact on subsoil permeability. Whereas infiltrability values are large enough to allow all rainwater to infiltrate even after the conversion, the sudden decline of near-surface K-s is of hydrological relevance as perched water tables and overland flow occur more often on pastures than in forests at our study site. After pasture abandonment and during secondary succession, seven years of recovery did not suffice to significantly increase infiltrability and K-s at 12.5 depth although a slight recovery is obvious. At 20 cm soil depth, we detected a positive linear increase within the seven-year time frame but annual means did not differ significantly. Although more than a doubling of infiltrability and K-s is still required to achieve pre-disturbance levels, which will presumably take more than a decade, the observed slight increases of K-s might already decrease the probability of perched water table generation and overland flow development well before complete recovery.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ClarkeBurbank2010,
  author    = {Clarke, Brian A. and Burbank, Douglas W.},
  title     = {Bedrock fracturing, threshold hillslopes, and limits to the magnitude of bedrock landslides},
  issn      = {0012-821X},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.epsl.2010.07.011},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Bedrock fracturing and rock strength are widely believed to influence landscape morphology and erosional resistance. Yet, understanding of the quantitative relationship between rock-mass strength and landscape evolution remains limited. Here we present a new application of seismic refraction surveys that uses variations in seismic velocity to interpret differences in bedrock fracture density with depth. We use a comparative study of Fiordland and the western Southern Alps of New Zealand to examine how differences in rock type and bedrock fracturing influence landscape morphology and landslide response to rock uplift. In both regions, slopes appear invariant with differential rock-uplift rates and slope distributions reveal modal hillslope angles of similar to 32 degrees. The majority of landslides initiate on slopes steeper than the modal hillslope angle, however, landslide magnitude-frequency distributions reveal order-of-magnitude differences between the regions, with Fiordland experiencing considerably smaller and less frequent landsliding events. Landslide-driven denudation rates of similar to 9 mm/yr in the western Southern Alps and between similar to 0.1 and 0.3 mm/yr in Fiordland approximate estimates of long-term rock-uplift rates for each region. The invariance of hillslope angles, near-normal slope distributions, predominance of landslide initiation on slopes steeper than modal values, and the apparent balance between rates of uplift and landslide-driven erosion suggest that hillslopes in both regions are at threshold angles. Their similar modal slopes further suggest that both ranges are characterized by equivalent rock-mass strength, despite striking differences in lithology. Additionally, our seismic analysis reveals nearly identical surface p-wave velocities. The unexpected equivalence of both modal slopes and surface velocities between these lithologically distinct ranges is attributed to contrasting degrees of surface fracturing that have differentially affected the intact rock properties, such that they now yield equivalent surface velocities and hillslope-scale strengths. Given that surface fractures help regulate threshold angles by modulating hillslope strength; we propose that shallow seismic velocities may provide a quantitative proxy for rock-mass strength. We define two contrasting fracture and landsliding environments. In Fiordland, dense geomorphic fracturing that is focused within the shallow subsurface appears to limit the depth and magnitude of most bedrock landslides. Conversely, in the western Southern Alps, tectonic forces produce pervasive fracturing with depth that results in larger, and deeper landslides. Our data suggest that bedrock fracturing at the Earth's surface modulates threshold hillslope angles, whereas the depth of bedrock fracturing influences the magnitude and frequency of landslide response to tectonic rock uplift.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SiliverstovsOetschKemfertetal.2010,
  author    = {Siliverstovs, Boriss and {\"O}tsch, Rainald and Kemfert, Claudia and Jaeger, Carlo and Haas, Armin and Kremers, Hans},
  title     = {Climate change and modelling of extreme temperatures in Switzerland},
  issn      = {1436-3240},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00477-009-0321-3},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {This study models maximum temperatures in Switzerland monitored in twelve locations using the generalised extreme value (GEV) distribution. The parameters of the GEV distribution are determined within a Bayesian framework. We find that the parameters of the underlying distribution underwent a substantial change in the beginning of the 1980s. This change is characterised by an increase both in the level and the variability. We assess the likelihood of the heat wave of the summer 2003 using the fitted GEV distribution by accounting for the presence of a structural break. The estimation results do suggest that the heat wave of 2003 is not that statistically improbable if an appropriate methodology is used for dealing with nonstationarity.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{DahmKuehnOhrnbergeretal.2010,
  author    = {Dahm, Torsten and Kuehn, Daniela and Ohrnberger, Matthias and Kroeger, Jens and Wiederhold, Helga and Reuther, Claus-Dieter and Dehghani, Ali and Scherbaum, Frank},
  title     = {Combining geophysical data sets to study the dynamics of shallow evaporites in urban environments : application to Hamburg, Germany},
  issn      = {0956-540X},
  doi       = {10.1111/j.1365-246X.2010.04521.x},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Shallowly situated evaporites in built-up areas are of relevance for urban and cultural development and hydrological regulation. The hazard of sinkholes, subrosion depressions and gypsum karst is often difficult to evaluate and may quickly change with anthropogenic influence. The geophysical exploration of evaporites in metropolitan areas is often not feasible with active industrial techniques. We collect and combine different passive geophysical data as microgravity, ambient vibrations, deformation and hydrological information to study the roof morphology of shallow evaporites beneath Hamburg, Northern Germany. The application of a novel gravity inversion technique leads to a 3-D depth model of the salt diapir under study. We compare the gravity-based depth model to pseudo-depths from H/V measurements and depth estimates from small-scale seismological array data. While the general range and trend of the diapir roof is consistent, a few anomalous regions are identified where H/V pseudo-depths indicate shallower structures not observed in gravity or array data. These are interpreted by shallow residual caprock floaters and zones of increased porosity. The shallow salt structure clearly correlates with a relative subsidence in the order of 2 mm yr(-1). The combined interpretation of roof morphology, yearly subsidence rates, chemical analyses of groundwater and of hydraulic head in aquifers indicates that the salt diapir beneath Hamburg is subject to significant ongoing dissolution that may possibly affect subrosion depressions, sinkhole distribution and land usage. The combined analysis of passive geophysical data may be exemplary for the study of shallow evaporites beneath other urban areas.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AdhikariKallmeyer2010,
  author    = {Adhikari, Rishi Ram and Kallmeyer, Jens},
  title     = {Detection and quantification of microbial activity in the subsurface},
  issn      = {0009-2819},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.chemer.2010.05.003},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {The subsurface harbors a large fraction of Earth's living biomass, forming complex microbial ecosystems. Without a profound knowledge of the ongoing biologically mediated processes and their reaction to anthropogenic changes it is difficult to assess the long-term stability and feasibility of any type of geotechnical utilization, as these influence subsurface ecosystems. Despite recent advances in many areas of subsurface microbiology, the direct quantification of turnover processes is still in its infancy, mainly due to the extremely low cell abundances. We provide an overview of the currently available techniques for the quantification of microbial turnover processes and discuss their specific strengths and limitations. Most techniques employed so far have focused on specific processes, e.g. sulfate reduction or methanogenesis. Recent studies show that processes that were previously thought to exclude each other can occur simultaneously, albeit at very low rates. Without the identification of the respective processes it is impossible to quantify total microbial activity. Even in cases where all simultaneously occurring processes can be identified, the typically very low rates prevent quantification. In many cases a simple measure of total microbial activity would be a better and more robust measure than assays for several specific processes. Enzyme or molecular assays provide a more general approach as they target key metabolic compounds. Depending on the compound targeted a broader spectrum of microbial processes can be quantified. The two most promising compounds are ATP and hydrogenase, as both are ubiquitous in microbes. Technical constraints limit the applicability of currently available ATP-assays for subsurface samples. A recently developed hydrogenase radiotracer assay has the potential to become a key tool for the quantification of subsurface microbial activity.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{CarrapaHauerSchoenbohmetal.2010,
  author    = {Carrapa, Barbara and Hauer, Joern and Schoenbohm, Lindsay M. and Strecker, Manfred and Schmitt, Axel K. and Villanueva, Arturo and Gomez, Jos{\´e} Sosa},
  title     = {Dynamics of deformation and sedimentation in the northern Sierras Pampeanas : an integrated study of the Neogene Fiambal{\´a} basin, NW Argentina ; reply},
  issn      = {0016-7606},
  doi       = {10.1130/B30134.1},
  year      = {2010},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{StephTiedemannPrangeetal.2010,
  author    = {Steph, Silke and Tiedemann, Ralph and Prange, Matthias and Groeneveld, J{\"u}rgen and Schulz, Michael Karl and Timmermann, Axel and N{\"u}rnberg, Dirk and R{\"u}hlemann, Carsten and Saukel, Cornelia and Haug, Gerald H.},
  title     = {Early Pliocene increase in thermohaline overturning : a precondition for the development of the modern equatorial Pacific cold tongue},
  issn      = {0883-8305},
  doi       = {10.1029/2008pa001645},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Unraveling the processes responsible for Earth's climate transition from an "El Nino-like state" during the warm early Pliocene into a modern-like "La Nina-dominated state" currently challenges the scientific community. Recently, the Pliocene climate switch has been linked to oceanic thermocline shoaling at similar to 3 million years ago along with Earth's final transition into a bipolar icehouse world. Here we present Pliocene proxy data and climate model results, which suggest an earlier timing of the Pliocene climate switch and a different chain of forcing mechanisms. We show that the increase in North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation between 4.8 and 4.0 million years ago, initiated by the progressive closure of the Central American Seaway, triggered overall shoaling of the tropical thermocline. This preconditioned the turnaround from a warm eastern equatorial Pacific to the modern equatorial cold tongue state about 1 million years earlier than previously assumed. Since similar to 3.6-3.5 million years ago, the intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciation resulted in a strengthening of the trade winds, thereby amplifying upwelling and biogenic productivity at low latitudes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HintersbergerThiedeStreckeretal.2010,
  author    = {Hintersberger, Esther and Thiede, Rasmus Christoph and Strecker, Manfred and Hacker, Bradley R.},
  title     = {East-west extension in the NW Indian Himalaya},
  issn      = {0016-7606},
  doi       = {10.1130/B26589.1},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Explaining the presence of normal faults in overall compressive settings is a challenging problem in understanding the tectonics of active mountain belts. The Himalayan-Tibetan orogenic system is an excellent setting to approach this problem because it preserves one of the most dramatic records of long-term, contemporaneous shortening and extension. Over the past decades, several studies have described extensional features, not only in the Tibetan Plateau, but also in the Himalaya. For a long time, the favored model explained the function of the Southern Tibetan detachment system, a major fault zone in the Himalaya, as a decoupling horizon between the regime of crustal shortening forming the Himalayan wedge to the south and the extensional regime of the Tibetan Plateau to the north. However, in recent years, increasing evidence has shown that N-S-trending normal faults in the Central Himalaya crosscut not only the Southern Tibetan detachment system, but also the Main Central thrust. Here, we present new structural data and geologic evidence collected within the NW Indian Himalaya and combine them with previously published seismicity data sets in order to document pervasive E-W extension accommodated along N-S-trending faults extending as far south as the footwall of the Main Central thrust. We conducted a kinematic analysis of fault striations on brittle faults, documented and mapped fault scarps in Quaternary sedimentary deposits using satellite imagery, and made field observations in the Greater Sutlej region (Spiti, Lahul, Kinnaur) and the Garhwal Himalaya. Studies of extensional features within the regionally NW- SE-trending NW Indian Himalaya provide the advantage that arc-parallel and E-W extension can be separated, in contrast to the Central Himalaya. Therefore, our observations of E-W extension in the Indian NW Himalaya are well suited to test the applicability of current tectonic models for the whole Himalaya. We favor the interpretation of E-W extension in the NW Indian Himalaya as a propagation of extension driven by collapse of the Tibetan Plateau.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{TietjenJeltschZeheetal.2010,
  author    = {Tietjen, Britta and Jeltsch, Florian and Zehe, Erwin and Classen, Nikolaus and Groengroeft, Alexander and Schiffers, Katja and Oldeland, Jens},
  title     = {Effects of climate change on the coupled dynamics of water and vegetation in drylands},
  issn      = {1936-0584},
  doi       = {10.1002/Eco.70},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Drylands worldwide are exposed to a highly variable environment and face a high risk of degradation. The effects of global climate change such as altered precipitation patterns and increased temperature leading to reduced water availability will likely increase this risk. At the same time, an elevated atmospheric CO2 level could mitigate the effects of reduced water availability by increasing the water use efficiency of plants. To prevent degradation of drylands, it is essential to understand the underlying processes that affect water availability and vegetation cover. Since water and vegetation are strongly interdependent in water-limited ecosystems, changes can lead to highly non- linear effects. We assess these effects by developing an ecohydrological model of soil moisture and vegetation cover. The water component of the model simulates the daily dynamics of surface water and water contents in two soil layers. Vegetation is represented by two functional types: shrubs and grasses. These compete for soil water and strongly influence hydrological processes. We apply the model to a Namibian thornbush savanna and evaluate the separate and combined effects of decreased annual precipitation, increased temperature, more variable precipitation and elevated atmospheric CO2 on soil moisture and on vegetation cover. The results show that two main factors control the response of plant types towards climate change, namely a change in water availability and a change in water allocation to a specific plant type. Especially, reduced competitiveness of grasses can lead to a higher risk of shrub encroachment in these systems.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{TreydteRiginosJeltsch2010,
  author    = {Treydte, Anna C. and Riginos, Corinna and Jeltsch, Florian},
  title     = {Enhanced use of beneath-canopy vegetation by grazing ungulates in African savannahs},
  issn      = {0140-1963},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jaridenv.2010.07.003},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {The cover of large trees in African savannahs is rapidly declining, mainly due to human land-use practices. Trees improve grass nutrient quality and contribute to species and structural diversity of savannah vegetation. However, the response of herbivores to trees as habitat features is unknown We quantified the habitat use of wild and domestic ungulates in two eastern and southern African savannahs. We assessed grazing intensities and quantified dung depositions beneath and around canopies of different sized trees. Grasses were eaten and dung was deposited twice as frequently beneath large (ca. 5 m in height) and very large trees (7-10 m) than in open grasslands. Small trees (<2.5 m) did not show this trend. Grazing intensity and dung deposition decreased with distance away from trees at both study sites. These results suggest that large trees represent essential habitat features for domestic and wild herbivores. Increased dung depositions beneath large trees may further promote the maintenance of a patchy nutrient distribution in savannahs. Small trees cannot provide the same structural and functional advantages as large trees do. We recommend that land-use practices be promoted which conserve large single-standing trees to benefit the flora and fauna of African savannahs.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SobelSeward2010,
  author    = {Sobel, Edward and Seward, Diane},
  title     = {Erratum to "Influence of etching conditions on apatite fission-track etch pit diameter by E.R. Sobel and D. Seward" [Chem. Geol. 271 (2010) 59-69]},
  issn      = {0009-2541},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.08.005},
  year      = {2010},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HerzschuhBirks2010,
  author    = {Herzschuh, Ulrike and Birks, H. John B.},
  title     = {Evaluating the indicator value of Tibetan pollen taxa for modern vegetation and climate},
  issn      = {0034-6667},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.revpalbo.2010.02.016},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Pollen taxa of known indicator value are of great potential in the qualitative interpretation of pollen diagrams. Here we apply several numerical approaches to a lake-sediment based pollen data-set from the eastern and central Tibetan Plateau (112 samples) to assess the indicator value of Tibetan pollen taxa for modem vegetation types and for modern climate. Results from Multi-Response Permutation Procedures indicate that the differences between groups of pollen spectra originating from the same vegetation type (temperate desert, temperate steppe, alpine desert, alpine steppe, high-alpine meadow, subalpine shrub, and patchy forest) are statistically significant. Indicator Species Analyses identify several indicator taxa for most vegetation types. Multivariate regression tree analysis indicates that about 390 mm of annual precipitation is the most critical threshold for the modern pollen spectra. This roughly separates desert and steppe vegetation from high-alpine meadow, subalpine shrub, and patchy forest vegetation. A strong pollen-climate relationship on the Tibetan Plateau is confirmed by the large number of statistically significant pollen taxa-climate (annual precipitation or/and annual temperature) relationships as evaluated by statistical response- modelling, involving generalised linear models.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WichuraBousquetOberhaenslietal.2010,
  author    = {Wichura, Henry and Bousquet, Romain and Oberh{\"a}nsli, Roland and Strecker, Manfred and Trauth, Martin H.},
  title     = {Evidence for middleUocene uplift of the East African Plateau},
  issn      = {0091-7613},
  doi       = {10.1130/G31022.1},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Cenozoic uplift of the East African Plateau has been associated with fundamental climatic and environmental changes in East Africa and adjacent regions. While this influence is widely accepted, the timing and the magnitude of plateau uplift have remained unclear. This uncertainty stems from the lack of datable, geomorphically meaningful reference horizons that could record surface uplift. Here, we document the existence of significant relief along the East African Plateau prior to rifting, as inferred from modeling the emplacement history of one of the longest terrestrial lava flows, the similar to 300-km-long Yatta phonolite flow in Kenya. This 13.5 Ma lava flow originated on the present-day eastern Kenya Rift flank, and utilized a riverbed that once routed runoff from the eastern rim of the plateau. Combining an empirical viscosity model with subsequent cooling and using the Yatta lava flow geometry and underlying paleotopography (slope angle), we found that the prerift slope was at least 0.2 degrees, suggesting that the lava flow originated at a minimum elevation of 1400 m. Hence, high paleotopography in the Kenya Rift region must have existed by at least 13.5 Ma. We infer from this that middle Miocene uplift occurred, which coincides with the two-step expansion of grasslands, as well as important radiation and speciation events in tropical Africa.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{TomasZitzmannHomannetal.2010,
  author    = {Tomas, Sara and Zitzmann, Max and Homann, Martin and Rumpf, Michael and Amour, Frederic and Benisek, Merle-Friederike and Betzler, Christian and Mutti, Maria},
  title     = {From ramp to platform : building a 3D model of depositional geometries and facies architectures in transitional carbonates in the Miocene, northern Sardinia},
  issn      = {0172-9179},
  doi       = {10.1007/s10347-009-0203-7},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {The depositional geometry and facies distribution of an Early Miocene (Burdigalian) carbonate system in the Perfugas Basin (NW Sardinia) comprise a well-exposed example of a transition from a ramp to a steep-flanked platform. The carbonate succession (Sedini Limestone Unit) is composed of two depositional sequences separated by a major erosional unconformity. The lower (sequence 1) records a ramp dominated by heterozoan producers and the upper (sequence 2) is dominated by photozoan producers and displays a gradual steepening of the depositional profile into a steep- flanked platform. This paper shows the process of creating a digital outcrop model including a facies model. This process consists of combining field data sets, including 17 sedimentary logs, and a spatial dataset consisting of differential global positioning system data points measured along key stratigraphic surfaces and sedimentary logs, with the goal of locking traditional field observations into a 3D spatial model. Establishing a precise geometrical framework and visualizing the overall change in the platform geometry and the related vertical and lateral facies variations of the Sedini carbonate platform, allows us to better understand the sedimentary processes leading to the geometrical turn- over of the platform. Furthermore, a detailed facies modeling helps us to gain insight into the detailed depositional dynamics. The final model reproduces faithfully the depositional geometries observed in the outcrops and helps in understanding the relationships between facies and architectural framework at the basin scale. Moreover, it provides the basis to characterize semiquantitatively regional sedimentological features and to make further reservoir and subsurface analogue studies.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{CacaceKaiserLewerenzetal.2010,
  author    = {Cacace, Mauro and Kaiser, Bjoern Onno and Lewerenz, Bjoern and Scheck-Wenderoth, Magdalena},
  title     = {Geothermal energy in sedimentary basins : what we can learn from regional numerical models},
  issn      = {0009-2819},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.chemer.2010.05.017},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Understanding the interactions between the different processes that control the geothermal and fluid flow fields in sedimentary basins is crucial for exploitation of geothermal energy. Numerical models provide predictive and feasible information for a correct assessment of geothermal resources especially in areas where data acquisition is demanding. Here, we present results from numerical efforts to characterize the thermal structure and its interaction with the fluid system for the area of the North East German Basin (NEGB). The relative impact of the different (diffusive and advective) processes affecting the hydrothermal setting of the basin are investigated by means of three- dimensional numerical simulations. Lithospheric-scale numerical models are evaluated to understand the specific thermal signature of the relevant factors influencing the present-day conductive geothermal field in the NEGB. Shallow and deep structural controls on the thermal configuration of the basin are addressed and quantified. Interaction between the resulting thermal field and the active fluid system is investigated by means of three-dimensional simulations of coupled fluid flow and heat transport. Factors influencing stability and reliability of modeling predictions are discussed. The main effort is to build a physically consistent model for the basin which integrates the impacts of thermal gradients on the regional fluid regime and their coupling with the main geological units defining the basin.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BrunelleSigmanJaccardetal.2010,
  author    = {Brunelle, Brigitte G. and Sigman, Daniel M. and Jaccard, Samuel Laurent and Keigwin, Lloyd D. and Plessen, Birgit and Schettler, Georg and Cook, Mea S. and Haug, Gerald H.},
  title     = {Glacial/interglacial changes in nutrient supply and stratification in the western subarctic North Pacific since the penultimate glacial maximum},
  issn      = {0277-3791},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.03.010},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {In piston cores from the open subarctic Pacific and the Okhotsk Sea, diatom-bound delta N-15 (delta N-15(db)), biogenic opal, calcium carbonate, and barium were measured from coretop to the previous glacial maximum (MIS 6). Glacial intervals are generally characterized by high delta N-15(db) (similar to 8 parts per thousand) and low productivity, whereas interglacial intervals have a lower delta N-15(db) (5.7-6.3 parts per thousand) and indicate high biogenic productivity. These data extend the regional swath of evidence for nearly complete surface nutrient utilization during glacial maxima, consistent with stronger upper water column stratification throughout the subarctic region during colder intervals. An early deglacial decline in delta N-15(db) of 2 parts per thousand at similar to 17.5 ka, previously observed in the Bering Sea, is found here in the open subarctic Pacific record and arguably also in the Okhotsk, and a case can be made that a similar decrease in delta N-15(db) occurred in both regions at the previous deglaciation as well. The early deglacial delta N-15(db) decrease, best explained by a decrease in surface nutrient utilization, appears synchronous with southern hemisphere-associated deglacial changes and with the Heinrich 1 event in the North Atlantic. This delta N-15(db) decrease may signal the initial deglacial weakening in subarctic North Pacific stratification and/or a deglacial increase in shallow subsurface nitrate concentration. If the former, it would be the North Pacific analogue to the increase in vertical exchange inferred for the Southern Ocean at the time of Heinrich Event 1. In either case, the lack of any clear change in paleoproductivity proxies during this interval would seem to require an early deglacial decrease in the iron-to-nitrate ratio of subsurface nutrient supply or the predominance of light limitation of phytoplankton growth during the deglaciation prior to Bolling-Allerod warming.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{TannebergerFladePreiksaetal.2010,
  author    = {Tanneberger, Franziska and Flade, Martin and Preiksa, Zydrunas and Schr{\"o}der-Esselbach, Boris},
  title     = {Habitat selection of the globally threatened Aquatic Warbler Acrocephalus paludicola at the western margin of its breeding range and implications for management},
  issn      = {0019-1019},
  doi       = {10.1111/j.1474-919X.2010.01016.x},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {The globally threatened Aquatic Warbler Acrocephalus paludicola is an umbrella species for fen mires and is at risk of extinction in its westernmost breeding population due to severe habitat loss. We used boosted regression trees to model Aquatic Warbler habitat selection in order to make recommendations for effective management of the last remnant habitats. Habitat data were collected in the years 2004-2006 in all remaining breeding sites in Pomerania (eastern Germany and western Poland) as well as in recently abandoned sites. Models were validated using data from similar Aquatic Warbler habitats in Lithuania. The probability of occurrence of Aquatic Warblers in late May/early June was positively associated with low isolation from other occupied sites, less eutrophic conditions, a high proportion of area mown early in the preceding year, high availability of vegetation 60-70 cm high, high prey abundance and high habitat heterogeneity. Early summer land management is needed in the more productive sites to prevent habitat deterioration by succession to higher and denser vegetation. As this also poses a serious threat to broods, management that creates a mosaic of early and late used patches is recommended to preserve and restore productive Aquatic Warbler sites. In less productive sites, winter mowing can maintain suitable habitat conditions. Aquatic Warbler-friendly land use supports a variety of other threatened plant and animal species typical of fens and sedge meadows and can meet the economic interests of local land users.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{TrauthMaslinDeinoetal.2010,
  author    = {Trauth, Martin H. and Maslin, Mark A. and Deino, Alan L. and Junginger, Annett and Lesoloyia, Moses and Odada, Eric O. and Olago, Daniel O. and Olaka, Lydia A. and Strecker, Manfred and Tiedemann, Ralph},
  title     = {Human evolution in a variable environment : the amplifier lakes of Eastern Africa},
  issn      = {0277-3791},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.07.007},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {The development of rise Cenozoic East African Rift System (EARS) profoundly re-shaped the landscape and significantly increased the amplitude of short-term environmental response to climate variation. In particular, the development of amplifier lakes in rift basins after three million years ago significantly contributed to this exceptional sensitivity of East Africa to climate change compared to elsewhere on the African continent. Amplifier lakes are characterized by tectonically-formed graben morphologies in combination with an extreme contrast between high precipitation in the elevated parts of the catchment and high evaporation in the lake area. Such amplifier lakes respond rapidly to moderate, precessional-forced climate shifts, and as they do so apply dramatic environmental pressure to the biosphere. Rift basins, when either extremely dry or lake-filled, form important barriers for migration, mixing and competition of different populations of animals and hominins. Amplifier lakes link long-term, high-amplitude tectonic processes and short-term environmental fluctuations. East Africa may have become the place where early humans evolved as a consequence of this strong link between different time scales. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{StreichBeckenRitter2010,
  author    = {Streich, Rita and Becken, Michael and Ritter, Oliver},
  title     = {Imaging of CO2 storage sites, geothermal reservoirs, and gas shales using controlled-source magnetotellurics : modeling studies},
  issn      = {0009-2819},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.chemer.2010.05.004},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {To balance the steady decrease of conventional hydrocarbon resources, increased utilization of unconventional and new energy resources, such as shale gas and geothermal energy, is required. Also, the geological sequestration of carbon dioxide is being considered as a technology that may temporarily mitigate the effects of CO2 emission. Sites suitable for shale gas production, geothermal exploration, or CO2 sequestration are commonly characterized by electrical resistivities distinctly different from those of the surrounding rocks. Therefore, electromagnetic methods can be viable tools to help identify target sites suitable for exploration, and to monitor reservoirs during energy production or CO2 injection. Among the wide variety of electromagnetic methods available, controlled-source magnetotelluric (CSMT) may be particularly suitable because of (i) its ability to resolve both electrically resistive and conductive structures, (ii) controlled sources offering noise control and thus facilitating surveys in populated regions, and (iii) the potential of penetration throughout the depth range accessible by drilling. Nevertheless, CSMT has not yet been widely employed because of logistical challenges of field operations and the requirement of complex and highly computer-intensive data processing. With these difficulties gradually being mitigated by recent technological developments, CSMT may now be reconsidered as an exploration tool. Here, we investigate by 1D and 3D numerical simulations the feasibility of detecting gas shales and identifying sites eligible for geothermal exploration or CO2 sequestration from CSMT data. We consider surface-to-surface, borehole-to-surface, and cross-hole configurations of the sources and receivers. Results and conclusions on the detectability of the targets of interest are presented for various exploration and monitoring scenarios, which are roughly representative of the geological setting of the North German Basin.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BoenigerTronicke2010,
  author    = {Boeniger, Urs and Tronicke, Jens},
  title     = {Improving the interpretability of 3D GPR data using target-specific attributes : application to tomb detection},
  issn      = {0305-4403},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jas.2009.09.049},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Three-dimensional (3D) ground-penetrating radar (GPR) represents an efficient high-resolution geophysical surveying method allowing to explore archaeological sites in a non-destructive manner. To effectively analyze large 3D GPR data sets, their combination with modern visualization techniques (e.g., 3D isoamplitude displays) has been acknowledged to facilitate interpretation beyond classical time-slice analysis. In this study, we focus on the application of data attributes (namely energy, coherency, and similarity), originally developed for petroleum reservoir related problems addressed by reflection seismology, to emphasize temporal and spatial variations within GPR data cubes. Based on two case studies, we illustrate the potential of such attribute based analyses towards a more comprehensive 3D GPR data interpretation. The main goal of both case studies was to localize and potentially characterize tombs inside medieval chapels situated in the state of Brandenburg, Germany. By comparing the calculated data attributes to the conventionally processed data cubes, we demonstrate the superior interpretability of the coherency and the similarity attribute for target identification and characterization.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BoenigerTronicke2010,
  author    = {Boeniger, Urs and Tronicke, Jens},
  title     = {Improving the interpretability of 3D GPR data using target-specific attributes : application to tomb detection (vol 37, pg 360, 2009)},
  issn      = {0305-4403},
  doi       = {10.1016/S0305-4403(10)00046-4},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Publisher's not},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SobelSeward2010,
  author    = {Sobel, Edward and Seward, Diane},
  title     = {Influence of etching conditions on apatite fission-track etch pit diameter},
  issn      = {0009-2541},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2009.12.012},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {The temperature range of the apatite fission-track partial annealing zone (PAZ) varies as a function of the kinetic characteristics of the apatite crystal as well as the cooling rate. These kinetic characteristics are controlled largely by the chemical composition of the apatites; fission-track etch pit diameter (D-par) has been shown to be a proxy for quantifying these characteristics. Since some annealing models explicitly use D-par as a kinetic indicator, the question of whether D-par varies according to either operator variability or etching conditions has serious implications. The influence of etching conditions includes both minor variations in temperature and etch time as well as larger variations between the three popular concentrations of nitric acid that are presently in use within the fission- track community: 5 and 5.5 M HNO3 at 21 degrees C for 20 s, and 1.6 M (7 vol.\%) HNO3 at 21 degrees C for 45 or 50 s. We have conducted a systematic study of D-par in two widely used apatite age standards: Durango and Fish Canyon Tuff (FCT). Samples were analyzed by at least 2 operators in 2 laboratories; over 15,000 etch pits were measured. Operator imprecision is small compared to other effects both within and between operators. The measured D-par parameters depend primarily on etching conditions including concentration of etchant, and the time and temperature of etching. D-par size increases linearly with time but non-linearly with temperature. Differences between D-par size of Durango and FCT are significantly smaller for the 1.6 M etch compared to the other two etches, implying that the weak etch has less resolving power for D-par measurements. In addition, when etching conditions are changed, confined track lengths for different apatite compositions and D-par values co-vary in a complex fashion. Therefore, the 5 or 5.5 M etch is recommended for studies that employ D-par as a proxy for chemistry; the 1.6 M etch and other weak etches are not recommended. We propose a linear correction for D-par based on measuring D-par in two widely available AFT age standards, Durango and FCT, and cross-plotting the results with those obtained by R. Donelick. The slope of the resulting curve, which passes through the origin, provides a correction factor. This system yields reasonably good corrected values for 3 test samples using the 5 M and 5.5 M HNO3 etches.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BoenigerTronicke2010,
  author    = {Boeniger, Urs and Tronicke, Jens},
  title     = {Integrated data analysis at an archaeological site : a case study using 3D GPR, magnetic, and high-resolution topographic data},
  issn      = {0016-8033},
  doi       = {10.1190/1.3460432},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {We have collected magnetic, 3D ground-penetrating-radar (GPR), and topographic data at an archaeological site within the Palace Garden of Paretz, Germany. The survey site covers an area of approximately 35 x 40 m across a hill structure (dips of up to 15 degrees) that is partly covered by trees. The primary goal of this study was to detect and locate the remains of ancient architectural elements, which, from historical records, were expected to be buried in the subsurface at this site. To acquire our geophysical data, we used a recently developed surveying approach that combines the magnetic and GPR instrument with a tracking total station (TTS). Besides efficient data acquisition, this approach provides positional information at an accuracy within the centimeter range. At the Paretz field site, this information was critical for processing and analyzing our geophysical data (in particular, GPR data) and enabled us to generate a high-resolution digital terrain model (DTM) of the surveyed area. Integrated analysis and interpretation based on composite images of the magnetic, 3D GPR, and high-resolution DTM data as well as selected attributes derived from these data sets allowed us to outline the remains of an artificial grotto and temple. Our work illustrates the benefit of using multiple surveying technologies, analyzing and interpreting the resulting data in an integrated fashion. It further demonstrates how modern surveying solutions allow for efficient, accurate data acquisition even in difficult terrain.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HerzschuhMischkeMeyeretal.2010,
  author    = {Herzschuh, Ulrike and Mischke, Steffen and Meyer, Hanno and Plessen, Birgit and Zhang, Chengjun},
  title     = {Lake nutrient variability inferred from elemental (C, N, S) and isotopic (delta C-13, delta N-15) analyses of aquatic plant macrofossils},
  issn      = {0277-3791},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.05.011},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {This paper aims to highlight the potential of using elemental and stable isotope analyses of aquatic macrophytes in palaeolimnological studies. Potamogeton pectinatus material was collected from modem plants (n=68) and from late glacial and Holocene-aged sediments from Koucha Lake (northeastern Tibetan Plateau; 34.0 degrees N; 97.2 degrees E; 4540 m a.s.l.). It was analyzed for delta C-13(Potamogeton) (modern: -23 to 0 parts per thousand, fossil: -19 to -4 parts per thousand) and delta N-15(Potamogeton) (modern: -11.0 to +13.8 parts per thousand, fossil: -9.5 to +6.7 parts per thousand) in addition to elemental carbon and nitrogen (modem C/N-Potamogeton: 7 to 29; fossil: 13 to 68) and sulfur (fossil: 188-899 mu mol/g dry weight). Fossil data were interpreted in terms of palaeo-nutrient availability and palaeo-productivity based on the modem relationships between various proxies and certain environmental data. Productivity of Potamogeton pectinatus mats at Koucha Lake as indicated by palaeo-epsilon(Potamogeton-TIC) (i.e. the enrichment of delta C-13(Potamogeton) relative to the delta(CTIC)-C-13) was reduced during periods of high conductivity, especially between 10.3 and 7.4 cal kyr BP. Potamogeton pectinatus material from these periods was also characterized by high S-Potamogeton indicating high sulfide concentrations and anoxic conditions within the sediments. However, C/N- Potamogeton ratios and delta N-15(Potamogeton) from the lower core section were found to have been altered by decompositional processes. A pronounced shift in the aquatic productivity of Lake Koucha occurred at similar to 7.4 cal kyr BP when the hydrological conditions shifted towards an open lake system and water depth increased. At this time a strong increase in productivity led to a strong decrease in the water HCO3- concentration as inferred from the application of a epsilon-(Potamogeton-TIC)-InHCO3- transfer function. A comparison of reconstructed productivity changes from Koucha Lake with further environmental proxies suggests that primary productivity changes are probably a function of internal lake dynamics and were only indirectly triggered by climate change.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FariasVargasTassaraetal.2010,
  author    = {Far{\"i}as, Marcelo and Vargas, Gabriel and Tassara, Andr{\´e}s and Carretier, S{\´e}bastien and Baize, St{\´e}phane and Melnick, Daniel and Bataille, Klaus},
  title     = {Land-level changes produced by the M-w 8.8 2010 Chilean earthquake},
  issn      = {0036-8075},
  doi       = {10.1126/science.1192094},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {We observed vertically displaced coastal and river markers after the 27 February 2010 Chilean earthquake [moment magnitude (Mw) 8.8]. Land-level changes range between 2.5 and -1 meters, evident along an ~500-kilometers- long segment identified here as the maximum length of coseismic rupture. A hinge line located 120 kilometers from the trench separates uplifted areas, to the west, from subsided regions. A simple elastic dislocation model fits these observations well; model parameters give a similar seismic moment to seismological estimates and suggest that most of the plate convergence since the 1835 great earthquake was elastically stored and then released during this event.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FoersterFoersterOberhaenslietal.2010,
  author    = {F{\"o}rster, Hans-J{\"u}rgen and F{\"o}rster, Andrea and Oberh{\"a}nsli, Roland and Stromeyer, Dietrich},
  title     = {Lithospheric composition and thermal structure of the Arabian Shield in Jordan},
  issn      = {0040-1951},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.tecto.2008.11.014},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {In this paper, a unique set of samples from the uppermost crust down to the lithospheric mantle of Jordan is analyzed for composition and petrophysical properties (density. thermal conductivity, radiogenic heat production) These data, covering a vertical section of almost 65 km. are used in conjunction with surface heat flow to generate a detailed and comprehensive lithospheric thermal model that reflects the conditions of the Arabian Shield (AS) prior to the post- Oligocene onset of lithosphere thinning and Voluminous basaltic volcanism. The pre-Miocene model geotherms, based on conductive surface heat flows of 55 and 60 mW m(-2). (a) meet the range of lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary depths of 110-160 km known from seismology, (b) conform to results of thermomechanical models on the on.-in of the Dead Sea basin that started in Miocene time. and (c) are consistent with typical xenolith-derived geotherms for terranes of similar age and lithospheric thickness. Moho temperatures (at depths between 35 and 40 km) of the AS in pre-Miocene times were most likely in the order of 530-650 degrees C, with mantle heat flows averaging between 24 and 29 mW m(-2) Results contradict former views of the late Proterozoic/early Cambrian-stabilized AS being an anomalously cold terrane A "cold" thermal structure inferred from previously measured low surface heat flows (generally <= 45 mW m(-2)) is inconsistent with the thickness, composition, and petrophysical properties of the stable lithosphere of the shield.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{VasquezAltenbergerRomeretal.2010,
  author    = {Vasquez, M{\´o}nica and Altenberger, Uwe and Romer, Rolf L. and Sudo, Masafumi and Moreno-Murillo, Juan Manuel},
  title     = {Magmatic evolution of the Andean Eastern Cordillera of Colombia during the Cretaceous : Influence of previous tectonic processes},
  issn      = {0895-9811},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jsames.2009.02.003},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {The Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes represents an inverted Cretaceous basin where Cretaceous magmatism is characterized by rare mafic dykes and sills. We use Ar-40/Ar-39, Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes, as well as major and trace elements analyses of Cretaceous intrusions from both flanks of the Eastern Cordillera in combination with structural data to document the complex evolution of the basin. Magmatism, which is diachronous and geochemically diverse, seems to be related to mantle melting beneath the most subsiding segments of each sub-basin during enhanced extensional tectonics. The mafic intrusions display two different compositional series: an alkaline one with OIB-like pattern and a tholeiitic one with MORB-like features. This indicates at least two diverse mantle sources. Trace-element patterns suggest that the intrusions were emplaced in an extensional setting. Ar-40/Ar-39 dating on primary plagioclase and hornblende provides plateau ages between similar to 136 and similar to 74 Ma. The geochemical and temporal diversities show that the emplacement of the magmas was tectonically controlled, each sub-basin reflecting an individual subsidence event.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{TuominenEerikaeinenSchibalskietal.2010,
  author    = {Tuominen, Sakari and Eerik{\"a}inen, Kalle and Schibalski, Anett and Haakana, Markus and Lehtonen, Aleksi},
  title     = {Mapping Biomass Variables with a Multi-Source Forest Inventory Technique},
  issn      = {0037-5330},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Map form information on forest biomass is required for estimating bioenergy potentials and monitoring carbon stocks. In Finland, the growing stock of forests is monitored using multi-source forest inventory, where variables are estimated in the form of thematic maps and area statistics by combining information of field measurements, satellite images and other digital map data. In this study, we used the multi-source forest inventory methodology for estimating forest biomass characteristics. The biomass variables were estimated for national forest inventory field plots on the basis of measured tree variables. The plot-level biomass estimates were used as reference data for satellite image interpretation. The estimates produced by satellite image interpretation were tested by cross-validation. The results indicate that the method for producing biomass maps on the basis of biomass models and satellite image interpretation is operationally feasible. Furthermore, the accuracy of the estimates of biomass variables is similar or even higher than that of traditional growing stock volume estimates. The technique presented here can be applied, for example, in estimating biomass resources or in the inventory of greenhouse gases.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WilkeO'BrienAltenbergeretal.2010,
  author    = {Wilke, Franziska Daniela Helena and O'Brien, Patrick J. and Altenberger, Uwe and Konrad-Schmolke, Matthias and Khan, M. Ahmed},
  title     = {Multi-stage reaction history in different eclogite types from the Pakistan Himalaya and implications for exhumation processes},
  issn      = {0024-4937},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.lithos.2009.07.015},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Metabasites were sampled from rock series of the subducted margin of the Indian Plate, the so-called Higher Himalayan Crystalline, in the Upper Kaghan Valley, Pakistan. These vary from corona dolerites, cropping out around Saif- ul-Muluk in the south, to coesite-eclogite close to the suture zone against rocks of the Kohistan arc in the north. Bulk rock major- and trace-element chemistry reveals essentially a single protolith as the source for five different eclogite types, which differ in fabric, modal mineralogy as well as in mineral chemistry. The study of newly-collected samples reveals coesite (confirmed by in situ Raman spectroscopy) in both garnet and omphacite. All eclogites show growth of amphiboles during exhumation. Within some coesite-bearing eclogites the presence of glaucophane cores to barroisite is noted whereas in most samples porphyroblastic sodic-calcic amphiboles are rimmed by more aluminous calcic amphibole (pargasite, tschermakite, and edenite). Eclogite facies rutile is replaced by ilmenite which itself is commonly surrounded by titanite. In addition, some eclogite bodies show leucocratic segregations containing phengite, quartz, zoisite and/or kyanite. The important implication is that the complex exhumation path shows stages of initial cooling during decompression (formation of glaucophane) followed by reheating: a very similar situation to that reported for the coesite-bearing eclogite series of the Tso Morari massif, India, 450 km to the south-east.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BoenigerTronicke2010,
  author    = {Boeniger, Urs and Tronicke, Jens},
  title     = {On the potential of kinematic GPR surveying using a self-tracking total station : evaluating system crosstalk and latency},
  issn      = {0196-2892},
  doi       = {10.1109/Tgrs.2010.2048332},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {In this paper, we present an efficient kinematic ground-penetrating radar (GPR) surveying setup using a self- tracking total station (TTS). This setup combines the ability of modern GPR systems to interface with Global Positioning System (GPS) and the capability of the employed TTS system to immediately make the positioning information available in a standardized GPS data format. Wireless communication between the GPR and the TTS system is established by using gain variable radio modems. Such a kinematic surveying setup faces two major potential limitations. First, possible crosstalk effects between the GPR and the positioning system have to be evaluated. Based on multiple walkaway experiments, we show that, for reasonable field setups, instrumental crosstalk has no significant impact on GPR data quality. Second, we investigate systematic latency (i.e., the time delay between the actual position measurement by TTS and its fusion with the GPR data) and its impact on the positional precision of kinematically acquired 2-D and 3-D GPR data. To quantify latency for our kinematic survey setup, we acquired forward-reverse profile pairs across a well-known subsurface target. Comparing the forward and reverse GPR images using three fidelity measures allows determining the optimum latency value and correcting for it. Accounting for both of these potential limitations allows us to kinematically acquire high- quality and high-precision GPR data using off-the-shelf instrumentation without further hardware modifications. Until now, these issues have not been investigated in detail, and thus, we believe that our findings have significant implications also for other geophysical surveying approaches.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{EndrunOhrnbergerSavvaidis2010,
  author    = {Endrun, Brigitte and Ohrnberger, Matthias and Savvaidis, Alexandros},
  title     = {On the repeatability and consistency of three-component ambient vibration array measurements},
  issn      = {1570-761X},
  doi       = {10.1007/s10518-009-9159-9},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Ambient vibration measurements with small, temporary arrays that produce estimates of surface wave dispersion have become increasingly popular as a low-cost, non-invasive tool for site characterisation. An important requirement for these measurements to be meaningful, however, is the temporal consistency and repeatability of the resulting dispersion and spatial autocorrelation curve estimates. Data acquired within several European research projects (NERIES task JRA4, SESAME, and other multinational experiments) offer the chance to investigate the variability of the derived data products. The dataset analysed here consists of repeated array measurements, with several years of time elapsed between them. The measurements were conducted by different groups in different seasons, using different instrumentations and array layouts, at six sites in Greece and Italy. Ambient vibration amplitude spectra and locations of dominant sources vary between the two measurements at each location. Still, analysis indicates that this does not influence the derived dispersion information, which is stable in time and neither influenced by the instrumentation nor the analyst. The frequency range over which the dispersion curves and spatial autocorrelation curves can be reliably estimated depends on the array dimensions (minimum and maximum aperture) used in the specific deployment, though, and may accordingly vary between the repeated experiments. The relative contribution of Rayleigh and Love waves to the wavefield can likewise change between repeated measurements. The observed relative contribution of Rayleigh waves is generally at or below 50\%, with especially low values for the rural sites. Besides, the visibility of higher modes depends on the noise wavefield conditions. The similarity of the dispersion and autocorrelation curves measured at each site indicates that the curves are stable, mainly determined by the sub-surface structure, and can thus be used to derive velocity information with depth. Differences between velocity models for the same site derived from independently determined dispersion and autocorrelation curves-as observed in other studies-are consequently not adequately explained by uncertainties in the measurement part.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BommerDouglasScherbaumetal.2010,
  author    = {Bommer, Julian J. and Douglas, John and Scherbaum, Frank and Cotton, Fabrice and Bungum, Hilmar and Faeh, Donat},
  title     = {On the selection of ground-motion prediction equations for seismic hazard analysis},
  issn      = {0895-0695},
  doi       = {10.1785/gssrl.81.5.783},
  year      = {2010},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BorchertWilkeSchmidtetal.2010,
  author    = {Borchert, Manuela and Wilke, Max and Schmidt, Christian and Cauzid, Jean and Tucoulou, R{\´e}mi},
  title     = {Partitioning of Ba, La, Yb and Y between haplogranitic melts and aqueous solutions : an experimental study},
  issn      = {0009-2541},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.06.009},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Barium, lanthanum, ytterbium, and yttrium partitioning experiments between fluid-saturated haplogranitic melts and aqueous solutions were conducted at 750 to 950 degrees C and 0.2 to 1 GPa to investigate the effects of melt and fluid composition, pressure, and temperature. Partition coefficients were determined using different experimental methods. On one hand quenched experiments were performed, and on the other hand, trace element contents in the aqueous fluid were determined directly using a hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell and synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence microanalysis of K-lines. The latter required a high excitation energy of 50 key due to the high energies necessary to excite the K-lines of the studied elements. The data from these two techniques showed good agreement for chloridic solutions, whereas quenching had a significant effect on results of the experiments with only water in the case of Ba. In Cl-free experiments, lanthanum and yttrium, trace element contents were even below detection limit in the quenched fluids, whereas small concentrations were detected in comparable in-situ experiments. This distinct difference is likely due to back reactions between fluid and melt upon cooling. The partitioning data of all elements show no dependence on the temperature and only small dependence on pressure. In contrast, the partitioning is strongly influenced by the composition of the starting fluid and melt. For chloridic fluids, there was a sharp increase in the Ba, La, Y and Yb partition coefficients with the alumina saturation index (ASI). The Ba partition coefficient increased from 0.002 at an ASI of 0.8 to 0.55 at an ASI of 1.07. At higher ASI, it decreased slightly to 0.2 at an ASI of similar to 1.3. Likewise, it was one to two orders of magnitude higher in chloridic fluids compared to those found in H2O experiments. Fluid-melt partition coefficients of La and Y increased from 0.002 at an ASI of similar to 0.8 to similar to 0.1 at an ASI of 1.2. In the same ASI range, the Yb partition coefficient increased to a maximum value of 0.02. Even at high salinities all elements fractionate into the melt. The compositional dependence of the partitioning data imply that both melt composition and fluid composition have a strong influence on trace element behavior and that complexation of Ba. REE and Y tin the fluid is not only controlled by the presence of Cl- in the fluid. Instead, interaction of these elements with major melt components dissolved in the fluid is very likely.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{DieterElsenbeerTurner2010,
  author    = {Dieter, Daniela and Elsenbeer, Helmut and Turner, Benjamin L.},
  title     = {Phosphorus fractionation in lowland tropical rainforest soils in central Panama},
  issn      = {0341-8162},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.catena.2010.05.010},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Phosphorus availability is commonly assumed to limit productivity in lowland tropical rainforests, yet there is relatively little information on the chemical forms of soil phosphorus in such ecosystems. We used the Hedley sequential fractionation scheme to assess phosphorus chemistry in five soils supporting tropical rainforest on Barro Colorado Island, Republic of Panama. The soils represented a range of orders (Inceptisols, Alfisols, and Oxisols) formed on contrasting geological substrates and topography, but under uniform climate and vegetation. Total phosphorus in surface horizons ranged between 315 and 1114 mg P kg(-1), being lowest on a soil derived from marine sediments and highest on soils derived from andesite. The majority of the phosphorus occurred in recalcitrant forms, although between 14\% and 39\% occurred as organic phosphorus. Readily-available phosphate, as extracted by anion-exchange membranes, occurred in small concentrations (4-13 mg P kg(-1)), although labile phosphorus, defined as phosphate extracted by anion-exchange membrane plus inorganic and organic phosphorus extracted by 0.5 M NaHCO3, accounted for between 4.7\% and 11.4\% of the total soil phosphorus. Our results indicate a strong control of geology and topography on soil phosphorus in tropical rainforests, which may have important implications for understanding the diversity and distribution of plant species in such ecosystems. Further, some of the most common soils on Barro Colorado Island, including those on the 50 ha forest dynamics plot, are rich in phosphorus despite their relatively advanced stage of pedogenesis.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ZeheGraeffMorgneretal.2010,
  author    = {Zehe, Erwin and Gr{\"a}ff, Thomas and Morgner, Markus and Bauer, Andreas and Bronstert, Axel},
  title     = {Plot and field scale soil moisture dynamics and subsurface wetness control on runoff generation in a headwater in the Ore Mountains},
  issn      = {1027-5606},
  doi       = {10.5194/hess-14-873-2010},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {This study presents an application of an innovative sampling strategy to assess soil moisture dynamics in a headwater of the Weisseritz in the German eastern Ore Mountains. A grassland site and a forested site were instrumented with two Spatial TDR clusters (STDR) that consist of 39 and 32 coated TDR probes of 60 cm length. Distributed time series of vertically averaged soil moisture data from both sites/ensembles were analyzed by statistical and geostatistical methods. Spatial variability and the spatial mean at the forested site were larger than at the grassland site. Furthermore, clustering of TDR probes in combination with long-term monitoring allowed identification of average spatial covariance structures at the small field scale for different wetness states. The correlation length of soil water content as well as the sill to nugget ratio at the grassland site increased with increasing average wetness and but, in contrast, were constant at the forested site. As soil properties at both the forested and grassland sites are extremely variable, this suggests that the correlation structure at the forested site is dominated by the pattern of throughfall and interception. We also found a very strong correlation between antecedent soil moisture at the forested site and runoff coefficients of rainfall-runoff events observed at gauge Rehefeld. Antecedent soil moisture at the forest site explains 92\% of the variability in the runoff coefficients. By combining these results with a recession analysis we derived a first conceptual model of the dominant runoff mechanisms operating in this catchment. Finally, we employed a physically based hydrological model to shed light on the controls of soil- and plant morphological parameters on soil average soil moisture at the forested site and the grassland site, respectively. A homogeneous soil setup allowed, after fine tuning of plant morphological parameters, most of the time unbiased predictions of the observed average soil conditions observed at both field sites. We conclude that the proposed sampling strategy of clustering TDR probes is suitable to assess unbiased average soil moisture dynamics in critical functional units, in this case the forested site, which is a much better predictor for event scale runoff formation than pre-event discharge. Long term monitoring of such critical landscape elements could maybe yield valuable information for flood warning in headwaters. We thus think that STDR provides a good intersect of the advantages of permanent sampling and spatially highly resolved soil moisture sampling using mobile rods.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SimpsonVanMeirvenneLucketal.2010,
  author    = {Simpson, David and Van Meirvenne, Marc and Luck, Erika and Bourgeois, Jean and Ruhlmann, J{\"o}rg},
  title     = {Prospection of two circular Bronze Age ditches with multi-receiver electrical conductivity sensors (North Belgium)},
  issn      = {0305-4403},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jas.2010.03.017},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Two types of electrical conductivity sensors were evaluated to prospect circular ditches surrounding former Bronze Age burial mounds, complementing aerial photography. The first sensor was based on the electrical resistivity (ER) method, while the second sensor was based on frequency-domain electromagnetic induction (FDEM). Both sensors were designed with multiple receivers, which measure several depth sensitivities simultaneously. First, the sensors were tested on an experimental site where a rectangular structure with limited dimensions was dug in a sandy soil. The structure appeared as a higher conductivity anomaly in the low-conductivity sand. Then, both methods were applied on two Bronze Age sites with different soil properties, which were discovered by aerial photography. The first site, in a sandy soil, gave only very weak anomalies. Soil augering revealed that the ditch filling consisted of the same sandy material as the surrounding, therefore this filling was not able to cause a high-conductivity contrast. Due to its lower sensitivity to noise in the low-conductive range, the ER-sensor produced a more pronounced anomaly than the FDEM-sensor. The second site was located on top of a ridge with a shallow substrate of Tertiary, coastal sediments. The ditch was very clearly visible on the sensor maps as a conductive low. At this location, the soil augering revealed that the ditch was dug through an alternating clay-sand layer and subsequently filled up with silty material from the topsoil. Overall, the shallow receiver separation produced anomalies that were both stronger and that corresponded better to the geometry of the ditches. The other receiver separations provided more information on the natural soil layering, and in the case of the ER-array they could be used to obtain a cross-section of the actual electrical conductivity with 2-D inversion modelling. The results of this study proofed that conductivity sensors can detect Bronze Age ditches, with varying contrast depending on the soil geomorphology. Moreover, the sensor maps combined with soil observations by coring provided insight in the environmental conditions that influence the contrast of the anomalies seen on the aerial photographs and the sensor maps.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HandySchmidBousquetetal.2010,
  author    = {Handy, Mark R. and Schmid, Stefan M. and Bousquet, Romain and Kissling, Eduard and Bernoulli, Daniel},
  title     = {Reconciling plate-tectonic reconstructions of Alpine Tethys with the geological-geophysical record of spreading and subduction in the Alps},
  issn      = {0012-8252},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.06.002},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {A new reconstruction of Alpine Tethys combines plate-kinematic modelling with a wealth of geological data and seismic tomography to shed light on its evolution, from sea-floor spreading through subduction to collision in the Alps. Unlike previous models, which relate the fate of Alpine Tethys solely to relative motions of Africa, Iberia and Europe during opening of the Atlantic, our reconstruction additionally invokes independent microplates whose motions are constrained primarily by the geological record. The motions of these microplates (Adria, Iberia, Alcapia, Alkapecia, and Tiszia) relative to both Africa and Europe during Late Cretaceous to Cenozoic time involved the subduction of remnant Tethyan basins during the following three stages that are characterized by contrasting plate motions and driving forces: (1) 131-84 Ma intra-oceanic subduction of the Ligurian part of Alpine Tethys attached to Iberia coincided with Eo-alpine orogenesis in the Alcapia microplate, north of Africa. These events were triggered primarily by foundering of the older (170-131 Ma) Neotethyan subduction slab along the NE margin of the composite African-Adriatic plate; subduction was linked by a sinistral transform system to E-W opening of the Valais part of Alpine Tethys; (2) 84-35 Ma subduction of primarily the Piemont and Valais parts of Alpine Tethys which were then attached to the European plate beneath the overriding African and later Adriatic plates. NW translation of Adria with respect to Africa was accommodated primarily by slow widening of the Ionian Sea; (3) 35 Ma-Recent rollback subduction of the Ligurian part of Alpine Tethys coincided with Western Alpine orogenesis and involved the formation of the Gibraltar and Calabrian arcs. Rapid subduction and arc formation were driven primarily by the pull of the gravitationally unstable, retreating Adriatic and African slabs during slow convergence of Africa and Europe. The upper European-Iberian plate stretched to accommodate this slab retreat in a very mobile fashion, while the continental core of the Adriatic microplate acted as a rigid indenter within the Alpine collisional zone. The subducted lithosphere in this reconstruction can be correlated with slab material imaged by seismic tomography beneath the Alps and Apennines, as well as beneath parts of the Pannonian Basin, the Adriatic Sea, the Ligurian Sea, and the Western Mediterranean. The predicted amount of subducted lithosphere exceeds the estimated volume of slab material residing at depth by some 10-30\%, indicating that parts of slabs may be superposed within the mantle transition zone and/or that some of this subducted lithosphere became seismically transparent.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HattermannLevermann2010,
  author    = {Hattermann, Tore and Levermann, Anders},
  title     = {Response of Southern Ocean circulation to global warming may enhance basal ice shelf melting around Antarctica},
  issn      = {0930-7575},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00382-009-0643-3},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {We investigate the large-scale oceanic features determining the future ice shelf-ocean interaction by analyzing global warming experiments in a coarse resolution climate model with a comprehensive ocean component. Heat and freshwater fluxes from basal ice shelf melting (ISM) are parameterized following Beckmann and Goosse [Ocean Model 5(2):157-170, 2003]. Melting sensitivities to the oceanic temperature outside of the ice shelf cavities are varied from linear to quadratic (Holland et al. in J Clim 21, 2008). In 1\% per year CO2-increase experiments the total freshwater flux from ISM triples to 0.09 Sv in the linear case and more than quadruples to 0.15 Sv in the quadratic case after 140 years at which 4 x 280 ppm = 1,120 ppm was reached. Due to the long response time of subsurface temperature anomalies, ISM thereafter increases drastically, if CO2 concentrations are kept constant at 1,120 ppm. Varying strength of the Antarctic circumpolar current (ACC) is crucial for ISM increase, because southward advection of heat dominates the warming along the Antarctic coast. On centennial timescales the ACC accelerates due to deep ocean warming north of the current, caused by mixing of heat along isopycnals in the Southern Ocean (SO) outcropping regions. In contrast to previous studies we find an initial weakening of the ACC during the first 150 years of warming. This purely baroclinic effect is due to a freshening in the SO which is consistent with present observations. Comparison with simulations with diagnosed ISM but without its influence on the ocean circulation reveal a number of ISM-related feedbacks, of which a negative ISM-feedback, due to the ISM-related local oceanic cooling, is the dominant one.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HerzschuhBirksLiuetal.2010,
  author    = {Herzschuh, Ulrike and Birks, H. John B. and Liu, Xingqi and Kubatzki, Claudia and Lohmann, Gerrit},
  title     = {Retracted: What caused the mid-Holocene forest decline on the eastern Tibet-Qinghai Plateau?},
  issn      = {1466-822X},
  doi       = {10.1111/j.1466-8238.2009.00501.x},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Aim: Atmospheric CO2 concentrations depend, in part, on the amount of biomass locked up in terrestrial vegetation. Information on the causes of a broad-scale vegetation transition and associated loss of biomass is thus of critical interest for understanding global palaeoclimatic changes. Pollen records from the north-eastern Tibet-Qinghai Plateau reveal a dramatic and extensive forest decline beginning c. 6000 cal. yr bp. The aim of this study is to elucidate the causes of this regional-scale change from high-biomass forest to low-biomass steppe on the Tibet-Qinghai Plateau during the second half of the Holocene. Location: Our study focuses on the north-eastern Tibet-Qinghai Plateau. Stratigraphical data used are from Qinghai Lake (3200 m a.s.l., 36 degrees 32'-37 degrees 15' N, 99 degrees 36'-100 degrees 47' E). Methods: We apply a modern pollen-precipitation transfer function from the eastern and north-eastern Tibet-Qinghai Plateau to fossil pollen spectra from Qinghai Lake to reconstruct annual precipitation changes during the Holocene. The reconstructions are compared to a stable oxygen-isotope record from the same sediment core and to results from two transient climate model simulations. Results: The pollen-based precipitation reconstruction covering the Holocene parallels moisture changes inferred from the stable oxygen-isotope record. Furthermore, these results are in close agreement with simulated model-based past annual precipitation changes. Main conclusions: In the light of these data and the model results, we conclude that it is not necessary to attribute the broad-scale forest decline to human activity. Climate change as a result of changes in the intensity of the East Asian Summer Monsoon in the mid-Holocene is the most parsimonious explanation for the widespread forest decline on the Tibet-Qinghai Plateau. Moreover, climate feedback from a reduced forest cover accentuates increasingly drier conditions in the area, indicating complex vegetation-climate interactions during this major ecological change.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ZimmermannZimmermannLarketal.2010,
  author    = {Zimmermann, Beate and Zimmermann, Alexander and Lark, Richard M. and Elsenbeer, Helmut},
  title     = {Sampling procedures for throughfall monitoring : a simulation study},
  issn      = {0043-1397},
  doi       = {10.1029/2009wr007776},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {What is the most appropriate sampling scheme to estimate event-based average throughfall? A satisfactory answer to this seemingly simple question has yet to be found, a failure which we attribute to previous efforts' dependence on empirical studies. Here we try to answer this question by simulating stochastic throughfall fields based on parameters for statistical models of large monitoring data sets. We subsequently sampled these fields with different sampling designs and variable sample supports. We evaluated the performance of a particular sampling scheme with respect to the uncertainty of possible estimated means of throughfall volumes. Even for a relative error limit of 20\%, an impractically large number of small, funnel-type collectors would be required to estimate mean throughfall, particularly for small events. While stratification of the target area is not superior to simple random sampling, cluster random sampling involves the risk of being less efficient. A larger sample support, e.g., the use of trough-type collectors, considerably reduces the necessary sample sizes and eliminates the sensitivity of the mean to outliers. Since the gain in time associated with the manual handling of troughs versus funnels depends on the local precipitation regime, the employment of automatically recording clusters of long troughs emerges as the most promising sampling scheme. Even so, a relative error of less than 5\% appears out of reach for throughfall under heterogeneous canopies. We therefore suspect a considerable uncertainty of input parameters for interception models derived from measured throughfall, in particular, for those requiring data of small throughfall events.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BlaserKruegerOhrnbergeretal.2010,
  author    = {Blaser, Lilian and Kr{\"u}ger, Frank and Ohrnberger, Matthias and Scherbaum, Frank},
  title     = {Scaling relations of earthquake source parameter estimates with special focus on subduction environment},
  issn      = {0037-1106},
  doi       = {10.1785/0120100111},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Earthquake rupture length and width estimates are in demand in many seismological applications. Earthquake magnitude estimates are often available, whereas the geometrical extensions of the rupture fault mostly are lacking. Therefore, scaling relations are needed to derive length and width from magnitude. Most frequently used are the relationships of Wells and Coppersmith (1994) derived on the basis of a large dataset including all slip types with the exception of thrust faulting events in subduction environments. However, there are many applications dealing with earthquakes in subduction zones because of their high seismic and tsunamigenic potential. There are no well-established scaling relations for moment magnitude and length/width for subduction events. Within this study, we compiled a large database of source parameter estimates of 283 earthquakes. All focal mechanisms are represented, but special focus is set on (large) subduction zone events, in particular. Scaling relations were fitted with linear least-square as well as orthogonal regression and analyzed regarding the difference between continental and subduction zone/oceanic relationships. Additionally, the effect of technical progress in earthquake parameter estimation on scaling relations was tested as well as the influence of different fault mechanisms. For a given moment magnitude we found shorter but wider rupture areas of thrust events compared to Wells and Coppersmith (1994). The thrust event relationships for pure continental and pure subduction zone rupture areas were found to be almost identical. The scaling relations differ significantly for slip types. The exclusion of events prior to 1964 when the worldwide standard seismic network was established resulted in a remarkable effect on strike-slip scaling relations: the data do not show any saturation of rupture width of strike- slip earthquakes. Generally, rupture area seems to scale with mean slip independent of magnitude. The aspect ratio L/W, however, depends on moment and differs for each slip type.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WulfBookhagenScherler2010,
  author    = {Wulf, Hendrik and Bookhagen, Bodo and Scherler, Dirk},
  title     = {Seasonal precipitation gradients and their impact on fluvial sediment flux in the Northwest Himalaya},
  issn      = {0169-555X},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.12.003},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Precipitation in the form of rain and snowfall throughout the Himalaya controls river discharge and erosional processes and, thus, has a first-order control on the fluvial sediment flux. Here, we analyze daily precipitation data (1998-2007) of 80 weather stations from the northwestern Himalaya in order to decipher temporal and spatial moisture gradients. In addition, suspended sediment data allow assessment of the impact of precipitation on the fluvial sediment flux for a 10(3)-km(2) catchment (Baspa). We find that weather stations located at the mountain front receive similar to 80\% of annual precipitation during summer (May-Oct), whereas stations in the orogenic interior, i.e., leeward of the orographic barrier, receive similar to 60\% of annual precipitation during winter (Nov-Apr). In both regions 4-6 rainstorm days account for similar to 40\% of the summer budgets, while rainstorm magnitude-frequency relations, derived from 40-year precipitation time-series, indicate a higher storm variability in the interior than in the frontal region. This high variability in maximum annual rainstorm days in the orogenic interior is reflected by a high variability in extreme suspended sediment events in the Baspa Valley, which strongly affect annual erosion yields. The two most prominent 5-day-long erosional events account for 50\% of the total 5-year suspended sediment flux and coincide with synoptic-scale monsoonal rainstorms. This emphasizes the erosional impact of the Indian Summer Monsoon as the main driving force for erosion processes in the orogenic interior, despite more precipitation falling during the winter season.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SimpsonVanMeirvenneLucketal.2010,
  author    = {Simpson, David and Van Meirvenne, Marc and Luck, Erika and Ruhlmann, J{\"o}rg and Saey, Timothy and Bourgeois, Jean},
  title     = {Sensitivity of multi-coil frequency domain electromagnetic induction sensors to map soil magnetic susceptibility},
  issn      = {1351-0754},
  doi       = {10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01261.x},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Magnetic susceptibility is an important indicator of anthropogenic disturbance in the natural soil. This property is often mapped with magnetic gradiometers in archaeological prospection studies. It is also detected with frequency domain electromagnetic induction (FDEM) sensors, which have the advantage that they can simultaneously measure the electrical conductivity. The detection level of FDEM sensors for magnetic structures is very dependent on the coil configuration. Apart from theoretical modelling studies, a thorough investigation with field models has not been conducted until now. Therefore, the goal of this study was to test multiple coil configurations on a test field with naturally enhanced magnetic susceptibility in the topsoil and with different types of structures mimicking real archaeological features. Two FDEM sensors were used with coil separations between 0.5 and 2 m and with three coil orientations. First, a vertical sounding was conducted over the undisturbed soil to test the validity of a theoretical layered model, which can be used to infer the depth sensitivity of the coil configurations. The modelled sounding values corresponded well with the measured data, which means that the theoretical models are applicable to layered soils. Second, magnetic structures were buried in the site and the resulting anomalies measured to a very high resolution. The results showed remarkable differences in amplitude and complexity between the responses of the coil configurations. The 2-m horizontal coplanar and 1.1-m perpendicular coil configurations produced the clearest anomalies and resembled best a gradiometer measurement.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{EhretZehe2010,
  author    = {Ehret, Uwe and Zehe, Erwin},
  title     = {Series distance : an intuitive metric for hydrograph comparison},
  issn      = {1812-2108},
  doi       = {10.5194/hessd-7-8387-2010},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Applying metrics for hydrograph comparison is a central task in hydrological modelling, used both in model calibration and the evaluation of simulations or forecasts. Motivated by the shortcomings of standard objective metrics such as the Root Mean Square Error or the Mean Peak Time Error and the advantages of visual inspection as a powerful tool for simultaneous, case-specific and multi-criteria (yet subjective) evaluation, we propose a new objective metric termed Series Distance, which is in close accordance with visual evaluation. The Series Distance is an event-based method and consists of three parts, namely a Threat Score which evaluates overall agreement of event occurrence, and the overall distance of matching observed and simulated events with respect to amplitude and timing. The novelty of the latter two is the way in which matching point pairs on the observed and simulated hydrographs are identified, namely by the same relative position in matching segments (rise or recession) of matching events. Thus, amplitude and timing errors are calculated simultaneously but separately, from point pairs that also match visually, considering complete events rather than only individual points (which is for example the case with metrics related to Peak Time Errors). After presenting the Series Distance theory, we discuss its properties and compare it to those of standard metrics and visual inspection, both at the example of simple, artificial hydrographs and an ensemble of realistic forecasts. The results suggest that the Series Distance compares and evaluates hydrographs in a way comparable to visual inspection, but in an objective, reproducible way.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{CristianoPetrosinoSaccorottietal.2010,
  author    = {Cristiano, Luigia and Petrosino, Simona and Saccorotti, Gilberto and Ohrnberger, Matthias and Scarpa, Roberto},
  title     = {Shear-wave velocity structure at Mt. Etna from inversion of Rayleigh-wave dispersion patterns (2 s < T < 20 s)},
  issn      = {1593-5213},
  doi       = {10.4401/Ag-4574},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {In the present study, we investigated the dispersion characteristics of medium-to-long period Rayleigh waves (2 s < T < 20 s) using both single-station techniques (multiple-filter analysis, and phase-match filter) and multichannel techniques (horizontal slowness [p] and angular frequency [omega] stack, and cross-correlation) to determine the velocity structure for the Mt. Etna volcano. We applied these techniques to a dataset of teleseisms, as regional and local earthquakes recorded by two broad-band seismic arrays installed at Mt. Etna in 2002 and 2005, during two seismic surveys organized by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), sezione di Napoli. The dispersion curves obtained showed phase velocities ranging from 1.5 km/s to 4.0 km/s in the frequency band 0.05 Hz to 0.45 Hz. We inverted the average phase velocity dispersion curves using a non-linear approach, to obtain a set of shear-wave velocity models with maximum resolution depths of 25 km to 30 km. Moreover, the presence of lateral velocity contrasts was checked by dividing the whole array into seven triangular sub-arrays and inverting the dispersion curves relative to each triangle.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchaefliHuss2010,
  author    = {Schaefli, Bettina and Huss, Matthias},
  title     = {Simulation of high mountainous discharge : how much information do we need?},
  issn      = {1812-2108},
  doi       = {10.5194/hessd-7-8661-2010},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {The hydrologic cycle of high mountainous catchments is frequently simulated with simple precipitation-discharge models representing the snow accumulation and ablation behavior of a very complex environment with a set of lumped equations accounting for altitudinal temperature and precipitation gradients. In this study, we present a methodology to include sparse snow depths measurements into the calibration process. Based on this methodology, we assess for a case study, the Rhonegletscher catchment (Switzerland), how much observed information we need to reliably calibrate the model, such that it reproduces the dominant system dynamics, discharge, as well as glacier mass balance. Here, we focus on the question whether observed discharge is sufficient as a calibration variable or whether we need annual or even seasonal glacier mass balance data. Introducing seasonally variable accumulation and ablation parameters is sufficient to enable the simple model to reproduce observed seasonal mass balances for the Rhonegletscher. Furthermore, our results suggest that calibrating the hydrological model exclusively on discharge can lead to wrong representations of the intra- annual accumulation and ablation processes and to a strong bias in long term glacier mass balance simulations. Adding only a few annual mass balance observations considerably reduces this bias. Calibrating exclusively on annual balance data can, in turn, lead to wrong seasonal mass balance simulations. Even if these results are case study specific, our conclusions provide valuable new insights into the benefit of different types of observations for calibrating hydrological models in glacier catchments. The presented multi-signal calibration framework and the simple method to calibrate a semi-lumped model on point observations has potential for application in other modeling contexts.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SeglGuanterKaufmannetal.2010,
  author    = {Segl, Karl and Guanter, Luis and Kaufmann, Hermann and Schubert, Josef and Kaiser, Stefan and Sang, Bernhard and Hofer, Stefan},
  title     = {Simulation of spatial sensor characteristics in the context of the EnMAP Hyperspectral mission},
  issn      = {0196-2892},
  doi       = {10.1109/Tgrs.2010.2042455},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {The simulation of remote sensing images is a valuable tool for defining future Earth observation systems, optimizing instrument parameters, and developing and validating data-processing algorithms. A scene simulator for optical Earth observation data has been developed within the Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program (EnMAP) hyperspectral mission. It produces EnMAP-like data following a sequential processing approach consisting of five independent modules referred to as reflectance, atmospheric, spatial, spectral, and radiometric modules. From a modeling viewpoint, the spatial module is the most complex. The spatial simulation process considers the satellite-target geometry, which is adapted to the EnMAP orbit and operating characteristics, the instrument spatial response, and the sources of spatial nonuniformity (keystone, telescope distortion and smile, and detector coregistration). The spatial module of the EnMAP scene simulator is presented in this paper. The EnMAP spatial and geometric characteristics will be described, the simulation methodology will be presented in detail, and the capability of the EnMAP simulator will be shown by illustrative examples.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WasiolkaJeltschHenscheletal.2010,
  author    = {Wasiolka, Bernd and Jeltsch, Florian and Henschel, Joh and Blaum, Niels},
  title     = {Space use of the spotted sand lizard (Pedioplanis l. lineoocellata) under different degradation states},
  issn      = {0141-6707},
  doi       = {10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01085.x},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Although the effects of grazing-induced savannah degradation on animal diversity are well documented, knowledge of how they affect space use or responding behaviour remains poor. In this study, we analysed space use of the spotted sand lizard (Pedioplanis l. lineoocellata) in degraded versus nondegraded habitats of southern Kalahari savannah habitats. Lizards were radio tracked, daily movement distances recorded and home range sizes calculated. In degraded Kalahari savannah habitats where plant diversity and perennial grass cover are low but shrub cover high, P. lineoocellata moves larger distances (40.88 +/- 6.42 m versus 27.43 +/- 5.08 m) and occupies larger home ranges (646.64 +/- 244.84 m(2) versus 209.15 +/- 109.84 m(2)) than in nondegraded habitats (high plant diversity, high perennial grass cover and low shrub cover). We assume that this increase in daily movement distances and home range sizes is a behavioural plasticity to limited food resources in degraded savannah habitats. Although P. lineoocellata is able to adjust to resource-poor savannah habitats, the increase in the lizard's movement activities is likely to result in a higher predation risk. This is supported by the lower availability of protective vegetation i.e. perennial grass cover. Hence, we conclude that despite behavioural plasticity of P. lineoocellata, overgrazing has a severe negative impact on the space use of P. lineoocellata.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BreitenbachAdkinsMeyeretal.2010,
  author    = {Breitenbach, Sebastian Franz Martin and Adkins, Jess F. and Meyer, Hanno and Marwan, Norbert and Kumar, Kanikicharla Krishna and Haug, Gerald H.},
  title     = {Strong influence of water vapor source dynamics on stable isotopes in precipitation observed in Southern Meghalaya, NE India},
  issn      = {0012-821X},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.epsl.2010.01.038},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {To calibrate delta O-18 time-series from speleothems in the eastern Indian summer monsoon (ISM) region of India, and to understand the moisture regime over the northern Bay of Bengal (BoB) we analyze the delta O-18 and delta D of rainwater, collected in 2007 and 2008 near Cherrapunji, India. delta D values range from + 18.5 parts per thousand to 144.4 parts per thousand, while delta O-18 varies between +0.8 parts per thousand and 18.8 parts per thousand. The Local Meteoric Water Line (LMWL) is found to be indistinguishable from the Global Meteoric Water Line (GMWL). Late ISM (September-October) rainfall exhibits lowest delta O-18 and delta D values, with little relationship to the local precipitation amount. There is a trend to lighter isotope values over the course of the ISM, but it does not correlate with the patterns of temperature and rainfall amount delta O-18 and delta D time-series have to be interpreted with caution in terms of the 'amount effect' in this subtropical region. We find that the temporal trend in delta O-18 reflects increasing transport distance during the ISM, isotopic changes in the northern BoB surface waters during late ISM, and vapor re-equilibration with rain droplets. Using an isotope box model for surface ocean waters, we quantify the potential influence of river runoff on the isotopic composition of the seasonal freshwater plume in the northern BoB. Temporal variations in this source can contribute up to 25\% of the observed changes in stable isotopes of precipitation in NE India. To delineate other moisture sources, we use backward trajectory computations and find a strong correlation between source region and isotopic composition. Palaeoclimatic stable isotope time-series from northeast Indian speleothems likely reflect changes in moisture source and transport pathway, as well as the isotopic composition of the BoB surface water, all of which in turn reflect ISM strength. Stalagmite records from the region can therefore be interpreted as integrated measures of the ISM strength.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GerkeKoszinskiKalettkaetal.2010,
  author    = {Gerke, Horst H. and Koszinski, Sylvia and Kalettka, Thomas and Sommer, Michael},
  title     = {Structures and hydrologic function of soil landscapes with kettle holes using an integrated hydropedological approach},
  issn      = {0022-1694},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.12.047},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {The hummocky post-glacial soil landscapes with kettle holes as internal drainage systems are characterized by ponds that trap lateral fluxes in topographic depressions. A quantitative description is mostly limited by the unknown complexity of hydraulically relevant soil and sediment structures. This paper is focussing on a structure-based approach to identify relevant field-scale flow and transport processes. Illustrative examples demonstrate extreme variations in water table fluctuation for adjoining kettle holes. Explanations require a pedohydrologic concept of the arable soil landscape. Identification of structures is based on geophysical methods and soil hydraulic measurements. Electrical resistivity imaging yields 0.5 m-scale spatial structures that correspond with soil texture distributions. Electromagnetic induction provides larger-scale field maps that reflect major soil and sediment features. Results of both methods correspond within the limits of the different spatial resolutions. With geophysical exploration methods, colluvial areas with textural differences between upper and deeper soil layers, coarse-textured sediment lenses, and stony colluvial regions around kettle holes are identified as potentially relevant flow structures. The colluvial fringe around the pond seems to be a sensitive area with important lateral exchange fluxes. Tensiometer measurements perpendicular to this boundary indicate hydraulic gradients directed from the pond towards the partially saturated soil. The localized infiltration of trapped water in kettle holes can control large fractions of ground water recharge and may have implications for the fate of agricultural chemicals in post-glacial landscapes. While surface and subsurface hydraulic structures may be inferred using minimal-invasive techniques, better understanding of processes and properties governing lateral exchange fluxes between pond and surrounding soil are required.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BraeunigerKnappKuehnetal.2010,
  author    = {Braeuniger, Claudia and Knapp, Sonja and Kuehn, Ingolf and Klotz, Stefan},
  title     = {Testing taxonomic and landscape surrogates for biodiversity in an urban setting},
  issn      = {0169-2046},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.07.001},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Cities often have higher species diversity than the surrounding landscape. This diversity is important for both nature conservation and urban planning. The recreation of residents and the protection of species and habitats are simultaneous targets of maintaining urban green spaces. Data about the distribution and richness of species and their habitats have been compiled frequently; however, it is difficult and costly to measure the complete biodiversity of a region, necessitating useful surrogates. We tested species and habitat data in 27 protected areas in a Central German city and asked (1) whether the diversity of selected taxa acts as a surrogate for the diversity of other taxa and total investigated diversity, and (2) whether landscape structure and human impact explain species richness. Landscape structure metrics were based on soil and habitat types; human influence was measured as the degree of hemeroby. We tested and accounted for sample bias prior to analyses. (1) Vascular plant species richness explained total richness and single taxon richness best. (2) The size of a protected area was the most important predictor of species richness. After correcting for the effect of size, shape complexity, isolation, and matrix properties remained significant. Accordingly, the type of data frequently used for urban planning - collected over several years, by various persons for various purposes - is suitable regarding systematic conservation planning for species richness. The surrogate taxa concept applies in urban areas but with restrictions. Additionally, species richness should be examined in the context of both the city and its surrounding countryside.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WilkeO'BrienGerdesetal.2010,
  author    = {Wilke, Franziska Daniela Helena and O'Brien, Patrick J. and Gerdes, Axel and Timmerman, Martin Jan and Sudo, Masafumi and Khan, M. Ahmed},
  title     = {The multistage exhumation history of the Kaghan Valley UHP series, NW Himalaya, Pakistan from U-Pb and Ar-40/Ar- 39 ages},
  issn      = {0935-1221},
  doi       = {10.1127/0935-1221/2010/0022-2051},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Amphibole and mica Ar-40/Ar-39 ages as well as zircon, rutile and titanite U-Pb geochronology of eclogites and associated host rocks from the Higher Himalayan Crystalline Nappes (Indian Plate) in the Upper Kaghan Valley, Pakistan allow distinction of a multistage exhumation history. An Eocene age for peak-pressure metamorphism has been obtained by phengite Ar-40/Ar-39 (47.3 +/- 0.3 Ma) and zircon U-Pb (47.3 +/- 0.4 and 47.4 +/- 0.3 Ma) ages from cover and basement gneisses. A very short-lived metamorphic peak and rapid cooling is documented by an amphibole Ar-40/Ar-39 age of 46.6 +/- 0.5 Ma and a rutile U-Pb age of 44.1 +/- 1.3 Ma from eclogites. Phengite and biotite ages from cover and basement sequences metamorphosed during the Himalayan orogeny are 34.5 +/- 0.2 to 28.1 +/- 0.2 Ma whereas youngest biotites, yielding 23.6 +/- 0.1 and 21.7 +/- 0.2 Ma, probably reflect argon partial resetting. The amphibole age, together with those derived from phengite and zircon demonstrate a rate of initial exhumation of 86-143 mm/a i.e. an extremely rapid transport of the Indian Plate continental crust from ultra-high pressure (UHP) conditions back to crustal levels (47-46 Ma for transport from 140 to 40 km depth). Subsequent exhumation (46-41 Ma, 40-35 km) slowed to about 1 mm/a at the base of the continental crust but increased again later towards slightly higher exhumation rates of ca. 2 mm/a (41-34 Ma, 35- 20 km). This indicates a change from buoyancy-driven exhumation at mantle depths to compression forces related to continent-continent collision and accompanied crustal folding, thrusting and stacking that finally exposed the former deeply-buried rocks.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SigmanHainHaug2010,
  author    = {Sigman, Daniel M. and Hain, Mathis P. and Haug, Gerald H.},
  title     = {The polar ocean and glacial cycles in atmospheric CO2 concentration},
  issn      = {0028-0836},
  doi       = {10.1038/Nature09149},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Global climate and the atmospheric partial pressure of carbon dioxide (p(CO2atm)) are correlated over recent glacial cycles, with lower p(CO2atm) during ice ages, but the causes of the p(CO2atm) changes are unknown. The modern Southern Ocean releases deeply sequestered CO2 to the atmosphere. Growing evidence suggests that the Southern Ocean CO2 'leak' was stemmed during ice ages, increasing ocean CO2 storage. Such a change would also have made the global ocean more alkaline, driving additional ocean CO2 uptake. This explanation for lower ice-age p(CO2atm), if correct, has much to teach us about the controls on current ocean processes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AlAtikAbrahamsonBommeretal.2010,
  author    = {Al Atik, Linda and Abrahamson, Norman A. and Bommer, Julian J. and Scherbaum, Frank and Cotton, Fabrice and Kuehn, Nicolas},
  title     = {The variability of ground-motion prediction models and its components},
  issn      = {0895-0695},
  doi       = {10.1785/gssrl.81.5.794},
  year      = {2010},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ZurellBergerCabraletal.2010,
  author    = {Zurell, Damaris and Berger, Uta and Cabral, Juliano Sarmento and Jeltsch, Florian and Meynard, Christine N. and Muenkemueller, Tamara and Nehrbass, Nana and Pagel, J{\"o}rn and Reineking, Bjoern and Schroeder, Boris and Grimm, Volker},
  title     = {The virtual ecologist approach : simulating data and observers},
  issn      = {0030-1299},
  doi       = {10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.18284.x},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Ecologists carry a well-stocked toolbox with a great variety of sampling methods, statistical analyses and modelling tools, and new methods are constantly appearing. Evaluation and optimisation of these methods is crucial to guide methodological choices. Simulating error-free data or taking high-quality data to qualify methods is common practice. Here, we emphasise the methodology of the 'virtual ecologist' (VE) approach where simulated data and observer models are used to mimic real species and how they are 'virtually' observed. This virtual data is then subjected to statistical analyses and modelling, and the results are evaluated against the 'true' simulated data. The VE approach is an intuitive and powerful evaluation framework that allows a quality assessment of sampling protocols, analyses and modelling tools. It works under controlled conditions as well as under consideration of confounding factors such as animal movement and biased observer behaviour. In this review, we promote the approach as a rigorous research tool, and demonstrate its capabilities and practical relevance. We explore past uses of VE in different ecological research fields, where it mainly has been used to test and improve sampling regimes as well as for testing and comparing models, for example species distribution models. We discuss its benefits as well as potential limitations, and provide some practical considerations for designing VE studies. Finally, research fields are identified for which the approach could be useful in the future. We conclude that VE could foster the integration of theoretical and empirical work and stimulate work that goes far beyond sampling methods, leading to new questions, theories, and better mechanistic understanding of ecological systems.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BloecherCacaceLewerenzetal.2010,
  author    = {Bloecher, Mando Guido and Cacace, Mauro and Lewerenz, Bjoern and Zimmermann, G{\"u}nter},
  title     = {Three dimensional modelling of fractured and faulted reservoirs : framework and implementation},
  issn      = {0009-2819},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.chemer.2010.05.014},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Modelling of coupled physical processes in fractured and faulted media is a major challenge for the geoscience community. Due to the complexity related to the geometry of real fracture networks and fault systems, modelling studies have been mainly restricted either to two dimensional cases or to simplified orthogonal fracture systems consisting of vertical and horizontal fractures. An approach to generate three dimensional meshes for realistic fault geometries is presented. The method enables representation of faults in an arbitrary incline as two dimensional planes within a three dimensional, stratified porous matrix of a generic geometry. Based on a structural geological model, the method creates three dimensional unstructured tetrahedral meshes. These meshes can be used for finite element and finite volume numerical simulations. A simulation of a coupled fluid flow and heat transport problem for a two layered porous medium cut by two crossing faults is presented to test the reliability of the method.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BauerMoeckNordenetal.2010,
  author    = {Bauer, Klaus and Moeck, Inga and Norden, Ben and Schulze, Alexander and Weber, Michael H. and Wirth, Holger},
  title     = {Tomographic P wave velocity and vertical velocity gradient structure across the geothermal site Groß Schoenebeck (NE German Basin) : relationship to lithology, salt tectonics, and thermal regime},
  issn      = {0148-0227},
  doi       = {10.1029/2009jb006895},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Seismic wide-angle data were collected along a 40-km-long profile centered at the geothermal research well GrSk 3/90 in the Northeast German Basin. Tomographic inversion of travel time data provided a velocity and a vertical velocity gradient model, indicative of Cenozoic to Pre-Permian sediments. Wide-angle reflections are modeled and interpreted as top Zechstein and top Pre-Permian. Changes in velocity gradients are interpreted as the transition from mechanical to chemical compaction at 2-3 km depth, and localized salt structures are imaged, suggesting a previously unknown salt pillow in the southern part of the seismic profile. The Zechstein salt shows decreased velocities in the adjacent salt pillows compared to the salt lows, which is confirmed by sonic log data. This decrease in velocity could be explained by the mobilization of less dense salt, which moved and formed the salt pillows, whereas the denser salt remained in place at the salt lows. We interpret a narrow subvertical low-velocity zone under the salt pillow at GrSk 3/ 90 as a fault in the deep Permian to Pre-Permian. This WNW-ESE trending fault influenced the location of the salt tectonics and led to the formation of a fault-bounded graben in the Rotliegend sandstones with optimal mechanical conditions for geothermal production. Thermal modeling showed that salt pillows are related to chimney effects, a decrease in temperature, and increasing velocity. The assumed variations in salt lithology, density, and strain must thus be even higher to compensate for the temperature effect.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HerzschuhMischkeMeyeretal.2010,
  author    = {Herzschuh, Ulrike and Mischke, Steffen and Meyer, Hanno and Plessen, Birgit and Zhang, Chengjun},
  title     = {Using variations in the stable carbon isotope composition of macrophyte remains to quantify nutrient dynamics in lakes},
  issn      = {0921-2728},
  doi       = {10.1007/s10933-009-9365-0},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {The apparent isotope enrichment factor epsilon(macrophyte) of submerged plants (epsilon(macrophyte-DIC) = delta C-13(macrophyte) - delta C-13(DIC)) is indicative of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) supply in neutral to alkaline waters and is related to variations in aquatic productivity (Papadimitriou et al. in Limnol Oceanogr 50:1084-1095, 2005). This paper aims to evaluate the usage of epsilon(macrophyte) inferred from isotopic analyses of submerged plant fossils in addition to analyses of lake carbonate as a palaeolimnological proxy for former HCO3 (-) concentrations. Stable carbon isotopic analysis of modern Potamogeton pectinatus leaves and its host water DIC from the Tibetan Plateau and Central Yakutia (Russia) yielded values between -23.3 and +0.4aEuro degrees and between +14.0 and +6.5aEuro degrees, respectively. Values of epsilon (Potamogeton-DIC) (range -15.4 to +1.1aEuro degrees) from these lakes are significantly correlated with host water HCO3 (-) concentration (range 78-2,200 mg/l) (r = -0.86; P < 0.001), thus allowing for the development of a transfer function. Palaeo-epsilon (Potamogeton-ostracods) values from Luanhaizi Lake on the NE Tibetan Plateau, as inferred from the stable carbon isotope measurement of fossil Potamogeton pectinatus seeds (range -24 to +2.8aEuro degrees) and ostracods (range -7.8 to +7.5\%) range between -14.8 and 1.6aEuro degrees. Phases of assumed disequilibrium between delta C-13(DIC) and delta C-13(ostracods) known to occur in charophyte swards (as indicated by the deposition of charophyte fossils) were excluded from the analysis of palaeo-epsilon. The application of the epsilon (Potamogeton-DIC)-HCO3 (-) transfer function yielded a median palaeo-HCO3 (-) -concentration of 290 mg/l. Variations in the dissolved organic carbon supply compare well with aquatic plant productivity changes and lake level variability as inferred from a multiproxy study of the same record including analyses of plant macrofossils, ostracods, carbonate and organic content.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HasslerKreylingBeierkuhnleinetal.2010,
  author    = {Haßler, Sibylle Kathrin and Kreyling, J{\"u}rgen and Beierkuhnlein, Carl and Eisold, Jenny and Samimi, Cyrus and Wagenseil, H. and Jentsch, A.},
  title     = {Vegetation pattern divergence between dry and wet season in a semiarid savanna : spatio-temporal dynamics of plant diversity in northwest Namibia},
  issn      = {0140-1963},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jaridenv.2010.05.021},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {African savannas are primarily used as pastures and are subject to changes in climate and management strategies. For sustainable management of these landscapes ecological knowledge on seasonal and long-term variability in plant community composition and the availability of green biomass is essential. In this study, we assessed the effects of dry and wet season on species richness and beta diversity for three sites along a gradient of increasing vegetation cover and precipitation in northwest Namibia. A hexagonal systematic sampling design was used to record floristic data. The Simple Matching, Soerensen, and multi-plot similarity coefficient and distance decay analyses were applied for examining beta diversity. Analyses were repeated while separating the plots according to the presence of woody vegetation. Species richness nearly doubled from dry to wet season; compositional similarity increased from dry to wet season and with increasing aridity of the study sites: distance decay was more pronounced in the dry season without any link to the precipitation gradient. Woody elements in the landscape, which occur along drainage lines or as tree islands, govern spatial and seasonal plant diversity fluctuations. Monitoring them is important for conservation strategies and for establishing grazing rules that ensure a sustainable use of savanna ecosystems.},
  language  = {en}
}