@article{Borck2014,
  author    = {Borck, Rainald},
  title     = {Adieu Rabenmutter-culture, fertility, female labour supply, the gender wage gap and childcare},
  series = {Journal of population economics},
  volume    = {27},
  journal   = {Journal of population economics},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {0933-1433},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00148-013-0499-z},
  pages     = {739 -- 765},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {This paper studies the effect of cultural attitudes on childcare provision, fertility, female labour supply and the gender wage gap. Cross-country data show that fertility, female labour force participation and childcare provision are positively correlated with each other, while the gender wage gap seems to be negatively correlated with these variables. The paper presents a model with endogenous fertility, female labour supply and childcare choices driven by cultural attitudes which fits these facts. There may exist multiple equilibria: one with zero childcare provision, low fertility and female labour supply and high wage gap and one with high childcare provision, high fertility and female labour supply and low wage gap.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{CaliendoKuenn2015,
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and K{\"u}nn, Steffen},
  title     = {Getting back into the labor market: the effects of start-up subsidies for unemployed females},
  series = {Journal of population economics},
  volume    = {28},
  journal   = {Journal of population economics},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {0933-1433},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00148-015-0540-5},
  pages     = {1005 -- 1043},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Low female labor market participation is a problem many developed countries have to face. Beside activating inactive women, one possible solution is to support the re-integration of unemployed women. Due to female-specific labor market constraints (preferences for flexible working hours, discrimination), this is a difficult task, and the question arises whether active labor market policies (ALMP) are an appropriate tool to help. It has been shown that the effectiveness of traditional (ALMP) programs-which focus on the integration in dependent (potentially inflexible) employment-is positive but limited. At the same time, recent evidence for Austria shows that these programs reduce fertility which might be judged unfavorable from a societal perspective. Promoting self-employment among unemployed women might therefore be a promising alternative. Starting their own business might give women more independence and flexibility to reconcile work and family and increase labor market participation. Based on long-term informative data, we find that start-up programs persistently integrate former unemployed women into the labor market, and the impact on fertility is less detrimental than for traditional ALMP programs.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PalmaVeraReyerLanghammeretal.2022,
  author    = {Palma-Vera, Sergio E. and Reyer, Henry and Langhammer, Martina and Reinsch, Norbert and Derezanin, Lorena and Fickel, J{\"o}rns and Qanbari, Saber and Weitzel, Joachim M. and Franzenburg, Soeren and Hemmrich-Stanisak, Georg and Sch{\"o}n, Jennifer},
  title     = {Genomic characterization of the world's longest selection experiment in mouse reveals the complexity of polygenic traits},
  series = {BMC Biology},
  volume    = {20},
  journal   = {BMC Biology},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {BMC},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {1741-7007},
  doi       = {10.1186/s12915-022-01248-9},
  pages     = {20},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Background Long-term selection experiments are a powerful tool to understand the genetic background of complex traits. The longest of such experiments has been conducted in the Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), generating extreme mouse lines with increased fertility, body mass, protein mass and endurance. For >140 generations, these lines have been maintained alongside an unselected control line, representing a valuable resource for understanding the genetic basis of polygenic traits. However, their history and genomes have not been reported in a comprehensive manner yet. Therefore, the aim of this study is to provide a summary of the breeding history and phenotypic traits of these lines along with their genomic characteristics. We further attempt to decipher the effects of the observed line-specific patterns of genetic variation on each of the selected traits. Results Over the course of >140 generations, selection on the control line has given rise to two extremely fertile lines (>20 pups per litter each), two giant growth lines (one lean, one obese) and one long-distance running line. Whole genome sequencing analysis on 25 animals per line revealed line-specific patterns of genetic variation among lines, as well as high levels of homozygosity within lines. This high degree of distinctiveness results from the combined effects of long-term continuous selection, genetic drift, population bottleneck and isolation. Detection of line-specific patterns of genetic differentiation and structural variation revealed multiple candidate genes behind the improvement of the selected traits. Conclusions The genomes of the Dummerstorf trait-selected mouse lines display distinct patterns of genomic variation harbouring multiple trait-relevant genes. Low levels of within-line genetic diversity indicate that many of the beneficial alleles have arrived to fixation alongside with neutral alleles. This study represents the first step in deciphering the influence of selection and neutral evolutionary forces on the genomes of these extreme mouse lines and depicts the genetic complexity underlying polygenic traits.},
  language  = {en}
}