@article{LilliestamMelligerOllieretal.2020,
  author    = {Lilliestam, Johan and Melliger, Marc Andr{\´e} and Ollier, Lana and Schmidt, Tobias S. and Steffen, Bjarne},
  title     = {Understanding and accounting for the effect of exchange rate fluctuations on global learning rates},
  series = {Nature energy},
  volume    = {5},
  journal   = {Nature energy},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  address   = {Berlin},
  issn      = {2058-7546},
  doi       = {10.1038/s41560-019-0531-y},
  pages     = {71 -- 78},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Learning rates are a central concept in energy system models and integrated assessment models, as they allow researchers to project the future costs of new technologies and to optimize energy system costs. Here we argue that exchange rate fluctuations are an important, but thus far overlooked, determinant of the learning-rate variance observed in the literature. We explore how empirically observed global learning rates depend on where technologies are installed and which currency is used to calculate the learning rate. Using global data of large-scale photovoltaic (>= 5 MW) plants, we show that the currency choice can result in learning-rate differences of up to 16 percentage points. We then introduce an adjustment factor to correct for the effect of exchange rate and market focus fluctuations and discuss the implications of our findings for innovation scholars, energy modellers and decision makers. <br /> Learning rates are a measure of reduction in costs of energy from technologies such as solar photovoltaics. These are often estimated internationally with all monetary figures converted to a single currency, often US dollars. Lilliestam et al. show that such conversions can significantly affect the learning rate estimates.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MelligerLilliestam2021,
  author    = {Melliger, Marc Andr{\´e} and Lilliestam, Johan},
  title     = {Effects of coordinating support policy changes on renewable power investor choices in Europe},
  series = {Energy policy : the international journal of the political, economic, planning, environmental and social aspects of energy},
  volume    = {148},
  journal   = {Energy policy : the international journal of the political, economic, planning, environmental and social aspects of energy},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {0301-4215},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111993},
  pages     = {20},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {The economic context for renewable power in Europe is shifting: feed-in tariffs are replaced by auctioned premiums as the main support schemes. As renewables approach competitiveness, political pressure mounts to phase out support, whereas some other actors perceive a need for continued fixed-price support. We investigate how the phase-out of support or the reintroduction of feed-in tariffs would affect investors' choices for renewables through a conjoint analysis. In particular, we analyse the impact of coordination - the simultaneousness - of policy changes across countries and technologies. We find that investment choices are not strongly affected if policy changes are coordinated and returns unaffected. However, if policy changes are uncoordinated, investments shift to still supported - less mature and costlier - technologies or countries where support remains or is reintroduced. This shift is particularly strong for large investors and could potentially skew the European power mix towards an over-reliance on a single, less mature technology or specific generation region, resulting in a more expensive power system. If European countries want to change their renewable power support policies, and especially if they phase out support and expose renewables to market competition, it is important that they coordinate their actions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{OllierMelligerLilliestam2020,
  author    = {Ollier, Lana and Melliger, Marc Andr{\´e} and Lilliestam, Johan},
  title     = {Friends or foes?},
  series = {Energies : open-access journal of related scientific research, technology development and studies in policy and management},
  volume    = {13},
  journal   = {Energies : open-access journal of related scientific research, technology development and studies in policy and management},
  number    = {23},
  publisher = {MDPI},
  address   = {Basel},
  issn      = {1996-1073},
  doi       = {10.3390/en13236339},
  pages     = {23},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Energy efficiency measures and the deployment of renewable energy are commonly presented as two sides of the same coin-as necessary and synergistic measures to decarbonize energy systems and reach the temperature goals of the Paris Agreement. Here, we quantitatively investigate the policies and performances of the EU Member States to see whether renewables and energy efficiency policies are politically synergistic or if they rather compete for political attention and resources. We find that Member States, especially the ones perceived as climate leaders, tend to prioritize renewables over energy efficiency in target setting. Further, almost every country performs well in either renewable energy or energy efficiency, but rarely performs well in both. We find no support for the assertion that the policies are synergistic, but some evidence that they compete. However, multi-linear regression models for performance show that performance, especially in energy efficiency, is also strongly associated with general economic growth cycles, and not only efficiency policy as such. We conclude that renewable energy and energy efficiency are not synergistic policies, and that there is some competition between them.},
  language  = {en}
}