@phdthesis{Wrzus2008, author = {Wrzus, Cornelia}, title = {Similarity in personal relationships : associations with relationship regulation between and within individuals}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-20158}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2008}, abstract = {People engage in a multitude of different relationships. Relatives, spouses, and friends are modestly to moderately similar in various characteristics, e.g., personality characteristics, interests, appearance. The role of psychological (e.g., skills, global appraisal) and social (e.g., gender, familial status) similarities in personal relationships and the association with relationship quality (emotional closeness and reciprocity of support) were examined in four independent studies. Young adults (N = 456; M = 27 years) and middle-aged couples from four different family types (N = 171 couples, M = 38 years) gave answer to a computer-aided questionnaire regarding their ego-centered networks. A subsample of 175 middle-aged adults (77 couples and 21 individuals) participated in a one-year follow-up questioning. Two experimental studies (N = 470; N = 802), both including two assessments with an interval of five weeks, were conducted to examine causal relationships among similarity, closeness, and reciprocity expectations. Results underline the role of psychological and social similarities as covariates of emotional closeness and reciprocity of support on the between-relationship level, but indicate a relatively weak effect within established relationships. In specific relationships, such as parent-child relationships and friendships, psychological similarity partly alleviates the effects of missing genetic relatedness. Individual differences moderate these between-relationship effects. In all, results combine evolutionary and social psychological perspectives on similarity in personal relationships and extend previous findings by means of a network approach and an experimental manipulation of existing relationships. The findings further show that psychological and social similarity have different implications for the study of personal relationships depending on the phase in the developmental process of relationships.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Fischer2014, author = {Fischer, Jost Leonhardt}, title = {Nichtlineare Kopplungsmechanismen akustischer Oszillatoren am Beispiel der Synchronisation von Orgelpfeifen}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-71975}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2014}, abstract = {In dieser Arbeit werden nichtlineare Kopplungsmechanismen von akustischen Oszillatoren untersucht, die zu Synchronisation f{\"u}hren k{\"o}nnen. Aufbauend auf die Fragestellungen vorangegangener Arbeiten werden mit Hilfe theoretischer und experimenteller Studien sowie mit Hilfe numerischer Simulationen die Elemente der Tonentstehung in der Orgelpfeife und die Mechanismen der gegenseitigen Wechselwirkung von Orgelpfeifen identifiziert. Daraus wird erstmalig ein vollst{\"a}ndig auf den aeroakustischen und fluiddynamischen Grundprinzipien basierendes nichtlinear gekoppeltes Modell selbst-erregter Oszillatoren f{\"u}r die Beschreibung des Verhaltens zweier wechselwirkender Orgelpfeifen entwickelt. Die durchgef{\"u}hrten Modellrechnungen werden mit den experimentellen Befunden verglichen. Es zeigt sich, dass die Tonentstehung und die Kopplungsmechanismen von Orgelpfeifen durch das entwickelte Oszillatormodell in weiten Teilen richtig beschrieben werden. Insbesondere kann damit die Ursache f{\"u}r den nichtlinearen Zusammenhang von Kopplungsst{\"a}rke und Synchronisation des gekoppelten Zwei-Pfeifen Systems, welcher sich in einem nichtlinearen Verlauf der Arnoldzunge darstellt, gekl{\"a}rt werden. Mit den gewonnenen Erkenntnissen wird der Einfluss des Raumes auf die Tonentstehung bei Orgelpfeifen betrachtet. Daf{\"u}r werden numerische Simulationen der Wechselwirkung einer Orgelpfeife mit verschiedenen Raumgeometrien, wie z. B. ebene, konvexe, konkave, und gezahnte Geometrien, exemplarisch untersucht. Auch der Einfluss von Schwellk{\"a}sten auf die Tonentstehung und die Klangbildung der Orgelpfeife wird studiert. In weiteren, neuartigen Synchronisationsexperimenten mit identisch gestimmten Orgelpfeifen, sowie mit Mixturen wird die Synchronisation f{\"u}r verschiedene, horizontale und vertikale Pfeifenabst{\"a}nde in der Ebene der Schallabstrahlung, untersucht. Die dabei erstmalig beobachteten r{\"a}umlich isotropen Unstetigkeiten im Schwingungsverhalten der gekoppelten Pfeifensysteme, deuten auf abstandsabh{\"a}ngige Wechsel zwischen gegen- und gleichphasigen Sychronisationsregimen hin. Abschließend wird die M{\"o}glichkeit dokumentiert, das Ph{\"a}nomen der Synchronisation zweier Orgelpfeifen durch numerische Simulationen, also der Behandlung der kompressiblen Navier-Stokes Gleichungen mit entsprechenden Rand- und Anfangsbedingungen, realit{\"a}tsnah abzubilden. Auch dies stellt ein Novum dar.}, language = {de} } @article{HuberGebhardtSchwab2015, author = {Huber, Christian and Gebhardt, Markus and Schwab, Susanne}, title = {Teacher feedback or fun playing games? An experimental study investigating the influence of teacher feedback on social acceptance in primary school}, series = {Psychologie in Erziehung und Unterricht : Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Forschung und Praxis}, volume = {62}, journal = {Psychologie in Erziehung und Unterricht : Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Forschung und Praxis}, number = {1}, publisher = {Reinhardt}, address = {M{\"u}nchen}, issn = {0342-183X}, doi = {10.2378/peu2015.art04d}, pages = {51 -- 64}, year = {2015}, language = {de} } @misc{KurzOrlandPosadzy2018, author = {Kurz, Verena and Orland, Andreas and Posadzy, Kinga}, title = {Fairness versus efficiency}, series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliche Reihe}, journal = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliche Reihe}, number = {117}, issn = {1867-5808}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-43261}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-432611}, pages = {601 -- 626}, year = {2018}, abstract = {We investigate in a laboratory experiment whether procedural fairness concerns affect how well individuals are able to solve a coordination problem in a two-player Volunteer's Dilemma. Subjects receive external action recommendations, either to volunteer or to abstain from it, in order to facilitate coordination and improve efficiency. We manipulate the fairness of the recommendation procedure by varying the probabilities of receiving the disadvantageous recommendation to volunteer between players. We find evidence that while recommendations improve overall efficiency regardless of their implications for expected payoffs, there are behavioural asymmetries depending on the recommendation: advantageous recommendations are followed less frequently than disadvantageous ones and beliefs about others' actions are more pessimistic in the treatment with recommendations inducing unequal expected payoffs.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Stolley2018, author = {Stolley, Florian}, title = {Four essays on altruism and compliance}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-42801}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-428013}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {ix, 129}, year = {2018}, abstract = {There are numerous situations in which people ask for something or make a request, e.g. asking a favor, asking for help or requesting compliance with specific norms. For this reason, how to ask for something in order to increase people's willingness to fulfill such requests is one of the most important question for many people working in various different fields of responsibility such as charitable giving, marketing, management or policy making. This dissertation consists of four chapters that deal with the effects of small changes in the decision-making environment on altruistic decision-making and compliance behavior. Most notably, written communication as an influencing factor is the focus of the first three chapters. The starting point was the question how to devise a request in order to maximize its chance of success (Chapter 1). The results of the first chapter originate the ideas for the second and third chapter. Chapter 2 analyzes how communication by a neutral third-party, i.e. a text from the experimenters that either reminds potential benefactors of their responsibility or highlights their freedom of choice, affects altruistic decision-making. Chapter 3 elaborates on the effect of thanking people in advance when asking them for help. While being not as closely related to the other chapters as the three first ones are, the fourth chapter deals as well with the question how compliance (here: compliance with norms and rules) is affected by subtle manipulations of the environment in which decisions are made. This chapter analyzes the effect of default settings in a tax return on tax compliance. In order to study the research questions outlined above, controlled experiments were conducted. Chapter 1, which analyzes the effect of text messages on the decision to give something to another person, employs a mini-dictator game. The recipient sends a free-form text message to the dictator before the latter makes a binary decision whether or not to give part of her or his endowment to the recipient. We find that putting effort into the message by writing a long note without spelling mistakes increases dictators' willingness to give. Moreover, writing in a humorous way and mentioning reasons why the money is needed pays off. Furthermore, men and women seem to react differently to some message categories. Only men react positively to efficiency arguments, while only women react to messages that emphasize the dictator's power and responsibility. Building on this last result, Chapter 2 attempts to disentangle the effect of reminding potential benefactors of their responsibility for the potential beneficiary and the effect of highlighting their decision power and freedom of choice on altruistic decision-making by studying the effects of two different texts on giving in a dictator game. We find that only men react positively to a text that stresses their responsibility for the recipient by giving more to her or him, whereas only women seem to react positively to a text that emphasizes their decision power and freedom of choice. Chapter 3 focuses on the compliance with a request. In the experiment, participants are asked to provide a detailed answer to an open question. Compliance is measured by the effort participants spend on answering the question. The treatment variable is whether or not they see the text "thanks in advance." We find that participants react negatively by putting less effort into complying with the request in response to the phrase "thanks in advance." Chapter 4 studies the effect of prefilled tax returns with mostly inaccurate default values on tax compliance. In a laboratory experiment, participants earn income by performing a real-effort task and must subsequently file a tax return for three consecutive rounds. In the main treatment, the tax return is prefilled with a default value, resulting from participants' own performance in previous rounds, which varies in its relative size. The results suggest that there is no lasting effect of a default value on tax honesty, neither for relatively low nor relatively high defaults. However, participants who face a default that is lower than their true income in the first round evade significantly and substantially more taxes in this round than participants in the control treatment without a default.}, language = {en} } @misc{BruttelStolley2018, author = {Bruttel, Lisa Verena and Stolley, Florian}, title = {Gender differences in the response to decision power and responsibility}, series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliche Reihe}, journal = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliche Reihe}, number = {135}, issn = {1867-5808}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-47306}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-473068}, pages = {18}, year = {2018}, abstract = {This paper studies the effects of two different frames on decisions in a dictator game. Before making their allocation decision, dictators read a short text. Depending on the treatment, the text either emphasizes their decision power and freedom of choice or it stresses their responsibility for the receiver's payoff. Including a control treatment without such a text, three treatments are conducted with a total of 207 dictators. Our results show a different reaction to these texts depending on the dictator's gender. We find that only men react positively to a text that stresses their responsibility for the receiver, while only women seem to react positively to a text that emphasizes their decision power and freedom of choice.}, language = {en} } @misc{HeuerOrland2019, author = {Heuer, Leonie and Orland, Andreas}, title = {Cooperation in the Prisoner's Dilemma}, series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliche Reihe}, journal = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliche Reihe}, number = {107}, issn = {1867-5808}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-43592}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-435929}, pages = {9}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Cooperation is — despite not being predicted by game theory — a widely documented aspect of human behaviour in Prisoner's Dilemma (PD) situations. This article presents a comparison between subjects restricted to playing pure strategies and subjects allowed to play mixed strategies in a one-shot symmetric PD laboratory experiment. Subjects interact with 10 other subjects and take their decisions all at once. Because subjects in the mixed-strategy treatment group are allowed to condition their level of cooperation more precisely on their beliefs about their counterparts' level of cooperation, we predicted the cooperation rate in the mixed-strategy treatment group to be higher than in the pure-strategy control group. The results of our experiment reject our prediction: even after controlling for beliefs about the other subjects' level of cooperation, we find that cooperation in the mixed-strategy group is lower than in the pure-strategy group. We also find, however, that subjects in the mixedstrategy group condition their cooperative behaviour more closely on their beliefs than in the pure-strategy group. In the mixed-strategy group, most subjects choose intermediate levels of cooperation.}, language = {en} } @article{HeuerOrland2019, author = {Heuer, Leonie and Orland, Andreas}, title = {Cooperation in the Prisoner's Dilemma}, series = {Royal Society Open Science}, volume = {6}, journal = {Royal Society Open Science}, publisher = {Royal Soc. Publ.}, address = {London}, issn = {2054-5703}, doi = {10.1098/rsos.182142}, pages = {9}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Cooperation is — despite not being predicted by game theory — a widely documented aspect of human behaviour in Prisoner's Dilemma (PD) situations. This article presents a comparison between subjects restricted to playing pure strategies and subjects allowed to play mixed strategies in a one-shot symmetric PD laboratory experiment. Subjects interact with 10 other subjects and take their decisions all at once. Because subjects in the mixed-strategy treatment group are allowed to condition their level of cooperation more precisely on their beliefs about their counterparts' level of cooperation, we predicted the cooperation rate in the mixed-strategy treatment group to be higher than in the pure-strategy control group. The results of our experiment reject our prediction: even after controlling for beliefs about the other subjects' level of cooperation, we find that cooperation in the mixed-strategy group is lower than in the pure-strategy group. We also find, however, that subjects in the mixedstrategy group condition their cooperative behaviour more closely on their beliefs than in the pure-strategy group. In the mixed-strategy group, most subjects choose intermediate levels of cooperation.}, language = {en} } @techreport{BruttelFelgendreherGuethetal.2019, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Bruttel, Lisa Verena and Felgendreher, Simon and G{\"u}th, Werner and Hertwig, Ralph}, title = {Strategic ignorance in repeated prisoners' dilemma experiments and its effects on the dynamics of voluntary cooperation}, series = {CEPA Discussion Papers}, journal = {CEPA Discussion Papers}, number = {10}, issn = {2628-653X}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-43188}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-431881}, pages = {30}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Being ignorant of key aspects of a strategic interaction can represent an advantage rather than a handicap. We study one particular context in which ignorance can be beneficial: iterated strategic interactions in which voluntary cooperation may be sustained into the final round if players voluntarily forego knowledge about the time horizon. We experimentally examine this option to remain ignorant about the time horizon in a finitely repeated two-person prisoners' dilemma game. We confirm that pairs without horizon knowledge avoid the drop in cooperation that otherwise occurs toward the end of the game. However, this effect is superposed by cooperation declining more rapidly in pairs without horizon knowledge during the middle phase of the game, especially if players do not know that the other player also wanted to remain ignorant of the time horizon.}, language = {en} } @techreport{BruttelStolleyUtikal2019, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Bruttel, Lisa Verena and Stolley, Florian and Utikal, Verena}, title = {Getting a Yes}, series = {CEPA Discussion Papers}, journal = {CEPA Discussion Papers}, number = {2}, issn = {2628-653X}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-42763}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-427638}, year = {2019}, abstract = {This paper studies how the request for a favor has to be devised in order to maximize its chance of success. We present results from a mini-dictator game, in which the recipient can send a free-form text message to the dictator before the latter decides. We find that putting effort into the message, writing in a humorous way and mentioning reasons why the money is needed pays off. Additionally, we find differences in the behavior of male and female dictators. Only men react positively to efficiency arguments, while only women react to messages that emphasize the dictator's power and responsibility.}, language = {en} } @techreport{Bruttel2019, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Bruttel, Lisa Verena}, title = {Is There a Loyalty-Enhancing Effect of Retroactive Price-Reduction Schemes?}, series = {CEPA Discussion Papers}, journal = {CEPA Discussion Papers}, number = {5}, issn = {2628-653X}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-42768}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-427688}, pages = {25}, year = {2019}, abstract = {This paper presents an experiment on the effect of retroactive price-reduction schemes on buyers' repeated purchase decisions. Such schemes promise buyers a reduced price for all units that are bought in a certain time frame if the total quantity that is purchased passes a given threshold. This study finds a loyalty-enhancing effect of retroactive price-reduction schemes only if the buyers ex-ante expected that entering into the scheme would maximize their monetary gain, but later learn that they should leave the scheme. Furthermore, the effect crucially hinges on the framing of the price reduction.}, language = {en} } @techreport{BruttelNithammerStolley2019, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Bruttel, Lisa Verena and Nithammer, Juri and Stolley, Florian}, title = {"Thanks in Advance"}, series = {CEPA Discussion Papers}, journal = {CEPA Discussion Papers}, number = {7}, issn = {2628-653X}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-42770}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-427706}, pages = {18}, year = {2019}, abstract = {This paper studies the effect of the commonly used phrase "thanks in advance" on compliance with a small request. In a controlled laboratory experiment we ask participants to give a detailed answer to an open question. The treatment variable is whether or not they see the phrase "thanks in advance." Our participants react to the treatment by exerting less effort in answering the request even though they perceive the phrase as polite.}, language = {en} } @techreport{AndresBruttelFriedrichsen2020, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Andres, Maximilian and Bruttel, Lisa Verena and Friedrichsen, Jana}, title = {Choosing between explicit cartel formation and tacit collusion - An experiment}, series = {CEPA Discussion Papers}, journal = {CEPA Discussion Papers}, number = {19}, issn = {2628-653X}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-47388}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-473885}, pages = {55}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Numerous studies investigate which sanctioning institutions prevent cartel formation but little is known as to how these sanctions work. We contribute to understanding the inner workings of cartels by studying experimentally the effect of sanctioning institutions on firms' communication. Using machine learning to organize the chat communication into topics, we find that firms are significantly less likely to communicate explicitly about price fixing when sanctioning institutions are present. At the same time, average prices are lower when communication is less explicit. A mediation analysis suggests that sanctions are effective in hindering cartel formation not only because they introduce a risk of being fined but also by reducing the prevalence of explicit price communication.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Mueller2020, author = {M{\"u}ller, Jirka}, title = {Untersuchungen zum flow-Erleben bei Experimenten als physikalische Lerngelegenheit}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-48287}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-482879}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {150}, year = {2020}, abstract = {In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird untersucht, in wie weit physikalische Experimente ein flow-Erleben bei Lernenden hervorrufen. Flow-Erleben wird als Motivationsursache gesehen und soll den Weg zu Freude und Gl{\"u}ck darstellen. Insbesondere wegen dem oft zitierten Fachkr{\"a}ftemangel in naturwissenschaftlichen und technischen Berufen ist eine Motivationssteigerung in naturwissenschaftlichen Unterrichtsf{\"a}chern wichtig. Denn trotz Leistungssteigerungen in internationalen Vergleichstests m{\"o}chten in Deutschland deutlich weniger Sch{\"u}ler*innen einen solchen Beruf ergreifen als in anderen Industriestaaten. Daher gilt es, m{\"o}glichst fr{\"u}h Sch{\"u}ler*innen f{\"u}r naturwissenschaftlich-technische F{\"a}cher zu begeistern und insbesondere im regelrecht verhassten Physikunterricht flow-Erleben zu erzeugen. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird das flow-Erleben von Studierenden in klassischen Laborexperimenten und FELS (Forschend-Entdeckendes Lernen mit dem Smartphone) als Lernumgebung untersucht. FELS ist eine an die Lebenswelt der Sch{\"u}ler*innen angepasste Lernumgebung, in der sie mit Smartphones ihre eigene Lebenswelt experimentell untersuchen. Es zeigt sich, dass sowohl klassische Laborexperimente als auch in der Lebenswelt durchgef{\"u}hrte, smartphonebasierte Experimente flow-Erleben erzeugen. Allerdings verursachen die smartphonebasierten Experimente kaum Stressgef{\"u}hle. Die in dieser Arbeit herausgefundenen Ergebnisse liefern einen ersten Ansatz, der durch Folgestudien erweitert werden sollte.}, language = {de} } @techreport{BruttelGuethNithammeretal.2020, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Bruttel, Lisa Verena and G{\"u}th, Werner and Nithammer, Juri and Orland, Andreas}, title = {Inefficient Cooperation under Stochastic and Strategic Uncertainty}, series = {CEPA Discussion Papers}, journal = {CEPA Discussion Papers}, number = {20}, issn = {2628-653X}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-47550}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-475500}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Stochastic uncertainty can cause difficult coordination problems that may hinder mutually beneficial cooperation. We propose a mechanism of ex-post voluntary transfers designed to circumvent these coordination problems and ask whether it can do so. To test this, we implement a controlled laboratory experiment based on a repeatedly played Ultimatum Game with a stochastic endowment. Contrary to our hypothesis, we find that allowing voluntary transfers does not entail an efficiency increase. We suggest and analyze two main reasons for this finding: First, the stochastic uncertainty forces proposers to accept high strategic uncertainty if they intend to cooperate by claiming a low amount (which many proposers do not). Second, many responders behave only incompletely conditionally cooperative by transferring too little (which hinders cooperation in future periods).}, language = {en} } @techreport{BruttelGuethHertwigetal.2020, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Bruttel, Lisa Verena and G{\"u}th, Werner and Hertwig, Ralph and Orland, Andreas}, title = {Do people harness deliberate ignorance to avoid envy and its detrimental effects?}, series = {CEPA Discussion Papers}, journal = {CEPA Discussion Papers}, number = {17}, issn = {2628-653X}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-44446}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-444463}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Envy is an unpleasant emotion. If individuals anticipate that comparing their payoff with the (potentially higher) payoff of others will make them envious, they may want to actively avoid information about other people's payoffs. Given the opportunity to reduce another person's payoff, an individual's envy may trigger behavior that is detrimental to welfare. In this case, if individuals anticipate that they will react in a welfare-reducing way, they may also avoid information about other people's payoffs from the outset. We investigated these two hypotheses using three experiments. We found that 13\% of our potentially envious subjects avoided information when they did not have the opportunity to reduce another participant's payoff. Psychological scales do not explain this behavior. We also found that voluntarily uninformed subjects did neither deduct less of the payoff nor less frequently than subjects who could not avoid the information.}, language = {en} } @article{BruttelStolley2020, author = {Bruttel, Lisa Verena and Stolley, Florian}, title = {Getting a yes}, series = {Journal of behavioral and experimental economics}, volume = {86}, journal = {Journal of behavioral and experimental economics}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {New York}, issn = {2214-8043}, doi = {10.1016/j.socec.2020.101550}, pages = {10}, year = {2020}, abstract = {This paper studies how the request for a favor has to be devised in order to maximize its chance of success. We present results from a mini-dictator game, in which the recipient can send a free-form text message to the dictator before the latter decides. We find that putting effort into the message, writing in a humorous way and mentioning reasons why the money is needed pays off. Additionally, we find differences in the behavior of male and female dictators. Only men react positively to efficiency arguments, while only women react to messages that emphasize the dictators power and responsibility.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HaaseMatthiesenSchueffleretal.2020, author = {Haase, Jennifer and Matthiesen, Julia and Sch{\"u}ffler, Arnulf and Kluge, Annette}, title = {Retentivity beats prior knowledge as predictor for the acquisition and adaptation of new production processes}, series = {Proceedings of the 53rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences}, volume = {53}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 53rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences}, publisher = {Western Periodicals Co.}, address = {North Hollywood, Calif.}, doi = {10125/64331}, pages = {4797 -- 4805}, year = {2020}, abstract = {In the time of digitalization the demand for organizational change is rising and demands ways to cope with fundamental changes on the organizational as well as individual level. As a basis, learning and forgetting mechanisms need to be understood in order to guide a change process efficiently and successfully. Our research aims to get a better understanding of individual differences and mechanisms in the change context by performing an experiment where individuals learn and later re-learn a complex production process using a simulation setting. The individual's performance, as well as retentivity and prior knowledge is assessed. Our results show that higher retentivity goes along with better learning and forgetting performances. Prior knowledge did not reveal such relation to the learning and forgetting performances. The influence of age and gender is discussed in detail.}, language = {en} } @incollection{GrumGronau2021, author = {Grum, Marcus and Gronau, Norbert}, title = {Quantification of knowledge transfers}, series = {Business modeling and software design : 11th International Symposium, BMSD 2021, Sofia, Bulgaria, July 5-7, 2021, Proceedings}, volume = {422}, booktitle = {Business modeling and software design : 11th International Symposium, BMSD 2021, Sofia, Bulgaria, July 5-7, 2021, Proceedings}, editor = {Shishkov, Boris}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, address = {Cham}, isbn = {978-3-030-79975-5}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-79976-2_13}, pages = {224 -- 242}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Faced with the triad of time-cost-quality, the realization of knowledge-intensive tasks at economic conditions is not trivial. Since the number of knowledge-intensive processes is increasing more and more nowadays, the efficient design of knowledge transfers at business processes as well as the target-oriented improvement of them is essential, so that process outcomes satisfy high quality criteria and economic requirements. This particularly challenges knowledge management, aiming for the assignment of ideal manifestations of influence factors on knowledge transfers to a certain task. Faced with first attempts of knowledge transfer-based process improvements [1], this paper continues research about the quantitative examination of knowledge transfers and presents a ready-to-go experiment design that is able to examine quality of knowledge transfers empirically and is suitable to examine knowledge transfers on a quantitative level. Its use is proven by the example of four influence factors, which namely are stickiness, complexity, competence and time pressure.}, language = {en} } @techreport{AndresBruttelFriedrichsen2021, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Andres, Maximilian and Bruttel, Lisa Verena and Friedrichsen, Jana}, title = {The Leniency Rule Revisited: Experiments on Cartel Formation with Open Communication}, series = {CEPA Discussion Papers}, journal = {CEPA Discussion Papers}, number = {24}, issn = {2628-653X}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-49169}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-491696}, pages = {62}, year = {2021}, abstract = {The experimental literature on antitrust enforcement provides robust evidence that communication plays an important role for the formation and stability of cartels. We extend these studies through a design that distinguishes between innocuous communication and communication about a cartel, sanctioning only the latter. To this aim, we introduce a participant in the role of the competition authority, who is properly incentivized to judge communication content and price setting behavior of the firms. Using this novel design, we revisit the question whether a leniency rule successfully destabilizes cartels. In contrast to existing experimental studies, we find that a leniency rule does not affect cartelization. We discuss potential explanations for this contrasting result.}, language = {en} } @article{AndresBruttelFriedrichsen2021, author = {Andres, Maximilian and Bruttel, Lisa and Friedrichsen, Jana}, title = {The leniency rule revisited}, series = {International journal of industrial organization}, volume = {76}, journal = {International journal of industrial organization}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {0167-7187}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijindorg.2021.102728}, year = {2021}, abstract = {The experimental literature on antitrust enforcement provides robust evidence that communication plays an important role for the formation and stability of cartels. We extend these studies through a design that distinguishes between innocuous communication and communication about a cartel, sanctioning only the latter. To this aim, we introduce a participant in the role of the competition authority, who is properly incentivized to judge the communication content and price setting behavior of the firms. Using this novel design, we revisit the question whether a leniency rule successfully destabilizes cartels. In contrast to existing experimental studies, we find that a leniency rule does not affect cartelization. We discuss potential explanations for this contrasting result.}, language = {en} } @article{Fischer2022, author = {Fischer, Caroline}, title = {Incentives can't buy me knowledge}, series = {Review of public personnel administration}, volume = {42}, journal = {Review of public personnel administration}, number = {2}, publisher = {Sage}, address = {London}, issn = {0734-371X}, doi = {10.1177/0734371X20986839}, pages = {368 -- 389}, year = {2022}, abstract = {This study examines whether incentives affect public employees' intention to share knowledge. Tested incentives satisfy needs for either achievement or appreciation. Both treatments were tested on implicit as well as explicit knowledge sharing. A 2 x 3 factorial survey experiment was designed to observe within-person and between-person effects. Data were collected from public employees in the core administration and healthcare sector (n = 623) in 2018. The analysis indicates that both treatments positively affect knowledge-sharing intention if it is explicit knowledge that ought to be shared. However, no effects of either treatment can be found in either type of knowledge sharing. No negative effect of the tested incentives on knowledge sharing was observed. Hence, incentives might not harm knowledge sharing but also do not pay off in organizational practice. In contrast to these motivation-enhancing human resource practices, ability and opportunity-enhancing practices should be tested to foster knowledge sharing.}, language = {en} } @article{KrauseGrosseDetersBaumannetal.2022, author = {Krause, Hannes-Vincent and Große Deters, Fenne and Baumann, Annika and Krasnova, Hanna}, title = {Active social media use and its impact on well-being}, series = {Journal of computer-mediated communication : a journal of the International Communication Association}, volume = {28}, journal = {Journal of computer-mediated communication : a journal of the International Communication Association}, number = {1}, publisher = {Oxford Univ. Press}, address = {Oxford}, issn = {1083-6101}, doi = {10.1093/jcmc/zmac037}, pages = {12}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Active use of social networking sites (SNSs) has long been assumed to benefit users' well-being. However, this established hypothesis is increasingly being challenged, with scholars criticizing its lack of empirical support and the imprecise conceptualization of active use. Nevertheless, with considerable heterogeneity among existing studies on the hypothesis and causal evidence still limited, a final verdict on its robustness is still pending. To contribute to this ongoing debate, we conducted a week-long randomized control trial with N = 381 adult Instagram users recruited via Prolific. Specifically, we tested how active SNS use, operationalized as picture postings on Instagram, affects different dimensions of well-being. The results depicted a positive effect on users' positive affect but null findings for other well-being outcomes. The findings broadly align with the recent criticism against the active use hypothesis and support the call for a more nuanced view on the impact of SNSs.
Lay Summary Active use of social networking sites (SNSs) has long been assumed to benefit users' well-being. However, this established assumption is increasingly being challenged, with scholars criticizing its lack of empirical support and the imprecise conceptualization of active use. Nevertheless, with great diversity among conducted studies on the hypothesis and a lack of causal evidence, a final verdict on its viability is still pending. To contribute to this ongoing debate, we conducted a week-long experimental investigation with 381 adult Instagram users. Specifically, we tested how posting pictures on Instagram affects different aspects of well-being. The results of this study depicted a positive effect of posting Instagram pictures on users' experienced positive emotions but no effects on other aspects of well-being. The findings broadly align with the recent criticism against the active use hypothesis and support the call for a more nuanced view on the impact of SNSs on users.}, language = {en} } @article{HalbrueggeBanerjiMeerholz2022, author = {Halbr{\"u}gge, Lena and Banerji, Amitabh and Meerholz, Klaus}, title = {Hallo Zukunft!}, series = {Chemie konkret : CHEMKON ; Forum f{\"u}r Unterricht und Didaktik}, volume = {29}, journal = {Chemie konkret : CHEMKON ; Forum f{\"u}r Unterricht und Didaktik}, number = {51}, publisher = {Wiley-VCH}, address = {Weinheim}, issn = {0944-5846}, doi = {10.1002/ckon.202200030}, pages = {355 -- 361}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Gedruckte Elektronik ist nicht nur ein aufstrebendes Forschungsfeld, sie wird in naher Zukunft auch eine wesentliche Rolle in unserem Alltag spielen. Gedruckte, elektronische Bauteile k{\"o}nnen sehr d{\"u}nn und flexibel sein und somit vielf{\"a}ltig eingesetzt werden. F{\"u}r die Implementation in der (Hoch-)Schule haben die Autoren eine flexible, lichtemittierende Folie entwickelt, die mit einfachen Materialien und Methoden manuell gedruckt werden kann.}, language = {de} } @article{AndresBruttelFriedrichsen2022, author = {Andres, Maximilian and Bruttel, Lisa and Friedrichsen, Jana}, title = {How communication makes the difference between a cartel and tacit collusion}, series = {European economic review}, volume = {152}, journal = {European economic review}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {0014-2921}, doi = {10.1016/j.euroecorev.2022.104331}, pages = {1 -- 18}, year = {2022}, abstract = {This paper sheds new light on the role of communication for cartel formation. Using machine learning to evaluate free-form chat communication among firms in a laboratory experiment, we identify typical communication patterns for both explicit cartel formation and indirect attempts to collude tacitly. We document that firms are less likely to communicate explicitly about price fixing and more likely to use indirect messages when sanctioning institutions are present. This effect of sanctions on communication reinforces the direct cartel-deterring effect of sanctions as collusion is more difficult to reach and sustain without an explicit agreement. Indirect messages have no, or even a negative, effect on prices.}, language = {en} } @article{BruttelZiemann2022, author = {Bruttel, Lisa Verena and Ziemann, Niklas}, title = {How do people discount over spatial distance?}, series = {German economic review}, volume = {24}, journal = {German economic review}, number = {1}, publisher = {De Gruyter}, address = {Berlin}, issn = {1465-6485}, doi = {10.1515/ger-2021-0106}, pages = {33 -- 67}, year = {2022}, abstract = {This paper studies how individuals discount the utility they derive from their provision of goods over spatial distance. In a controlled laboratory experiment in Germany, we elicit preferences for the provision of the same good at different locations. To isolate spatial preferences from any other direct value of the goods being close to the individual, we focus on goods with "existence value." We find that individuals put special weight on the provision of these goods in their immediate vicinity. This "vicinity bias" represents a spatial analogy to the "present bias" in the time dimension.}, language = {en} } @article{BruttelGuethNithammeretal.2022, author = {Bruttel, Lisa Verena and G{\"u}th, Werner and Nithammer, Juri and Orland, Andreas}, title = {Inefficient cooperation under stochastic and strategic uncertainty}, series = {Conflict resolution}, volume = {66}, journal = {Conflict resolution}, number = {4-5}, publisher = {Sage Publ.}, address = {Thousand Oaks}, issn = {0022-0027}, doi = {10.1177/00220027211066614}, pages = {755 -- 782}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Stochastic uncertainty can cause coordination problems that may hinder mutually beneficial cooperation. We propose a mechanism of ex-post voluntary transfers designed to circumvent these coordination problems and ask whether it can increase efficiency. To test this transfer mechanism, we implement a controlled laboratory experiment based on a repeated Ultimatum Game with a stochastic endowment. Contrary to our hypothesis, we find that allowing voluntary transfers does not lead to an efficiency increase. We suggest and analyze two major reasons for this failure: first, stochastic uncertainty forces proposers intending to cooperate to accept high strategic uncertainty, which many proposers avoid; second, many responders behave only incompletely conditionally cooperatively, which hinders cooperation in future periods.}, language = {en} } @techreport{AndresBruttelFriedrichsen2022, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Andres, Maximilian and Bruttel, Lisa Verena and Friedrichsen, Jana}, title = {How communication makes the difference between a cartel and tacit collusion}, series = {CEPA Discussion Papers}, journal = {CEPA Discussion Papers}, issn = {2628-653X}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-56223}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-562234}, pages = {67}, year = {2022}, abstract = {This paper sheds new light on the role of communication for cartel formation. Using machine learning to evaluate free-form chat communication among firms in a laboratory experiment, we identify typical communication patterns for both explicit cartel formation and indirect attempts to collude tacitly. We document that firms are less likely to communicate explicitly about price fixing and more likely to use indirect messages when sanctioning institutions are present. This effect of sanctions on communication reinforces the direct cartel-deterring effect of sanctions as collusion is more difficult to reach and sustain without an explicit agreement. Indirect messages have no, or even a negative, effect on prices.}, language = {en} } @article{MeythalerKrauseBaumannetal.2023, author = {Meythaler, Antonia and Krause, Hannes-Vincent and Baumann, Annika and Krasnova, Hanna and Thatcher, Jason Bennett}, title = {The rise of metric-based digital status}, series = {European Journal of Information Systems}, journal = {European Journal of Information Systems}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis}, address = {London}, issn = {0960-085X}, doi = {10.1080/0960085X.2023.2290707}, pages = {1 -- 28}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Widespread on social networking sites (SNSs), envy has been linked to an array of detrimental outcomes for users' well-being. While envy has been considered a status-related emotion and is likely to be experienced in response to perceiving another's higher status, there is a lack of research exploring how status perceptions influence the emergence of envy on SNSs. This is important because SNSs typically quantify social interactions and reach with metrics that indicate users' relative rank and status in the network. To understand how status perceptions impact SNS users, we introduce a new form of metric-based digital status rooted in SNS metrics that are available and visible on a platform. Drawing on social comparison theory and status literature, we conducted an online experiment to investigate how different forms of status contribute to the proliferation of envy on SNSs. Our findings shed light on how metric-based digital status influences feelings of envy on SNSs. Specifically, we could show that metric-based digital status impacts envy through increasing perceptions of others' socioeconomic and sociometric statuses. Our study contributes to the growing discourse on the negative outcomes associated with SNS use and its consequences for users and society.}, language = {en} } @techreport{BruttelPetrishcheva2024, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Bruttel, Lisa Verena and Petrishcheva, Vasilisa}, title = {Does communication increase the precision of beliefs?}, series = {CEPA Discussion Papers}, journal = {CEPA Discussion Papers}, number = {74}, issn = {2628-653X}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-62936}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-629367}, pages = {1 -- 33}, year = {2024}, abstract = {In this paper, we study one channel through which communication may facilitate cooperative behavior - belief precision. In a prisoner's dilemma experiment, we show that communication not only makes individuals more optimistic that their partner will cooperate but also increases the precision of this belief, thereby reducing strategic uncertainty. To disentangle the shift in mean beliefs from the increase in precision, we elicit beliefs and precision in a two-stage procedure and in three situations: without communication, before communication, and after communication. We find that the precision of beliefs increases during communication.}, language = {en} } @techreport{BruttelEisenkopfNithammer2024, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Bruttel, Lisa Verena and Eisenkopf, Gerald and Nithammer, Juri}, title = {Pre-election communication in public good games with endogenous leaders}, series = {CEPA Discussion Papers}, journal = {CEPA Discussion Papers}, number = {73}, issn = {2628-653X}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-62395}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-623952}, pages = {28}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Leadership plays an important role for the efficient and fair solution of social dilemmas but the effectiveness of a leader can vary substantially. Two main factors of leadership impact are the ability to induce high contributions by all group members and the (expected) fair use of power. Participants in our experiment decide about contributions to a public good. After all contributions are made, the leader can choose how much of the joint earnings to assign to herself; the remainder is distributed equally among the followers. Using machine learning techniques, we study whether the content of initial open statements by the group members predicts their behavior as a leader and whether groups are able to identify such clues and endogenously appoint a "good" leader to solve the dilemma. We find that leaders who promise fairness are more likely to behave fairly, and that followers appoint as leaders those who write more explicitly about fairness and efficiency. However, in their contribution decision, followers focus on the leader's first-move contribution and place less importance on the content of the leader's statements.}, language = {en} } @unpublished{HippLeumannSchober2024, author = {Hipp, Lena and Leumann, Sandra and Schober, Pia S.}, title = {Partnership penalties for working in gender-atypical occupations?}, doi = {10.31235/osf.io/ydurp}, pages = {35}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Does working in a gender-atypical occupation reduce individuals' likelihood of finding a different-sex romantic partner, and do such occupational partnership penalties contribute to occupational gender segregation? To answer this question, we theorized partnership penalties for working in gender-atypical occupations by drawing on insights from evolutionary psychology, social constructivism, and rational choice theory and exploited the stability of occupational pathways in Germany. In Study 1, we analyzed observational data from a national probability sample (N= 1,634,944) to assess whether individuals in gender-atypical occupations were less likely to be partnered than individuals who worked in gender typical occupations. To assess whether the observed partnership gaps found in Study 1 were causally related to the gender typicality of men's and women's occupations, we conducted a field experiment on a dating app (N = 6,778). Because the findings from Study 2 suggested that young women and men indeed experienced penalties for working in a gender-atypical occupation (at least when they were not highly attractive), we employed a choice-experimental design in Study 3 (N = 1,250) to assess whether women and men were aware of occupational partnership penalties and showed that anticipating occupational partnership penalties may keep young and highly educated women from working in gender-atypical occupations. Our main conclusion therefore is that that observed penalties and their anticipation seem to be driven by unconscious rather than conscious processes.}, language = {en} }