@article{GarbusowSchadSommeretal.2014,
  author    = {Garbusow, Maria and Schad, Daniel and Sommer, Christian and Juenger, Elisabeth and Sebold, Miriam Hannah and Friedel, Eva and Wendt, Jean and Kathmann, Norbert and Schlagenhauf, Florian and Zimmermann, Ulrich S. and Heinz, Andreas and Huys, Quentin J. M. and Rapp, Michael A.},
  title     = {Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer in alcohol dependence: a pilot study},
  series = {Neuropsychobiology : international journal of experimental and clinical research in biological psychiatry, pharmacopsychiatry, Biological Psychology/Pharmacopsychology and Pharmacoelectroencephalography},
  volume    = {70},
  journal   = {Neuropsychobiology : international journal of experimental and clinical research in biological psychiatry, pharmacopsychiatry, Biological Psychology/Pharmacopsychology and Pharmacoelectroencephalography},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Karger},
  address   = {Basel},
  issn      = {0302-282X},
  doi       = {10.1159/000363507},
  pages     = {111 -- 121},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Background: Pavlovian processes are thought to play an important role in the development, maintenance and relapse of alcohol dependence, possibly by influencing and usurping ongoing thought and behavior. The influence of pavlovian stimuli on ongoing behavior is paradigmatically measured by pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) tasks. These involve multiple stages and are complex. Whether increased PIT is involved in human alcohol dependence is uncertain. We therefore aimed to establish and validate a modified PIT paradigm that would be robust, consistent and tolerated by healthy controls as well as by patients suffering from alcohol dependence, and to explore whether alcohol dependence is associated with enhanced PIT. Methods: Thirty-two recently detoxified alcohol-dependent patients and 32 age- and gender-matched healthy controls performed a PIT task with instrumental go/no-go approach behaviors. The task involved both pavlovian stimuli associated with monetary rewards and losses, and images of drinks. Results: Both patients and healthy controls showed a robust and temporally stable PIT effect. Strengths of PIT effects to drug-related and monetary conditioned stimuli were highly correlated. Patients more frequently showed a PIT effect, and the effect was stronger in response to aversively conditioned CSs (conditioned suppression), but there was no group difference in response to appetitive CSs. Conclusion: The implementation of PIT has favorably robust properties in chronic alcohol-dependent patients and in healthy controls. It shows internal consistency between monetary and drug-related cues. The findings support an association of alcohol dependence with an increased propensity towards PIT.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FriedelSeboldKuitunenPauletal.2017,
  author    = {Friedel, Eva and Sebold, Miriam Hannah and Kuitunen-Paul, S{\"o}ren and Nebe, Stephan and Veer, Ilya M. and Zimmermann, Ulrich S. and Schlagenhauf, Florian and Smolka, Michael N. and Rapp, Michael A. and Walter, Henrik and Heinz, Andreas},
  title     = {How Accumulated Real Life Stress Experience and Cognitive Speed Interact on Decision-Making Processes},
  series = {Frontiers in human neuroscienc},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Frontiers in human neuroscienc},
  publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation},
  address   = {Lausanne},
  issn      = {1662-5161},
  doi       = {10.3389/fnhum.2017.00302},
  pages     = {1 -- 9},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Rationale: Advances in neurocomputational modeling suggest that valuation systems for goal-directed (deliberative) on one side, and habitual (automatic) decision-making on the other side may rely on distinct computational strategies for reinforcement learning, namely model-free vs. model-based learning. As a key theoretical difference, the model-based system strongly demands cognitive functions to plan actions prospectively based on an internal cognitive model of the environment, whereas valuation in the model-free system relies on rather simple learning rules from operant conditioning to retrospectively associate actions with their outcomes and is thus cognitively less demanding. Acute stress reactivity is known to impair model-based but not model-free choice behavior, with higher working memory capacity protecting the model-based system from acute stress. However, it is not clear which impact accumulated real life stress has on model-free and model-based decision systems and how this influence interacts with cognitive abilities. Methods: We used a sequential decision-making task distinguishing relative contributions of both learning strategies to choice behavior, the Social Readjustment Rating Scale questionnaire to assess accumulated real life stress, and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test to test cognitive speed in 95 healthy subjects. Results: Individuals reporting high stress exposure who had low cognitive speed showed reduced model-based but increased model-free behavioral control. In contrast, subjects exposed to accumulated real life stress with high cognitive speed displayed increased model-based performance but reduced model-free control. Conclusion: These findings suggest that accumulated real life stress exposure can enhance reliance on cognitive speed for model-based computations, which may ultimately protect the model-based system from the detrimental influences of accumulated real life stress. The combination of accumulated real life stress exposure and slower information processing capacities, however, might favor model-free strategies. Thus, the valence and preference of either system strongly depends on stressful experiences and individual cognitive capacities.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Friedel2016,
  author    = {Friedel, Eva},
  title     = {Der Einfluss von Kognition und Stresserleben auf die Entscheidungsfindung und deren Rolle f{\"u}r Alkoholabh{\"a}ngigkeit},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-91609},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {41},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, belohnungsabh{\"a}ngiges (instrumentelles) Lernen und Entscheidungsfindungsprozesse auf Verhaltens- und neuronaler Ebene in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit von chronischem Stresserleben (erfasst {\"u}ber den Lifetime Stress Inventory, Holmes und Rahe 1962) und kognitiven Variablen (eingeteilt in eine fluide und eine kristalline Intelligenzkomponente) an gesunden Probanden zu untersuchen. Dabei steht zu Beginn die Sicherung der Konstruktvalidit{\"a}t zwischen den bislang oft synonym verwendeten Begriffen modellfrei ~ habituell, bzw. modellbasiert ~ zielgerichtet im Fokus. Darauf aufbauend soll dann insbesondere der differentielle und interaktionelle Einfluss von chronischem Stresserleben und kognitiven Variablen auf Entscheidungsprozesse (instrumentelles Lernen) und deren neuronales Korrelat im VS untersucht und dargestellt werden. Abschließend wird die Relevanz der untersuchten belohnungsabh{\"a}ngigen Lernprozesse f{\"u}r die Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung der Alkoholabh{\"a}ngigkeit zusammen mit weiteren Einflussvariablen in einem {\"U}bersichtspapier diskutiert.},
  language  = {de}
}