@article{WenzCarrKoegeletal.2023,
  author    = {Wenz, Leonie and Carr, Robert Devon and K{\"o}gel, Noah and Kotz, Maximilian and Kalkuhl, Matthias},
  title     = {DOSE - global data set of reported sub-national economic output},
  series = {Scientific data},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {Scientific data},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {2052-4463},
  doi       = {10.1038/s41597-023-02323-8},
  pages     = {1 -- 17},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Many phenomena of high relevance for economic development such as human capital, geography and climate vary considerably within countries as well as between them. Yet, global data sets of economic output are typically available at the national level only, thereby limiting the accuracy and precision of insights gained through empirical analyses. Recent work has used interpolation and downscaling to yield estimates of sub-national economic output at a global scale, but respective data sets based on official, reported values only are lacking. We here present DOSE — the MCC-PIK Database Of Sub-national Economic Output. DOSE contains harmonised data on reported economic output from 1,661 sub-national regions across 83 countries from 1960 to 2020. To avoid interpolation, values are assembled from numerous statistical agencies, yearbooks and the literature and harmonised for both aggregate and sectoral output. Moreover, we provide temporally- and spatially-consistent data for regional boundaries, enabling matching with geo-spatial data such as climate observations. DOSE provides the opportunity for detailed analyses of economic development at the subnational level, consistent with reported values.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SurethKalkuhlEdenhoferetal.2023,
  author    = {Sureth, Michael and Kalkuhl, Matthias and Edenhofer, Ottmar and Rockstr{\"o}m, Johan},
  title     = {A welfare economic approach to planetary boundaries},
  series = {Jahrb{\"u}cher f{\"u}r National{\"o}konomie und Statistik},
  volume    = {243},
  journal   = {Jahrb{\"u}cher f{\"u}r National{\"o}konomie und Statistik},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {De Gruyter Oldenbourg},
  address   = {Berlin},
  issn      = {0021-4027},
  doi       = {10.1515/jbnst-2022-0022},
  pages     = {477 -- 542},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {The crises of both the climate and the biosphere are manifestations of the imbalance between human extractive, and polluting activities and the Earth's regenerative capacity. Planetary boundaries define limits for biophysical systems and processes that regulate the stability and life support capacity of the Earth system, and thereby also define a safe operating space for humanity on Earth. Budgets associated to planetary boundaries can be understood as global commons: common pool resources that can be utilized within finite limits. Despite the analytical interpretation of planetary boundaries as global commons, the planetary boundaries framework is missing a thorough integration into economic theory. We aim to bridge the gap between welfare economic theory and planetary boundaries as derived in the natural sciences by presenting a unified theory of cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analysis. Our pragmatic approach aims to overcome shortcomings of the practical applications of CEA and CBA to environmental problems of a planetary scale. To do so, we develop a model framework and explore decision paradigms that give guidance to setting limits on human activities. This conceptual framework is then applied to planetary boundaries. We conclude by using the realized insights to derive a research agenda that builds on the understanding of planetary boundaries as global commons.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{SpaethGoller2023,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Sp{\"a}th, Maximilian and Goller, Daniel},
  title     = {Gender differences in investment reactions to irrelevant information},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {67},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-60635},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-606351},
  pages     = {25, 4},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Economic agents often irrationally base their decision-making on irrelevant information. This research analyzes whether men and women react to futile information about past outcomes. For this purpose, we run a laboratory experiment (Study 1) and use field data (Study 2). In both studies, the behavior of men is consistent with falsely assumed negative autocorrelation, often referred to as gambler's fallacy Women's behavior aligns with falsely assumed positive autocorrelation, a notion of the hot hand fallacy. On the aggregate, the two fallacies cancel out. Even when individuals are, on average, rational, the biases in the decision-making of subgroups might cause inefficient outcomes. In a mediation analysis, we find that a) the agents stated perceived probabilities of future outcomes are not blurred by irrelevant information and b) about 40 \% of the observed biases are driven by differences in the perceived attractiveness of available choices caused by the irrelevant information.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{SondergeldWrohlich2023,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Sondergeld, Virginia and Wrohlich, Katharina},
  title     = {Women in management and the gender pay gap},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {66},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-60581},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-605813},
  pages     = {31},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {We analyze the impact of women's managerial representation on the gender pay gap among employees on the establishment level using German Linked-Employer-Employee-Data from the years 2004 to 2018. For identification of a causal effect we employ a panel model with establishment fixed effects and industry-specific time dummies. Our results show that a higher share of women in management significantly reduces the gender pay gap within the firm. An increase in the share of women in first-level management e.g. from zero to above 33 percent decreases the adjusted gender pay gap from a baseline of 15 percent by 1.2 percentage points, i.e. to roughly 14 percent. The effect is stronger for women in second-level than first-level management, indicating that women managers with closer interactions with their subordinates have a higher impact on the gender pay gap than women on higher management levels. The results are similar for East and West Germany, despite the lower gender pay gap and more gender egalitarian social norms in East Germany. From a policy perspective, we conclude that increasing the number of women in management positions has the potential to reduce the gender pay gap to a limited extent. However, further policy measures will be needed in order to fully close the gender gap in pay.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MerfortBauerHumpenoederetal.2023,
  author    = {Merfort, Leon and Bauer, Nico and Humpen{\"o}der, Florian and Klein, David and Strefler, Jessica and Popp, Alexander and Luderer, Gunnar and Kriegler, Elmar},
  title     = {Bioenergy-induced land-use-change emissions with sectorally fragmented policies},
  series = {Nature climate change},
  volume    = {13},
  journal   = {Nature climate change},
  number    = {7},
  publisher = {Nature Publ. Group},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {1758-678X},
  doi       = {10.1038/s41558-023-01697-2},
  pages     = {685 -- 692},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Controlling bioenergy-induced land-use-change emissions is key to exploiting bioenergy for climate change mitigation. However, the effect of different land-use and energy sector policies on specific bioenergy emissions has not been studied so far. Using the global integrated assessment model REMIND-MAgPIE, we derive a biofuel emission factor (EF) for different policy frameworks. We find that a uniform price on emissions from both sectors keeps biofuel emissions at 12 kg CO2 GJ-1. However, without land-use regulation, the EF increases substantially (64 kg CO2 GJ-1 over 80 years, 92 kg CO2 GJ-1 over 30 years). We also find that comprehensive coverage (>90\%) of carbon-rich land areas worldwide is key to containing land-use emissions. Pricing emissions indirectly on the level of bioenergy consumption reduces total emissions by cutting bioenergy demand but fails to reduce the average EF. In the absence of comprehensive and timely land-use regulation, bioenergy thus may contribute less to climate change mitigation than assumed previously.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MerfortBauerHumpenoederetal.2023,
  author    = {Merfort, Leon and Bauer, Nico and Humpen{\"o}der, Florian and Klein, David and Strefler, Jessica and Popp, Alexander and Luderer, Gunnar and Kriegler, Elmar},
  title     = {State of global land regulation inadequate to control biofuel land-use-change emissions},
  series = {Nature climate change},
  volume    = {13},
  journal   = {Nature climate change},
  number    = {7},
  publisher = {Nature Publ. Group},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {1758-678X},
  doi       = {10.1038/s41558-023-01711-7},
  pages     = {610 -- 612},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Under current land-use regulation, carbon dioxide emissions from biofuel production exceed those from fossil diesel combustion. Therefore, international agreements need to ensure the effective and globally comprehensive protection of natural land before modern bioenergy can effectively contribute to achieving carbon neutrality.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{MatzatSchmeisser2023,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Matzat, Johannes and Schmeißer, Aiko},
  title     = {Do unions shape political ideologies at work?},
  series = {CESifo Working Paper},
  journal   = {CESifo Working Paper},
  number    = {10301},
  publisher = {CESifo GmbH (M{\"u}nchener Gesellschaft zur F{\"o}rderung der Wirtschaftswissenschaft)},
  address   = {M{\"u}nchen},
  issn      = {2364-1428},
  pages     = {61},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Labor unions' greatest potential for political influence likely arises from their direct connection to millions of individuals at the workplace. There, they may change the ideological positions of both unionizing workers and their non-unionizing management. In this paper, we analyze the workplace-level impact of unionization on workers' and managers' political campaign contributions over the 1980-2016 period in the United States. To do so, we link establishment-level union election data with transaction-level campaign contributions to federal and local candidates. In a difference-in-differences design that we validate with regression discontinuity tests and a novel instrumental variables approach, we find that unionization leads to a leftward shift of campaign contributions. Unionization increases the support for Democrats relative to Republicans not only among workers but also among managers, which speaks against an increase in political cleavages between the two groups. We provide evidence that our results are not driven by compositional changes of the workforce and are weaker in states with Right-to-Work laws where unions can invest fewer resources in political activities.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MatiaskeSchmidtHalbmeieretal.2023,
  author    = {Matiaske, Wenzel and Schmidt, Torben Dall and Halbmeier, Christoph and Maas, Martina and Holtmann, Doris and Schr{\"o}der, Carsten and B{\"o}hm, Tamara and Liebig, Stefan and Kritikos, Alexander},
  title     = {SOEP-LEE2},
  series = {Jahrb{\"u}cher f{\"u}r National{\"o}konomie und Statistik},
  volume    = {243},
  journal   = {Jahrb{\"u}cher f{\"u}r National{\"o}konomie und Statistik},
  publisher = {De Gruyter Oldenbourg},
  address   = {Berlin},
  issn      = {0021-4027},
  doi       = {10.1515/jbnst-2023-0031},
  pages     = {14},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {This article presents the new linked employee-employer study of the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP-LEE2), which offers new research opportunities for various academic fields. In particular, the study contains two waves of an employer survey for persons in dependent work that is also linkable to the SOEP, a large representative German annual household panel (SOEP-LEE2-Core). Moreover, SOEP-LEE2 includes two waves of self-employed surveys based on self-employed in the SOEP-Core (SOEP-LEE2-Self-employed) and three additional representative employer surveys, independent of the SOEP in terms of sampling employers (SOEP-LEE2-Compare). Survey topics include digitalisation and cybersecurity, human capital formation, COVID-19, and human resource management. Here, we describe the content, survey design, and comparability of the different datasets in the SOEP-LEE2 to potential users in different disciplines of research.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LessmannKalkuhl2023,
  author    = {Lessmann, Kai and Kalkuhl, Matthias},
  title     = {Climate finance intermediation},
  series = {Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
  address   = {Chicago, IL},
  issn      = {2333-5955},
  doi       = {10.1086/725920},
  pages     = {213 -- 251},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Interest rates are central determinants of saving and investment decisions. Costly financial intermediation distorts these price signals by creating a spread between deposit and loan rates. This study investigates how bank spreads affect climate policy in its ambition to redirect capital. We identify various channels through which interest spreads affect carbon emissions in a dynamic general equilibrium model. Interest rate spreads increase abatement costs due to the higher relative price for capital-intensive carbon-free energy, but they also tend to reduce emissions due to lower overall economic growth. For the global average interest rate spread of 5.1 percentage points, global warming increases by 0.2°C compared to the frictionless economy. For a given temperature target to be achieved, interest rate spreads necessitate substantially higher carbon taxes. When spreads arise from imperfect competition in the intermediation sector, the associated welfare costs can be reduced by clean energy subsidies or even eliminated by economy-wide investment subsidies.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KeserKliemtSpaeth2023,
  author    = {Keser, Claudia and Kliemt, Hartmut and Sp{\"a}th, Maximilian},
  title     = {Charitable giving},
  series = {PLoS ONE},
  volume    = {18},
  journal   = {PLoS ONE},
  number    = {7},
  publisher = {Public Library of Science (PLoS)},
  address   = {San Francisco, California},
  issn      = {1932-6203},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0288400},
  pages     = {11},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {We investigate how different levels of information influence the allocation decisions of donors who are entitled to freely distribute a fixed monetary endowment between themselves and a charitable organization in both giving and taking frames. Participants donate significantly higher amounts, when the decision is described as taking rather than giving. This framing effect becomes smaller if more information about the charity is provided.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{KalkuhlFranksGruneretal.2023,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Kalkuhl, Matthias and Franks, Max and Gruner, Friedemann and Lessmann, Kai and Edenhofer, Ottmar},
  title     = {Pigou's Advice and Sisyphus' Warning},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {62},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-57588},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-575882},
  pages     = {66},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere is becoming an important option to achieve net zero climate targets. This paper develops a welfare and public economics perspective on optimal policies for carbon removal and storage in non-permanent sinks like forests, soil, oceans, wood products or chemical products. We derive a new metric for the valuation of non-permanent carbon storage, the social cost of carbon removal (SCC-R), which embeds also the conventional social cost of carbon emissions. We show that the contribution of CDR is to create new carbon sinks that should be used to reduce transition costs, even if the stored carbon is released to the atmosphere eventually. Importantly, CDR does not raise the ambition of optimal temperature levels unless initial atmospheric carbon stocks are excessively high. For high initial atmospheric carbon stocks, CDR allows to reduce the optimal temperature below initial levels. Finally, we characterize three different policy regimes that ensure an optimal deployment of carbon removal: downstream carbon pricing, upstream carbon pricing, and carbon storage pricing. The policy regimes differ in their informational and institutional requirements regarding monitoring, liability and financing.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{JessenSpiessWaightsetal.2023,
  author    = {Jessen, Jonas and Spiess, C. Katharina and Waights, Sevrin and Wrohlich, Katharina},
  title     = {The gender division of unpaid care work throughout the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany},
  series = {German economic review},
  volume    = {23},
  journal   = {German economic review},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {De Gruyter},
  address   = {Berlin},
  issn      = {1465-6485},
  doi       = {10.1515/ger-2022-0003},
  pages     = {641 -- 667},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {The COVID-19 pandemic and related closures of day care centres and schools significantly increased the amount of care work done by parents. There has been much speculation over whether the pandemic increased or decreased gender equality in parental care work. Based on representative data for Germany from spring 2020 and winter 2021 we present an empirical analysis that shows that although gender inequality in the division of care work increased to some extent in the beginning of the pandemic, it returned to the pre-pandemic level in the second lockdown almost nine months later. These results suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic neither aggravated nor lessened inequality in the division of unpaid care work among mothers and fathers in any persistent way in Germany.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{HuberRolvering2023,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Huber, Katrin and Rolvering, Geske},
  title     = {Public child care and mothers' career trajectories},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {64},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-58731},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-587310},
  pages     = {33},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {This paper studies the effect of public child care on mothers' career trajectories. To this end, we combine county-level data on child care coverage with detailed individual-level information from the German social security records and exploit a set of German reforms leading to a substantial temporal and spatial variation in child care coverage for children under the age of three. We conduct an event study approach that investigates the labor market outcomes of mothers in the years around the birth of their first child. We thereby explore career trajectories, both in terms of quantity and quality of employment. We find that public child care improves maternal labor supply in the years immediately following childbirth. However, the results on quality-related outcomes suggest that the effect of child care provision does not reach far beyond pure employment effects. These results do not change for mothers with different 'career costs of children'.},
  language  = {en}
}
@incollection{GoerlitzRzepkaTamm2023,
  author    = {G{\"o}rlitz, Katja and Rzepka, Sylvi and Tamm, Marcus},
  title     = {Regional factors as determinants of employees' training participation},
  series = {Education, competence development and career trajectories},
  booktitle = {Education, competence development and career trajectories},
  editor    = {Weinert, Sabine and Blossfeld, Gwendolin Josephine and Blossfeld, Hans-Peter},
  publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
  address   = {Cham},
  isbn      = {978-3-031-27006-2},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-3-031-27007-9_15},
  pages     = {337 -- 345},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Although the literature on the determinants of training has considered individual and firm-related characteristics, it has generally neglected regional factors. This is surprising, given the fact that labour markets differ by regions. Regional factors are often ignored because (both in Germany and abroad) many data sets covering training information do not include detailed geographical identifiers that would allow a merging of information on the regional level. The regional identifiers of the National Educational Panel Study (Starting Cohort 6) offer opportunities to advance research on several regional factors. This article summarizes the results from two studies that exploit these unique opportunities to investigate the relationship between training participation and (a) the local level of firm competition for workers within specific sectors of the economy and (b) the regional supply of training measured as the number of firms offering courses or seminars for potential training participants.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{GohlGreenaway2023,
  author    = {Gohl-Greenaway, Niklas},
  title     = {Essays in public economics},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-60902},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-609026},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {10, 291},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {This cumulative dissertation uses economic theory and micro-econometric tools and evaluation methods to analyse public policies and their impact on welfare and individual behaviour. In particular, it focuses on policies in two distinct areas that represent fundamental societal challenges in the 21st century: the ageing of society and life in densely-populated urban agglomerations. Together, these areas shape important financial decisions in a person's life, impact welfare, and are driving forces behind many of the challenges in today's societies. The five self-contained research chapters of this thesis analyse the forward looking effects of pension reforms, affordable housing policies as well as a public transport subsidy and its effect on air pollution.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GohlHaanMichelsenetal.2023,
  author    = {Gohl, Niklas and Haan, Peter and Michelsen, Claus and Weinhardt, Felix},
  title     = {House price expectations},
  series = {Journal of economic behavior \& organization},
  volume    = {218},
  journal   = {Journal of economic behavior \& organization},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0167-2681},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jebo.2023.12.015},
  pages     = {379 -- 398},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {This study examines short-, medium-, and long-run price expectations in housing markets. At the heart of our analysis is the combination of data from a tailored in-person household survey, past sale offerings, satellite imagery on developable land, and an information treatment (RCT). As novel finding, we show that price expectations show no evidence for momentum-effects in the long run. We also do not find much evidence for behavioural biases in expectations related to individual housing tenure decisions. Confirming existing findings, we find momentum-effects in the short-run and that individuals, to a limited extend, use aggregate price information to update local expectations. Lastly, we provide suggestive evidence corroborating existing findings that expectations are relevant for portfolio choice.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Gohl2023,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Gohl, Niklas},
  title     = {Working Longer, Working Stronger?},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {63},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-58527},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-585275},
  pages     = {62},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Leveraging two cohort-specific pension reforms, this paper estimates the forward-looking effects of an exogenous increase in the working horizon on (un)employment behaviour for individuals with a long remaining statutory working life. Using difference-in-differences and regression discontinuity approaches based on administrative and survey data, I show that a longer legal working horizon increases individuals' subjective expectations about the length of their work life, raises the probability of employment, decreases the probability of unemployment, and increases the intensity of job search among the unemployed. Heterogeneity analyses show that the demonstrated employment effects are strongest for women and in occupations with comparatively low physical intensity, i.e., occupations that can be performed at older ages.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FrodermannWrohlichZucco2023,
  author    = {Frodermann, Corinna and Wrohlich, Katharina and Zucco, Aline},
  title     = {Parental leave policy and long-run earnings of mothers},
  series = {Labour economics},
  volume    = {80},
  journal   = {Labour economics},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0927-5371},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.labeco.2022.102296},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Paid parental leave schemes have been shown to increase women's employment rates but to decrease their wages in case of extended leave duration. In view of these potential trade-offs, many countries are discussing the optimal design of parental leave policies. We analyze the impact of a major parental leave reform on mothers' long-term earnings. The 2007 German parental leave reform replaced a means-tested benefit with a more generous earnings-related benefit that is granted for a shorter period of time. Additionally, a "daddy quota" of two months was introduced. To identify the causal effect of this policy mix on long-run earnings of mothers, we use a difference-in-differences approach that compares labor market outcomes of mothers who gave birth just before and right after the reform and nets out seasonal effects by including the year before. Using administrative social security data, we confirm previous findings and show that the average duration of employment interruptions increased for mothers with high pre-birth earnings. Nevertheless, we find a positive long-run effect on earnings for mothers in this group. This effect cannot be explained by changes in the selection of working mothers, working hours or changes in employer stability. Descriptive evidence suggests that the stronger involvement of fathers, incentivized by the "daddy months", could have facilitated mothers' re-entry into the labor market and thereby increased earnings. For mothers with low pre-birth earnings, however, we do not find beneficial long-run effects of this parental leave reform.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FranksKalkuhlLessmann2023,
  author    = {Franks, Max and Kalkuhl, Matthias and Lessmann, Kai},
  title     = {Optimal pricing for carbon dioxide removal under inter-regional leakage},
  series = {Journal of environmental economics and management},
  volume    = {117},
  journal   = {Journal of environmental economics and management},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {1096-0449},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jeem.2022.102769},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) moves atmospheric carbon to geological or land-based sinks. In a first-best setting, the optimal use of CDR is achieved by a removal subsidy that equals the optimal carbon tax and marginal damages. We derive second-best policy rules for CDR subsidies and carbon taxes when no global carbon price exists but a national government implements a unilateral climate policy. We find that the optimal carbon tax differs from an optimal CDR subsidy because of carbon leakage and a balance of resource trade effect. First, the optimal removal subsidy tends to be larger than the carbon tax because of lower supply-side leakage on fossil resource markets. Second, net carbon exporters exacerbate this wedge to increase producer surplus of their carbon resource producers, implying even larger removal subsidies. Third, net carbon importers may set their removal subsidy even below their carbon tax when marginal environmental damages are small, to appropriate producer surplus from carbon exporters.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{EydamQualo2023,
  author    = {Eydam, Ulrich and Qualo, Hannes},
  title     = {Income inequality and taxes},
  series = {Applied economics letters},
  journal   = {Applied economics letters},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  address   = {Abingdon},
  issn      = {1350-4851},
  doi       = {10.1080/13504851.2023.2208328},
  pages     = {1 -- 8},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Economic literature offers several distinct explanations for the raising income inequality observed in several countries. In the debate about the causes of inequality a growing strand of research focuses on the effects of taxation on income inequality. We contribute to this literature by providing a systematic empirical account of the relationship between income inequality and personal income taxation (PIT) for a set of countries over the period 1981-2005. In order to take alternative explanations into account and to isolate the effects of tax progressivity, we include a wide range of control variables. We address potential reverse causality between inequality and PIT by using the variation in tax schedules of neighbouring countries. Our results confirm a statistically significant negative association between the progressivity of PIT and income inequality. Overall, we find that especially the average and the marginal tax rate have the potential to reduce income inequality. This finding is qualitatively robust across various different empirical specifications.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{EydamLeupold2023,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Eydam, Ulrich and Leupold, Florian},
  title     = {What is it good for?},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {65},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-59796},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-597966},
  pages     = {37},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Military conflicts and wars affect a country's development in various dimensions. Rising inflation rates are a potentially important economic effect associated with conflict. High inflation can undermine investment, weigh on private consumption, and threaten macroeconomic stability. Furthermore, these effects are not necessarily restricted to the locality of the conflict, but can also spill over to other countries. Therefore, to understand how conflict affects the economy and to make a more comprehensive assessment of the costs of armed conflict, it is important to take inflationary effects into account. To disentangle the conflict-inflation-nexus and to quantify this relationship, we conduct a panel analysis for 175 countries over the period 1950-2019. To capture indirect inflationary effects, we construct a distance based spillover index. In general, the results of our analysis confirm a statistically significant positive direct association between conflicts and inflation rates. This finding is robust across various model specifications. Moreover, our results indicate that conflict induced inflation is not solely driven by increasing money supply. Furthermore, we document a statistically significant positive indirect association between conflicts and inflation rates in uninvolved countries.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ClemensEydamHeinemann2023,
  author    = {Clemens, Marius and Eydam, Ulrich and Heinemann, Maik},
  title     = {Inequality over the business cycle: the role of distributive shocks},
  series = {Macroeconomic dynamics},
  volume    = {27},
  journal   = {Macroeconomic dynamics},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  address   = {Cambridge},
  issn      = {1365-1005},
  doi       = {10.1017/S1365100521000523},
  pages     = {571 -- 600},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {This paper examines how wealth and income inequality dynamics are related to fluctuations in the functional income distribution over the business cycle. In a panel estimation for OECD countries between 1970 and 2016, although inequality is, on average countercyclical and significantly associated with the capital share, one-third of the countries display a pro- or noncyclical relationship. To analyze the observed pattern, we incorporate distributive shocks into an RBC model, where agents are ex ante heterogeneous with respect to wealth and ability. We find that whether wealth and income inequality behave countercyclically or not depends on the elasticity of intertemporal substitution and the persistence of shocks. We match the model to quarterly US data using Bayesian techniques. The parameter estimates point toward a non-monotonic relationship between productivity and inequality fluctuations. On impact, inequality increases in response to TFP shocks but subsequently declines. Furthermore, TFP shocks explain 17\% of inequality fluctuations.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{CaliendoRodriguezGuio2023,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and Rodr{\´i}guez Guio, Daniel Felipe},
  title     = {Divergent thinking and post-launch entrepreneurial outcomes},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {68},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-60740},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-607408},
  pages     = {58},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Divergent thinking is the ability to produce numerous and diverse responses to questions or tasks, and it is used as a predictor of creative achievement. It plays a significant role in the business organization's innovation process and the recognition of new business opportunities. Drawing upon the cumulative process model of creativity in entrepreneurship, we hypothesize that divergent thinking has a lasting effect on post-launch entrepreneurial outcomes related to innovation and growth, but that this relation might not always be linear. Additionally, we hypothesize that domain-specific experience has a moderating role in this relation. We test our hypotheses based on a representative longitudinal sample of 457 German business founders, which we observe up until 40 months after start-up. We find strong relative effects for innovation and growth outcomes. For survival we find conclusive evidence for non-linearities in the effects of divergent thinking. Additionally, we show that such effects are moderated by the type of domain-specific experience that entrepreneurs gathered pre-launch, as it shapes the individual's ideational abilities to fit into more sophisticated strategies regarding entrepreneurial creative achievement. Our findings have relevant policy implications in characterizing and identifying business start-ups with growth and innovation potential, allowing a more efficient allocation of public and private funds.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{CaliendoRodriguez2023,
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and Rodr{\´i}guez, Daniel},
  title     = {Divergent thinking and post-launch entrepreneurial outcomes},
  series = {Small business economics},
  volume    = {57},
  journal   = {Small business economics},
  publisher = {Springer Science + Business Media B.V.},
  address   = {Dordrecht},
  issn      = {0921-898X},
  doi       = {10.1007/s11187-023-00828-5},
  pages     = {31},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Divergent thinking is the ability to produce numerous and diverse responses to questions or tasks, and it is used as a predictor of creative achievement. It plays a significant role in the business organization's innovation process and the recognition of new business opportunities. Drawing upon the cumulative process model of creativity in entrepreneurship, we hypothesize that divergent thinking has a lasting effect on post-launch entrepreneurial outcomes related to innovation and growth, but that this relation might not always be linear. Additionally, we hypothesize that domain-specific experience has a moderating role in this relation. We test our hypotheses based on a representative longitudinal sample of 457 German business founders, which we observe up until 40 months after start-up. We find strong relative effects for innovation and growth outcomes. For survival, we find conclusive evidence for non-linearities in the effects of divergent thinking. Additionally, we show that such effects are moderated by the type of domain-specific experience that entrepreneurs gathered pre-launch, as it shapes the individual's ideational abilities to fit into more sophisticated strategies regarding entrepreneurial creative achievement. Our findings have relevant policy implications in characterizing and identifying business start-ups with growth and innovation potential, allowing a more efficient allocation of public and private funds.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{CaliendoKritikosStier2023,
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and Kritikos, Alexander and Stier, Claudia},
  title     = {The influence of start-up motivation on entrepreneurial performance},
  series = {Small business economics},
  volume    = {61},
  journal   = {Small business economics},
  publisher = {Springer Science+Business Media},
  address   = {Dordrecht},
  issn      = {0921-898X},
  doi       = {10.1007/s11187-022-00722-6},
  pages     = {869 -- 889},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Predicting entrepreneurial development based on individual and business-related characteristics is a key objective of entrepreneurship research. In this context, we investigate whether the motives of becoming an entrepreneur influence the subsequent entrepreneurial development. In our analysis, we examine a broad range of business outcomes including survival and income, as well as job creation, and expansion and innovation activities for up to 40 months after business formation. Using the self-determination theory as conceptual background, we aggregate the start-up motives into a continuous motivational index. We show - based on a unique dataset of German start-ups from unemployment and non-unemployment - that the later business performance is better, the higher they score on this index. Effects are particularly strong for growth-oriented outcomes like innovation and expansion activities. In a next step, we examine three underlying motivational categories that we term opportunity, career ambition, and necessity. We show that individuals driven by opportunity motives perform better in terms of innovation and business expansion activities, while career ambition is positively associated with survival, income, and the probability of hiring employees. All effects are robust to the inclusion of a large battery of covariates that are proven to be important determinants of entrepreneurial performance.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{CaliendoKritikosRodriguezetal.2023,
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and Kritikos, Alexander and Rodr{\´i}guez, Daniel and Stier, Claudia},
  title     = {Self-efficacy and entrepreneurial performance of start-ups},
  series = {Small business economics},
  journal   = {Small business economics},
  publisher = {Springer Science},
  address   = {Dordrecht},
  issn      = {0921-898X},
  doi       = {10.1007/s11187-022-00728-0},
  pages     = {25},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Self-efficacy reflects the self-belief that one can persistently perform difficult and novel tasks while coping with adversity. As such beliefs reflect how individuals behave, think, and act, they are key for successful entrepreneurial activities. While existing literature mainly analyzes the influence of the task-related construct of entrepreneurial self-efficacy, we take a different perspective and investigate, based on a representative sample of 1,405 German business founders, how the personality characteristic of generalized self-efficacy influences start-up performance as measured by a broad set of business outcomes up to 19 months after business creation. Outcomes include start-up survival and entrepreneurial income, as well as growth-oriented outcomes such as job creation and innovation. We find statistically significant and economically important positive effects of high scores of self-efficacy on start-up survival and entrepreneurial income, which become even stronger when focusing on the growth-oriented outcome of innovation. Furthermore, we observe that generalized self-efficacy is similarly distributed between female and male business founders, with effects being partly stronger for female entrepreneurs. Our findings are important for policy instruments that are meant to support firm growth by facilitating the design of more target-oriented offers for training, coaching, and entrepreneurial incubators.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{CaliendoKritikosRodriguezetal.2023,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and Kritikos, Alexander and Rodriguez, Daniel and Stier, Claudia},
  title     = {Self-Efficacy and Entrepreneurial Performance of Start-Ups},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {61},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-57252},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-572527},
  pages     = {41},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Self-efficacy reflects the self-belief that one can persistently perform difficult and novel tasks while coping with adversity. As such beliefs reflect how individuals behave, think, and act, they are key for successful entrepreneurial activities. While existing literature mainly analyzes the influence of the task-related construct of entrepreneurial self-efficacy, we take a different perspective and investigate, based on a representative sample of 1,405 German business founders, how the personality characteristic of generalized self-efficacy influences start-up performance as measured by a broad set of business outcomes up to 19 months after business creation. Outcomes include start-up survival and entrepreneurial income, as well as growth-oriented outcomes such as job creation and innovation. We find statistically significant and economically important positive effects of high scores of self-efficacy on start-up survival and entrepreneurial income, which become even stronger when focusing on the growth-oriented outcome of innovation. Furthermore, we observe that generalized self-efficacy is similarly distributed between female and male business founders, with effects being partly stronger for female entrepreneurs. Our findings are important for policy instruments that are meant to support firm growth by facilitating the design of more target-oriented offers for training, coaching, and entrepreneurial incubators.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{CaliendoCobbClarkSilvaGoncalvesetal.2023,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and Cobb-Clark, Deborah A. and Silva-Goncalves, Juliana and Uhlendorff, Arne},
  title     = {Locus of control and the preference for agency},
  series = {IZA discussion paper},
  volume    = {No. 16061},
  journal   = {IZA discussion paper},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {2365-9793},
  doi       = {10.2139/ssrn.4416820},
  pages     = {49},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {We conduct a laboratory experiment to study how locus of control operates through people's preferences and beliefs to influence their decisions. Using the principal-agent setting of the delegation game, we test four key channels that conceptually link locus of control to decision-making: (i) preference for agency; (ii) optimism and (iii) confidence regarding the return to effort; and (iv) illusion of control. Knowing the return and cost of stated effort, principals either retain or delegate the right to make an investment decision that generates payoffs for themselves and their agents. Extending the game to the context in which the return to stated effort is unknown allows us to explicitly study the relationship between locus of control and beliefs about the return to effort. We find that internal locus of control is linked to the preference for agency, an effect that is driven by women. We find no evidence that locus of control influences optimism and confidence about the return to stated effort, or that it operates through an illusion of control.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{CaliendoCobbClarkPfeiferetal.2023,
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and Cobb-Clark, Deborah A. and Pfeifer, Harald and Uhlendorff, Arne and Wehner, Caroline},
  title     = {Managers' risk preferences and firm training investments},
  series = {European economic review},
  journal   = {European economic review},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0014-2921},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.euroecorev.2023.104616},
  pages     = {36},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {This study analyses the impact of managers' risk preferences on their training allocation decisions. We begin by providing nationally representative evidence that managers' risk-aversion is negatively correlated with the likelihood that their firms engage in any worker training. Using a novel vignette study, we then demonstrate that risk-tolerant and risk-averse decision makers have significantly different training preferences. Risk aversion results in increased sensitivity to turnover risk. Managers who are risk-averse offer less general training and are more reluctant to train workers with a history of job mobility. Adopting a weighting approach to flexibly control for observed differences in the characteristics of risk-averse and risk-tolerant managers, we show that our findings cannot be explained by heterogeneity in either managers' observed characteristics or the type of firms where they work. All managers, irrespective of their risk preferences, are sensitive to the investment risk associated with training, avoiding training that is more costly or that targets those with less occupational expertise or nearing retirement. This provides suggestive evidence that the risks of training are primarily due to the risk that trained workers will leave the firm (turnover risk) rather than the risk that the benefits of training do not outweigh the costs (investment risk).},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BaeumlMarcusSiedler2023,
  author    = {B{\"a}uml, Matthias and Marcus, Jan and Siedler, Thomas},
  title     = {Health effects of a ban on late-night alcohol sales},
  series = {Health economics},
  volume    = {32},
  journal   = {Health economics},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  address   = {New York, NY},
  issn      = {1099-1050},
  doi       = {10.1002/hec.4610},
  pages     = {65 -- 89},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {This paper studies the impact of a ban on late-night off-premise alcohol sales between 10 p.m. and 5 a.m. in Germany. We use three large administrative data sets: (i) German diagnosis related groups-Statistik, (ii) data from a large social health insurance, and (iii) Road Traffic Accident Statistics. Applying difference-in-differences and synthetic-control-group methods, we find that the ban had no effects on alcohol-related road casualties, but significantly reduced alcohol-related hospitalizations (doctor visits) among young people by around 9 (18) percent. The decrease is driven by fewer hospitalizations due to acute alcohol intoxication during the night—when the ban is in place—but not during the day.},
  language  = {en}
}
@incollection{Borck2023,
  author    = {Borck, Rainald},
  title     = {Energy policies, agglomeration, and pollution},
  series = {Handbook of labor, human resources and population economics},
  booktitle = {Handbook of labor, human resources and population economics},
  editor    = {Zimmermann, Klaus F.},
  publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
  address   = {Cham},
  isbn      = {978-3-319-57365-6},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-3-319-57365-6_421-1},
  pages     = {1 -- 15},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {This chapter reviews the interplay of agglomeration and pollution as well as the effect of energy policies on pollution in an urban context. It starts by describing the effect of agglomeration on pollution. While this effect is theoretically ambiguous, empirical research tends to find that larger cities are more polluted, but per capita emissions fall with city size. The chapter discusses the implications for optimal city size. Conversely, urban pollution tends to discourage agglomeration if larger cities are more exposed to pollution. The chapter then considers various energy policies and their effect on urban pollution. Specifically, it looks at the effects of energy and transport policies as well as urban policies such as zoning.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{BlanzEydamHeinemannetal.2023,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Blanz, Alkis and Eydam, Ulrich and Heinemann, Maik and Kalkuhl, Matthias and Moretti, Nikolaj},
  title     = {Fiscal Policy and Energy Price Shocks},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {70},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-61276},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-612763},
  pages     = {33},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {The effects of energy price increases are heterogeneous between households and firms. Financially constrained poorer households, who spend a larger relative share of their income on energy, are particularly affected. In this analysis, we examine the macroeconomic and welfare effects of energy price shocks in the presence of credit-constrained households that have subsistence-level energy demand. Within a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model calibrated for the German economy, we compare the performance of different policy measures (transfers and energy subsidies) and different financing schemes (income tax vs. debt). Our results show that credit-constrained households prefer debt over tax financing regardless of the compensation measure due to their difficulty to smooth consumption. On the contrary, rich households tend to prefer tax-financed measures as they increase the labor supply of poor households. From an aggregate perspective, tax-financed measures targeting firms effectively cushion aggregate output losses.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BertschekBlockKritikosetal.2023,
  author    = {Bertschek, Irene and Block, Joern and Kritikos, Alexander and Stiel, Caroline},
  title     = {German financial state aid during Covid-19 pandemic},
  series = {Entrepreneurship \& regional development},
  volume    = {36},
  journal   = {Entrepreneurship \& regional development},
  number    = {1-2},
  publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {0898-5626},
  doi       = {10.1080/08985626.2023.2196267},
  pages     = {76 -- 97},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {In response to strong revenue and income losses facing a large share of self-employed individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic, the German federal government introduced a €50bn emergency-aid program. Based on real-time online-survey data comprising more than 20,000 observations, we analyze the impact of this program on the confidence to survive the crisis. We investigate how the digitalization level of self-employed individuals influences the program's effectiveness. Employing propensity score matching, we find that the emergency-aid program had only moderately positive effects on the confidence of self-employed to survive the crisis. However, self-employed whose businesses were highly digitalized, benefitted much more from the state aid than those whose businesses were less digitalized. This only holds true for those self-employed, who started the digitalization processes already before the crisis. Taking a regional perspective, we find suggestive evidence that the quality of the regional broadband infrastructure matters in the sense that it increases the effectiveness of the emergency-aid program. Our findings show the interplay between governmental support programs, the digitalization levels of entrepreneurs, and the regional digital infrastructure. The study helps public policy to improve the impact of crisis-related policy instruments, ultimately increasing the resilience of small firms in times of crises.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BarschkettHuebenerLeibingetal.2023,
  author    = {Barschkett, Mara and Huebener, Mathias and Leibing, Andreas and Marcus, Jan and Margaryan, Shushanik},
  title     = {The long-term effects of measles vaccination on earnings and employment},
  series = {Journal of comments and replications in economics},
  volume    = {2},
  journal   = {Journal of comments and replications in economics},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics},
  address   = {Hamburg},
  issn      = {2749-988X},
  doi       = {10.18718/81781.30},
  pages     = {15},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Atwood analyzes the effects of the 1963 U.S. measles vaccination on long-run labor market outcomes, using a generalized difference-in-differences approach. We reproduce the results of this paper and perform a battery of robustness checks. Overall, we confirm that the measles vaccination had positive labor market effects. While the negative effect on the likelihood of living in poverty and the positive effect on the probability of being employed are very robust across the different specifications, the headline estimate—the effect on earnings—is more sensitive to the exclusion of certain regions and survey years.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{BarschkettHuebenerLeibingetal.2023,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Barschkett, Mara and Huebener, Mathias and Leibing, Andreas and Marcus, Jan and Margaryan, Shushanik},
  title     = {Replication of Atwood's (2022) the long-term effects of measles vaccination on earnings and employment},
  series = {I4R discussion paper series},
  journal   = {I4R discussion paper series},
  number    = {33},
  publisher = {Institute for Replication},
  address   = {Essen},
  issn      = {2752-1931},
  pages     = {22},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Atwood (2022) analyzes the effects of the 1963 U.S. measles vaccination on longrun labor market outcomes, using a generalized difference-in-differences approach. We reproduce the results of this paper and perform a battery of robustness checks. Overall, we confirm that the measles vaccination had positive labor market effects. While the negative effect on the likelihood of living in poverty and the positive effect on the probability of being employed are very robust across the different specifications, the headline estimate-the effect on earnings-is more sensitive to the exclusion of certain regions and survey years.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{AmorosoHerrmannKritikos2023,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Amoroso, Sara and Herrmann, Benedikt and Kritikos, Alexander},
  title     = {The Role of Regulation and Regional Government Quality for High Growth Firms},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {71},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-61277},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-612771},
  pages     = {32},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {High growth firms (HGFs) are important for job creation and considered to be precursors of economic growth. We investigate how formal institutions, like product- and labor-market regulations, as well as the quality of regional governments that implement these regulations, affect HGF development across European regions. Using data from Eurostat, OECD, WEF, and Gothenburg University, we show that both regulatory stringency and the quality of the regional government influence the regional shares of HGFs. More importantly, we find that the effect of labor- and product-market regulations ultimately depends on the quality of regional governments: in regions with high quality of government, the share of HGFs is neither affected by the level of product market regulation, nor by more or less flexibility in hiring and firing practices. Our findings contribute to the debate on the effects of regulations by showing that regulations are not, per se, "good, bad, and ugly", rather their impact depends on the efficiency of regional governments. Our paper offers important building blocks to develop tailored policy measures that may influence the development of HGFs in a region.},
  language  = {en}
}