@article{ShuZhouYanetal.2011, author = {Shu, Hua and Zhou, Wei and Yan, Ming and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Font size modulates saccade-target selection in Chinese reading}, series = {Attention, perception, \& psychophysics : AP\&P ; a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc.}, volume = {73}, journal = {Attention, perception, \& psychophysics : AP\&P ; a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc.}, number = {2}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {New York}, issn = {1943-3921}, doi = {10.3758/s13414-010-0029-y}, pages = {482 -- 490}, year = {2011}, abstract = {In alphabetic writing systems, saccade amplitude (a close correlate of reading speed) is independent of font size, presumably because an increase in the angular size of letters is compensated for by a decrease of visual acuity with eccentricity. We propose that this invariance may (also) be due to the presence of spaces between words, guiding the eyes across a large range of font sizes. Here, we test whether saccade amplitude is also invariant against manipulations of font size during reading Chinese, a character-based writing system without spaces as explicit word boundaries for saccade-target selection. In contrast to word-spaced alphabetic writing systems, saccade amplitude decreased significantly with increased font size, leading to an increase in the number of fixations at the beginning of words and in the number of refixations. These results are consistent with a model which assumes that word beginning (rather than word center) is the default saccade target if the length of the parafoveal word is not available.}, language = {en} } @article{KlieglBates2011, author = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Bates, Douglas}, title = {International collaboration in psychology is on the rise}, series = {Scientometrics : an international journal for all quantitative aspects of the science of science, communication in science and science policy}, volume = {87}, journal = {Scientometrics : an international journal for all quantitative aspects of the science of science, communication in science and science policy}, number = {1}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, issn = {0138-9130}, doi = {10.1007/s11192-010-0299-0}, pages = {149 -- 158}, year = {2011}, abstract = {There has been a substantial increase in the percentage for publications with co-authors located in departments from different countries in 12 major journals of psychology. The results are evidence for a remarkable internationalization of psychological research, starting in the mid 1970s and increasing in rate at the beginning of the 1990s. This growth occurs against a constant number of articles with authors from the same country; it is not due to a concomitant increase in the number of co-authors per article. Thus, international collaboration in psychology is obviously on the rise.}, language = {en} } @article{RisseKliegl2011, author = {Risse, Sarah and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Adult age differences in the perceptual span during reading}, series = {Psychology and aging}, volume = {26}, journal = {Psychology and aging}, number = {2}, publisher = {American Psychological Association}, address = {Washington}, issn = {0882-7974}, doi = {10.1037/a0021616}, pages = {451 -- 460}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Following up on research suggesting an age-related reduction in the rightward extent of the perceptual span during reading (Rayner, Castelhano, \& Yang, 2009), we compared old and young adults in an N + 2-boundary paradigm in which a nonword preview of word N + 2 or word N + 2 itself is replaced by the target word once the eyes cross an invisible boundary located after word N. The intermediate word N + I was always three letters long. Gaze durations on word N + 2 were significantly shorter for identical than nonword N + 2 preview both for young and for old adults, with no significant difference in this preview benefit. Young adults, however, did modulate their gaze duration on word N more strongly than old adults in response to the difficulty of the parafoveal word N + I. Taken together, the results suggest a dissociation of preview benefit and parafoveal-on-foveal effect. Results are discussed in terms of age-related decline in resilience towards distributed processing while simultaneously preserving the ability to integrate parafoveal information into foveal processing. As such, the present results relate to proposals of regulatory compensation strategies older adults use to secure an overall reading speed very similar to that of young adults.}, language = {en} } @article{OhlBrandtKliegl2011, author = {Ohl, Sven and Brandt, Stephan A. and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Secondary (micro-)saccades the influence of primary saccade end point and target eccentricity on the process of postsaccadic fixation}, series = {Vision research : an international journal for functional aspects of vision.}, volume = {51}, journal = {Vision research : an international journal for functional aspects of vision.}, number = {23-24}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Oxford}, issn = {0042-6989}, doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2011.09.005}, pages = {2340 -- 2347}, year = {2011}, abstract = {We examine how the size of saccadic under-/overshoot and target eccentricity influence the latency, amplitude and orientation of secondary (micro-)saccades. In our experiment, a target appeared at an eccentricity of either 6 degrees or 14 degrees of visual angle. Subjects were instructed to direct their gaze as quickly as possible to the target and hold fixation at the new location until the end of the trial. Typically, increasing saccadic error is associated with faster and larger secondary saccades. We show that secondary saccades at distant in contrast to close targets have in a specific error range a shorter latency, larger amplitude, and follow more often the direction of the primary saccade. Finally, we demonstrate that an undershooting primary saccade is followed almost exclusively by secondary saccades into the same direction while overshooting primary saccades are followed by secondary saccades into both directions. This supports the notion that under- and overshooting imply different consequences for postsaccadic oculomotor processing. Results are discussed using a model, introduced by Rolfs, Kliegl, and Engbert (2008), to account for the generation of microsaccades. We argue that the dynamic interplay of target eccentricity and the magnitude of the saccadic under-/overshoot can be explained by a different strength of activation in the two hemispheres of the saccadic motor map in this model.}, language = {en} } @article{KlieglDambacherDimigenetal.2012, author = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Dambacher, Michael and Dimigen, Olaf and Jacobs, Arthur M. and Sommer, Werner}, title = {Eye movements and brain electric potentials during reading}, series = {Psychological research : an international journal of perception, attention, memory, and action}, volume = {76}, journal = {Psychological research : an international journal of perception, attention, memory, and action}, number = {2}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Heidelberg}, issn = {0340-0727}, doi = {10.1007/s00426-011-0376-x}, pages = {145 -- 158}, year = {2012}, abstract = {The development of theories and computational models of reading requires an understanding of processing constraints, in particular of timelines related to word recognition and oculomotor control. Timelines of word recognition are usually determined with event-related potentials (ERPs) recorded under conditions of serial visual presentation (SVP) of words; timelines of oculomotor control are derived from parameters of eye movements (EMs) during natural reading. We describe two strategies to integrate these approaches. One is to collect ERPs and EMs in separate SVP and natural reading experiments for the same experimental material (but different subjects). The other strategy is to co-register EMs and ERPs during natural reading from the same subjects. Both strategies yield data that allow us to determine how lexical properties influence ERPs (e.g., the N400 component) and EMs (e.g., fixation durations) across neighboring words. We review our recent research on the effects of frequency and predictability of words on both EM and ERP measures with reference to current models of eye-movement control during reading. Results are in support of the proposition that lexical access is distributed across several fixations and across brain-electric potentials measured on neighboring words.}, language = {en} } @article{GoetheEsserGendtetal.2012, author = {Goethe, Katrin and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Gendt, Anja and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Working memory in children tracing age differences and special educational needs to parameters of a formal model}, series = {Developmental psychology}, volume = {48}, journal = {Developmental psychology}, number = {2}, publisher = {American Psychological Association}, address = {Washington}, issn = {0012-1649}, doi = {10.1037/a0025660}, pages = {459 -- 476}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Parameters of a formal working-memory model were estimated for verbal and spatial memory updating of children. The model proposes interference though feature overwriting and through confusion of whole elements as the primary cause of working-memory capacity limits. We tested 2 age groups each containing 1 group of normal intelligence and I deficit group. For young children the deficit was developmental dyslexia; for older children it was a general learning difficulty. The interference model predicts less interference through overwriting but more through confusion of whole elements for the dyslexic children than for their age-matched controls. Older children exhibited less interference through confusion of whole elements and a higher processing rate than young children, but general learning difficulty was associated with slower processing than in the age-matched control group. Furthermore, the difference between verbal and spatial updating mapped onto several meaningful dissociations of model parameters.}, language = {en} } @article{YanRisseZhouetal.2012, author = {Yan, Ming and Risse, Sarah and Zhou, Xiaolin and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Preview fixation duration modulates identical and semantic preview benefit in Chinese reading}, series = {Reading and writing : an interdisciplinary journal}, volume = {25}, journal = {Reading and writing : an interdisciplinary journal}, number = {5}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, issn = {0922-4777}, doi = {10.1007/s11145-010-9274-7}, pages = {1093 -- 1111}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Semantic preview benefit from parafoveal words is critical for proposals of distributed lexical processing during reading. Semantic preview benefit has been demonstrated for Chinese reading with the boundary paradigm in which unrelated or semantically related previews of a target word N + 1 are replaced by the target word once the eyes cross an invisible boundary located after word N (Yan et al., 2009); for the target word in position N + 2, only identical compared to unrelated-word preview led to shorter fixation times on the target word (Yan et al., in press). A reanalysis of these data reveals that identical and semantic preview benefits depend on preview duration (i.e., the fixation duration on the preboundary word). Identical preview benefit from word N + 1 increased with preview duration. The identical preview benefit was also significant for N + 2, but did not significantly interact with preview duration. The previously reported semantic preview benefit from word N + 1 was mainly due to single- or first-fixation durations following short previews. We discuss implications for notions of serial attention shifts and parallel distributed processing of words during reading.}, language = {en} } @article{YanZhouShuetal.2012, author = {Yan, Ming and Zhou, Wei and Shu, Hua and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Lexical and sublexical semantic preview benefits in chinese reading}, series = {Journal of experimental psychology : Learning, memory, and cognition}, volume = {38}, journal = {Journal of experimental psychology : Learning, memory, and cognition}, number = {4}, publisher = {American Psychological Association}, address = {Washington}, issn = {0278-7393}, doi = {10.1037/a0026935}, pages = {1069 -- 1075}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Semantic processing from parafoveal words is an elusive phenomenon in alphabetic languages, but it has been demonstrated only for a restricted set of noncompound Chinese characters. Using the gaze-contingent boundary paradigm, this experiment examined whether parafoveal lexical and sublexical semantic information was extracted from compound preview characters. Results generalized parafoveal semantic processing to this representative set of Chinese characters and extended the parafoveal processing to radical (sublexical) level semantic information extraction. Implications for notions of parafoveal information extraction during Chinese reading are discussed.}, language = {en} } @article{DambacherDimigenBraunetal.2012, author = {Dambacher, Michael and Dimigen, Olaf and Braun, Mario and Wille, Kristin and Jacobs, Arthur M. and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Stimulus onset asynchrony and the timeline of word recognition: Event-related potentials during sentence reading}, series = {Neuropsychologia : an international journal in behavioural and cognitive neuroscience}, volume = {50}, journal = {Neuropsychologia : an international journal in behavioural and cognitive neuroscience}, number = {8}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Oxford}, issn = {0028-3932}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.04.011}, pages = {1852 -- 1870}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Three ERP experiments examined the effect of word presentation rate (i.e., stimulus onset asynchrony, SOA) on the time course of word frequency and predictability effects in sentence reading. In Experiments 1 and 2, sentences were presented word-by-word in the screen center at an SOA of 700 and 490 ms, respectively. While these rates are typical for psycholinguistic ERP research, natural reading happens at a considerably faster pace. Accordingly. Experiment 3 employed a near-normal SOA of 280 ms, which approximated the rate of normal reading. Main results can be summarized as follows: (1) The onset latency of early frequency effects decreases gradually with increasing presentation rates. (2) An early interaction between top-down and bottom-up processing is observed only under a near-normal SOA. (3) N400 predictability effects occur later and are smaller at a near-normal (i.e., high) presentation rate than at the lower rates commonly used in ERP experiments. (4) ERP morphology is different at the shortest compared to longer SOAs. Together, the results point to a special role of a near-normal presentation rate for visual word recognition and therefore suggest that SOA should be taken into account in research of natural reading.}, language = {en} } @article{DimigenKlieglSommer2012, author = {Dimigen, Olaf and Kliegl, Reinhold and Sommer, Werner}, title = {Trans-saccadic parafoveal preview benefits in fluent reading: A study with fixation-related brain potentials}, series = {NeuroImage : a journal of brain function}, volume = {62}, journal = {NeuroImage : a journal of brain function}, number = {1}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {San Diego}, issn = {1053-8119}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.04.006}, pages = {381 -- 393}, year = {2012}, abstract = {During natural reading, a parafoveal preview of the upcoming word facilitates its subsequent recognition (e.g., shorter fixation durations compared to masked preview) but nothing is known about the neural correlates of this so-called preview benefit. Furthermore, while the evidence is strong that readers preprocess orthographic features of upcoming words, it is controversial whether word meaning can also be accessed parafoveally. We investigated the timing, scope, and electrophysiological correlates of parafoveal information use in reading by simultaneously recording eye movements and fixation-related brain potentials (FRPs) while participants read word lists fluently from left to right. For one word the target (e.g., "blade") parafoveal information was manipulated by showing an identical ("blade"), semantically related ("knife"), or unrelated ("sugar") word as preview. In boundary trials, the preview was shown parafoveally but changed to the correct target word during the incoming saccade. Replicating classic findings, target words were fixated shorter after identical previews. In the EEG, this benefit was reflected in an occipitotemporal preview positivity between 200 and 280 ms. In contrast, there was no facilitation from related previews. In parafoveal-on-foveal trials, preview and target were embedded at neighboring list positions without a display change. Consecutive fixation of two related words produced N400 priming effects, but only shortly (160 ms) after the second word was directly fixated. Results demonstrate that neural responses to words are substantially altered by parafoveal preprocessing under normal reading conditions. We found no evidence that word meaning contributes to these effects. Saccade-contingent display manipulations can be combined with EEG recordings to study extrafoveal perception in vision.}, language = {en} } @article{RisseKliegl2012, author = {Risse, Sarah and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Evidence for delayed Parafoveal-on-Foveal effects from word n+2 in reading}, series = {Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance}, volume = {38}, journal = {Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance}, number = {4}, publisher = {American Psychological Association}, address = {Washington}, issn = {0096-1523}, doi = {10.1037/a0027735}, pages = {1026 -- 1042}, year = {2012}, abstract = {During reading information is acquired from word(s) beyond the word that is currently looked at. It is still an open question whether such parafoveal information can influence the current viewing of a word, and if so, whether such parafoveal-on-foveal effects are attributable to distributed processing or to mislocated fixations which occur when the eyes are directed at a parafoveal word but land on another word instead. In two display-change experiments, we orthogonally manipulated the preview and target difficulty of word n+2 to investigate the role of mislocated fixations on the previous word n+1. When the eyes left word n, an easy or difficult word n+2 preview was replaced by an easy or difficult n+2 target word. In Experiment 1, n+2 processing difficulty was manipulated by means of word frequency (i.e., easy high-frequency vs. difficult low-frequency word n+2). In Experiment 2, we varied the visual familiarity of word n+2 (i.e., easy lower-case vs. difficult alternating-case writing). Fixations on the short word n+1, which were likely to be mislocated, were nevertheless not influenced by the difficulty of the adjacent word n+2, the hypothesized target of the mislocated fixation. Instead word n+1 was influenced by the preview difficulty of word n+2, representing a delayed parafoveal-on-foveal effect. The results challenge the mislocated-fixation hypothesis as an explanation of parafoveal-on-foveal effects and provide new insight into the complex spatial and temporal effect structure of processing inside the perceptual span during reading.}, language = {en} } @article{TsaiKlieglYan2012, author = {Tsai, Jie-Li and Kliegl, Reinhold and Yan, Ming}, title = {Parafoveal semantic information extraction in traditional Chinese reading}, series = {Acta psychologica : international journal of psychonomics}, volume = {141}, journal = {Acta psychologica : international journal of psychonomics}, number = {1}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {0001-6918}, doi = {10.1016/j.actpsy.2012.06.004}, pages = {17 -- 23}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Semantic information extraction from the parafovea has been reported only in simplified Chinese for a special subset of characters and its generalizability has been questioned. This study uses traditional Chinese, which differs from simplified Chinese in visual complexity and in mapping semantic forms, to demonstrate access to parafoveal semantic information during reading of this script. Preview duration modulates various types (identical, phonological, and unrelated) of parafoveal information extraction. Parafoveal semantic extraction is more elusive in English; therefore, we conclude that such effects in Chinese are presumably caused by substantial cross-language differences from alphabetic scripts. The property of Chinese characters carrying rich lexical information in a small region provides the possibility of semantic extraction in the parafovea.}, language = {en} } @article{OhlBrandtKliegl2013, author = {Ohl, Sven and Brandt, Stephan A. and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {The generation of secondary saccades without postsaccadic visual feedback}, series = {Journal of vision}, volume = {13}, journal = {Journal of vision}, number = {5}, publisher = {Association for Research in Vision and Opthalmology}, address = {Rockville}, issn = {1534-7362}, doi = {10.1167/13.5.11}, pages = {23}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Primary saccades are often followed by small secondary saccades, which are generally thought to reduce the distance between the saccade endpoint and target location. Accumulated evidence demonstrates that secondary saccades are subject to various influences, among which retinal feedback during postsaccadic fixation constitutes only one important signal. Recently, we reported that target eccentricity and an orientation bias influence the generation of secondary saccades. In the present study, we examine secondary saccades in the absence of postsaccadic visual feedback. Although extraretinal signals (e.g., efference copy) have received widespread attention in eye-movement studies, it is still unclear whether an extraretinal error signal contributes to the programming of secondary saccades. We have observed that secondary saccade latency and amplitude depend on primary saccade error despite the absence of postsaccadic visual feedback. Strong evidence for an extraretinal error signal influencing secondary saccade programming is given by the observation that secondary saccades are more likely to be oriented in a direction opposite to the primary saccade as primary saccade error shifts from target undershoot to overshoot. We further show how the functional relationship between primary saccade landing position and secondary saccade characteristics varies as a function of target eccentricity. We propose that initial target eccentricity and an extraretinal error signal codetermine the postsaccadic activity distribution in the saccadic motor map when no visual feedback is available.}, language = {en} } @article{KlieglHohensteinYanetal.2013, author = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Hohenstein, Sven and Yan, Ming and McDonald, Scott A.}, title = {How preview space/time translates into preview cost/benefit for fixation durations during reading}, series = {The quarterly journal of experimental psychology}, volume = {66}, journal = {The quarterly journal of experimental psychology}, number = {3}, publisher = {Wiley}, address = {Hove}, issn = {1747-0218}, doi = {10.1080/17470218.2012.658073}, pages = {581 -- 600}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Eye-movement control during reading depends on foveal and parafoveal information. If the parafoveal preview of the next word is suppressed, reading is less efficient. A linear mixed model (LMM) reanalysis of McDonald (2006) confirmed his observation that preview benefit may be limited to parafoveal words that have been selected as the saccade target. Going beyond the original analyses, in the same LMM, we examined how the preview effect (i.e., the difference in single-fixation duration, SFD, between random-letter and identical preview) depends on the gaze duration on the pretarget word and on the amplitude of the saccade moving the eye onto the target word. There were two key results: (a) The shorter the saccade amplitude (i.e., the larger preview space), the shorter a subsequent SFD with an identical preview; this association was not observed with a random-letter preview. (b) However, the longer the gaze duration on the pretarget word, the longer the subsequent SFD on the target, with the difference between random-letter string and identical previews increasing with preview time. A third patternincreasing cost of a random-letter string in the parafovea associated with shorter saccade amplitudeswas observed for target gaze durations. Thus, LMMs revealed that preview effects, which are typically summarized under preview benefit, are a complex mixture of preview cost and preview benefit and vary with preview space and preview time. The consequence for reading is that parafoveal preview may not only facilitate, but also interfere with lexical access.}, language = {en} } @article{WotschackKliegl2013, author = {Wotschack, Christiane and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Reading strategy modulates parafoveal-on-foveal effects in sentence reading}, series = {The quarterly journal of experimental psychology}, volume = {66}, journal = {The quarterly journal of experimental psychology}, number = {3}, publisher = {Wiley}, address = {Hove}, issn = {1747-0218}, doi = {10.1080/17470218.2011.625094}, pages = {548 -- 562}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Task demands and individual differences have been linked reliably to word skipping during reading. Such differences in fixation probability may imply a selection effect for multivariate analyses of eye-movement corpora if selection effects correlate with word properties of skipped words. For example, with fewer fixations on short and highly frequent words the power to detect parafoveal-on-foveal effects is reduced. We demonstrate that increasing the fixation probability on function words with a manipulation of the expected difficulty and frequency of questions reduces an age difference in skipping probability (i.e., old adults become comparable to young adults) and helps to uncover significant parafoveal-on-foveal effects in this group of old adults. We discuss implications for the comparison of results of eye-movement research based on multivariate analysis of corpus data with those from display-contingent manipulations of target words.}, language = {en} } @article{AsendorpfConnerDeFruytetal.2013, author = {Asendorpf, Jens B. and Conner, Mark and De Fruyt, Filip and De Houwer, Jan and Denissen, Jaap J. A. and Fiedler, Klaus and Fiedler, Susann and Funder, David C. and Kliegl, Reinhold and Nosek, Brian A. and Perugini, Marco and Roberts, Brent W. and Schmitt, Manfred and vanAken, Marcel A. G. and Weber, Hannelore and Wicherts, Jelte M.}, title = {Recommendations for increasing replicability in psychology}, series = {European journal of personality}, volume = {27}, journal = {European journal of personality}, number = {2}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, address = {Hoboken}, issn = {0890-2070}, doi = {10.1002/per.1919}, pages = {108 -- 119}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Replicability of findings is at the heart of any empirical science. The aim of this article is to move the current replicability debate in psychology towards concrete recommendations for improvement. We focus on research practices but also offer guidelines for reviewers, editors, journal management, teachers, granting institutions, and university promotion committees, highlighting some of the emerging and existing practical solutions that can facilitate implementation of these recommendations. The challenges for improving replicability in psychological science are systemic. Improvement can occur only if changes are made at many levels of practice, evaluation, and reward.}, language = {en} } @article{ZhouKlieglYan2013, author = {Zhou, Wei and Kliegl, Reinhold and Yan, Ming}, title = {A validation of parafoveal semantic information extraction in reading Chinese}, series = {Journal of research in reading : a journal of the United Kingdom Reading Association}, volume = {36}, journal = {Journal of research in reading : a journal of the United Kingdom Reading Association}, number = {2}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, address = {Hoboken}, issn = {0141-0423}, doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9817.2013.01556.x}, pages = {S51 -- S63}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Parafoveal semantic processing has recently been well documented in reading Chinese sentences, presumably because of language-specific features. However, because of a large variation of fixation landing positions on pretarget words, some preview words actually were located in foveal vision when readers' eyes landed close to the end of the pretarget words. None of the previous studies has completely ruled out a possibility that the semantic preview effects might mainly arise from these foveally processed preview words. This case, whether previously observed positive evidence for parafoveal semantic processing can still hold, has been called into question. Using linear mixed models, we demonstrate in this study that semantic preview benefit from word N+1 decreased if fixation on pretarget word N was close to the preview. We argue that parafoveal semantic processing is not a consequence of foveally processed preview words.}, language = {en} } @article{MassonKliegl2013, author = {Masson, Michael E. J. and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Modulation of additive and interactive effects in lexical decision by Trial History}, series = {Journal of experimental psychology : Learning, memory, and cognition}, volume = {39}, journal = {Journal of experimental psychology : Learning, memory, and cognition}, number = {3}, publisher = {American Psychological Association}, address = {Washington}, issn = {0278-7393}, doi = {10.1037/a0029180}, pages = {898 -- 914}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Additive and interactive effects of word frequency, stimulus quality, and semantic priming have been used to test theoretical claims about the cognitive architecture of word-reading processes. Additive effects among these factors have been taken as evidence for discrete-stage models of word reading. We present evidence from linear mixed-model analyses applied to 2 lexical decision experiments indicating that apparent additive effects can be the product of aggregating over- and underadditive interaction effects that are modulated by recent trial history, particularly the lexical status and stimulus quality of the previous trial's target. Even a simple practice effect expressed as improved response speed across trials was powerfully modulated by the nature of the previous target item. These results suggest that additivity and interaction between factors may reflect trial-to-trial variation in stimulus representations and decision processes rather than fundamental differences in processing architecture.}, language = {en} } @article{YanPanLaubrocketal.2013, author = {Yan, Ming and Pan, Jinger and Laubrock, Jochen and Kliegl, Reinhold and Shu, Hua}, title = {Parafoveal processing efficiency in rapid automatized naming a comparison between Chinese normal and dyslexic children}, series = {Journal of experimental child psychology}, volume = {115}, journal = {Journal of experimental child psychology}, number = {3}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {San Diego}, issn = {0022-0965}, doi = {10.1016/j.jecp.2013.01.007}, pages = {579 -- 589}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Dyslexic children are known to be slower than normal readers in rapid automatized naming (RAN). This suggests that dyslexics encounter local processing difficulties, which presumably induce a narrower perceptual span. Consequently, dyslexics should suffer less than normal readers from removing parafoveal preview. Here we used a gaze-contingent moving window paradigm in a RAN task to experimentally test this prediction. Results indicate that dyslexics extract less parafoveal information than control children. We propose that more attentional resources are recruited to the foveal processing because of dyslexics' less automatized translation of visual symbols into phonological output, thereby causing a reduction of the perceptual span. This in turn leads to less efficient preactivation of parafoveal information and, hence, more difficulty in processing the next foveal item.}, language = {en} } @article{EngelmannVasishthEngbertetal.2013, author = {Engelmann, Felix and Vasishth, Shravan and Engbert, Ralf and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {A framework for modeling the interaction of syntactic processing and eye movement control}, series = {Topics in cognitive science}, volume = {5}, journal = {Topics in cognitive science}, number = {3}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, address = {Hoboken}, issn = {1756-8757}, doi = {10.1111/tops.12026}, pages = {452 -- 474}, year = {2013}, abstract = {We explore the interaction between oculomotor control and language comprehension on the sentence level using two well-tested computational accounts of parsing difficulty. Previous work (Boston, Hale, Vasishth, \& Kliegl, 2011) has shown that surprisal (Hale, 2001; Levy, 2008) and cue-based memory retrieval (Lewis \& Vasishth, 2005) are significant and complementary predictors of reading time in an eyetracking corpus. It remains an open question how the sentence processor interacts with oculomotor control. Using a simple linking hypothesis proposed in Reichle, Warren, and McConnell (2009), we integrated both measures with the eye movement model EMMA (Salvucci, 2001) inside the cognitive architecture ACT-R (Anderson et al., 2004). We built a reading model that could initiate short Time Out regressions (Mitchell, Shen, Green, \& Hodgson, 2008) that compensate for slow postlexical processing. This simple interaction enabled the model to predict the re-reading of words based on parsing difficulty. The model was evaluated in different configurations on the prediction of frequency effects on the Potsdam Sentence Corpus. The extension of EMMA with postlexical processing improved its predictions and reproduced re-reading rates and durations with a reasonable fit to the data. This demonstration, based on simple and independently motivated assumptions, serves as a foundational step toward a precise investigation of the interaction between high-level language processing and eye movement control.}, language = {en} } @article{RodriguezVillagraGoetheOberaueretal.2013, author = {Rodriguez-Villagra, Odir Antonio and G{\"o}the, Katrin and Oberauer, Klaus and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Working memory capacity in a go/no-go task - age differences in interference, processing speed, and attentional control}, series = {Developmental psychology}, volume = {49}, journal = {Developmental psychology}, number = {9}, publisher = {American Psychological Association}, address = {Washington}, issn = {0012-1649}, doi = {10.1037/a0030883}, pages = {1683 -- 1696}, year = {2013}, abstract = {We tested the limits of working-memory capacity (WMC) of young adults, old adults, and children with a memory-updating task. The task consisted of mentally shifting spatial positions within a grid according to arrows, their color signaling either only go (control) or go/no-go conditions. The interference model (IM) of Oberauer and Kliegl (2006) was simultaneously fitted to the data of all groups. In addition to the 3 main model parameters (feature overlap, noise, and processing rate), we estimated the time for switching between go and no-go steps as a new model parameter. In this study, we examined the IM parameters across the life span. The IM parameter estimates show that (a) conditions were not different in interference by feature overlap and interference by confusion; (b) switching costs time; (c) young adults and children were less susceptible than old adults to interference due to feature overlap; (d) noise was highest for children, followed by old and young adults; (e) old adults differed from children and young adults in lower processing rate; and (f) children and old adults had a larger switch cost between go steps and no-go steps. Thus, the results of this study indicated that across age, the IM parameters contribute distinctively for explaining the limits of WMC.}, language = {en} } @article{DambacherSlatteryYangetal.2013, author = {Dambacher, Michael and Slattery, Timothy J. and Yang, Jinmian and Kliegl, Reinhold and Rayner, Keith}, title = {Evidence for direct control of eye movements during reading}, series = {Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance}, volume = {39}, journal = {Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance}, number = {5}, publisher = {American Psychological Association}, address = {Washington}, issn = {0096-1523}, doi = {10.1037/a0031647}, pages = {1468 -- 1484}, year = {2013}, abstract = {It is well established that fixation durations during reading vary with processing difficulty, but there are different views on how oculomotor control, visual perception, shifts of attention, and lexical (and higher cognitive) processing are coordinated. Evidence for a one-to-one translation of input delay into saccadic latency would provide a much needed constraint for current theoretical proposals. Here, we tested predictions of such a direct-control perspective using the stimulus-onset delay (SOD) paradigm. Words in sentences were initially masked and, on fixation, were individually unmasked with a delay (0-, 33-, 66-, 99-ms SODs). In Experiment 1, SODs were constant for all words in a sentence; in Experiment 2, SODs were manipulated on target words, while nontargets were unmasked without delay. In accordance with predictions of direct control, nonzero SODs entailed equivalent increases in fixation durations in both experiments. Yet, a population of short fixations pointed to rapid saccades as a consequence of low-level information at nonoptimal viewing positions rather than of lexical processing. Implications of these results for theoretical accounts of oculomotor control are discussed.}, language = {en} } @article{PanYanLaubrocketal.2013, author = {Pan, Jinger and Yan, Ming and Laubrock, Jochen and Shu, Hua and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Eye-voice span during rapid automatized naming of digits and dice in Chinese normal and dyslexic children}, series = {Developmental science.}, volume = {16}, journal = {Developmental science.}, number = {6}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, address = {Hoboken}, issn = {1467-7687}, doi = {10.1111/desc.12075}, pages = {967 -- 979}, year = {2013}, abstract = {We measured Chinese dyslexic and control children's eye movements during rapid automatized naming (RAN) with alphanumeric (digits) and symbolic (dice surfaces) stimuli. Both types of stimuli required identical oral responses, controlling for effects associated with speech production. Results showed that naming dice was much slower than naming digits for both groups, but group differences in eye-movement measures and in the eye-voice span (i.e. the distance between the currently fixated item and the voiced item) were generally larger in digit-RAN than in dice-RAN. In addition, dyslexics were less efficient in parafoveal processing in these RAN tasks. Since the two RAN tasks required the same phonological output and on the assumption that naming dice is less practiced than naming digits in general, the results suggest that the translation of alphanumeric visual symbols into phonological codes is less efficient in dyslexic children. The dissociation of the print-to-sound conversion and phonological representation suggests that the degree of automaticity in translation from visual symbols to phonological codes in addition to phonological processing per se is also critical to understanding dyslexia.}, language = {en} } @article{Kliegl2008, author = {Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Publication statistics show collaboration, not competition}, year = {2008}, language = {en} } @article{ThompsonKliegl1991, author = {Thompson, Laura A. and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Adult age effects of plausibility on memory : the role of time constraints during encoding}, year = {1991}, language = {en} } @article{SimonCarbreraKliegl1993, author = {Simon, Tony and Carbrera, Angel and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {A new approach to the study of subitizing as distinct enumeration processing}, isbn = {0-8058- 1487-6}, year = {1993}, language = {en} } @article{MayrKliegl1993, author = {Mayr, Ulrich and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Sequential and coordinative complexity : age-based processing limitations in figural transformation}, issn = {0278-7393}, year = {1993}, abstract = {Dimensions of cognitive complexity in figural transformations were examined in the context of adult age differences. Sequential complexity was manipulated through figural transformations of single objects in a multiple- object array. Coordinative complexity was induced through spatial or nonspatial transformations of the entire array. Results confirmed the prediction that age-related slowing is larger in coordinative complexity than in sequential complexity conditions. The effect was stable across 8 sessions (Exp 1), was obtained when age groups were equated in accuracy with criterion-referenced testing (Exp 2), and was corroborated by age-differential probabilities of error types (Exps 1 and 2). A model is proposed attributing age effects under coordinative complexity to 2 factors: (1) basic- level slowing and (2) time-consuming reiterations through the processing sequence due to age-related working memory failures. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)}, language = {en} } @article{KlieglPhilipp2002, author = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Philipp, Doris}, title = {Cognitive plasticity}, isbn = {0-7619-5494-5}, year = {2002}, language = {en} } @article{EngbertNuthmannKliegl2007, author = {Engbert, Ralf and Nuthmann, Antje and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {An lterative algorithm for the estimation of the distribution of mislocated fixations during reading}, isbn = {978-0-08-044980-7}, year = {2007}, language = {en} } @article{BohnKliegl2007, author = {Bohn, Christiane and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Post-interpretive processes influence interpretive processing during reading: evidence from eye movements}, isbn = {978-18-4169-96-9}, year = {2007}, language = {en} } @article{KlieglWeiDambacheretal.2010, author = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Wei, Ping and Dambacher, Michael and Yan, Ming and Zhou, Xiaolin}, title = {Experimental effects and individual differences in linear mixed models: estimating the relationship between spatial, object, and attraction effects in visual attention}, doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00238}, year = {2010}, language = {en} } @article{RomanoThielKurthsetal.2006, author = {Romano, Maria Carmen and Thiel, Marco and Kurths, J{\"u}rgen and Rolfs, Martin and Engbert, Ralf and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Synchronization Analysis and Recurrence in Complex Systems}, isbn = {978-3-527-40623-4}, year = {2006}, language = {en} } @article{YanKlieglShuetal.2010, author = {Yan, Ming and Kliegl, Reinhold and Shu, Hua and Pan, Jinger and Zhou, Xiaolin}, title = {Parafoveal load of word N+1 modulates preprocessing effectiveness of word N+2 in chinese reading}, doi = {10.1037/a0019329}, year = {2010}, language = {en} } @article{DittmannKohliLachmannKliegletal.1991, author = {Dittmann-Kohli, Freya and Lachmann, Margic and Kliegl, Reinhold and Baltes, Paul B.}, title = {Effects of cognitive training and testing on intellectual efficacy beliefs in elderly adults}, year = {1991}, language = {en} } @article{GoetheEsserGendtetal.2012, author = {G{\"o}the, Katrin and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Gendt, Anja and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Working memory in children : tracing age differences and special educational needs to parameters of a formal model}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Parameters of a formal working-memory model were estimated for verbal and spatial memory updating of children. The model proposes interference though feature overwriting and through confusion of whole elements as the primary cause of working-memory capacity limits. We tested 2 age groups each containing 1 group of normal intelligence and 1 deficit group. For young children the deficit was developmental dyslexia; for older children it was a general learning difficulty. The interference model predicts less interference through overwriting but more through confusion of whole elements for the dyslexic children than for their age-matched controls. Older children exhibited less interference through confusion of whole elements and a higher processing rate than young children, but general learning difficulty was associated with slower processing than in the age-matched control group. Furthermore, the difference between verbal and spatial updating mapped onto several meaningful dissociations of model parameters.}, language = {en} } @article{HeisterKliegl2012, author = {Heister, Julian and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Comparing word frequencies from different German text corpora}, isbn = {978-3-86956-178-3}, year = {2012}, language = {en} } @article{RisseKliegl2011, author = {Risse, Sarah and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Adult age difference in the perceptual span during reading}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Following up on research suggesting an age-related reduction in the rightward extent of the perceptual span during reading (Rayner, Castelhano, \& Yang, 2009), we compared old and young adults in an N + 2-boundary paradigm in which a nonword preview of word N + 2 or word N + 2 itself is replaced by the target word once the eyes cross an invisible boundary located after word N. The intermediate word N + 1 was always three letters long. Gaze durations on word N + 2 were significantly shorter for identical than nonword N + 2 preview both for young and for old adults, with no significant difference in this preview benefit. Young adults, however, did modulate their gaze duration on word N more strongly than old adults in response to the difficulty of the parafoveal word N + 1. Taken together, the results suggest a dissociation of preview benefit and parafoveal-on-foveal effect. Results are discussed in terms of age-related decline in resilience towards distributed processing while simultaneously preserving the ability to integrate parafoveal information into foveal processing. As such, the present results relate to proposals of regulatory compensation strategies older adults use to secure an overall reading speed very similar to that of young adults. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)}, language = {en} } @article{BostonHalbeVasishthetal.2011, author = {Boston, Marisa Ferrara and Halbe, John T. and Vasishth, Shravan and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Parallel processing and entence comprehension difficulty}, doi = {10.1080/01690965.2010.492228}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Eye fixation durations during normal reading correlate with processing difficulty, but the specific cognitive mechanisms reflected in these measures are not well understood. This study finds support in German readers' eye fixations for two distinct difficulty metrics: surprisal, which reflects the change in probabilities across syntactic analyses as new words are integrated; and retrieval, which quantifies comprehension difficulty in terms of working memory constraints. We examine the predictions of both metrics using a family of dependency parsers indexed by an upper limit on the number of candidate syntactic analyses they retain at successive words. Surprisal models all fixation measures and regression probability. By contrast, retrieval does not model any measure in serial processing. As more candidate analyses are considered in parallel at each word, retrieval can account for the same measures as surprisal. This pattern suggests an important role for ranked parallelism in theories of sentence comprehension.}, language = {en} } @article{MoshelZivotofskyLiangetal.2008, author = {Moshel, Shay and Zivotofsky, Ari Z. and Liang, Jin-Rong and Engbert, Ralf and Kurths, J{\"u}rgen and Kliegl, Reinhold and Havlin, Shlomo}, title = {Persistence and phase synchronization properties of fixational eye movement}, issn = {1951-6355}, year = {2008}, abstract = {When we fixate our gaze on a stable object, our eyes move continuously with extremely small involuntary and autonomic movements, that even we are unaware of during their occurrence. One of the roles of these fixational eye movements is to prevent the adaptation of the visual system to continuous illumination and inhibit fading of the image. These random, small movements are restricted at long time scales so as to keep the target at the centre of the field of view. In addition, the synchronisation properties between both eyes are related to binocular coordination in order to provide stereopsis. We investigated the roles of different time scale behaviours, especially how they are expressed in the different spatial directions (vertical versus horizontal). We also tested the synchronisation between both eyes. Results show different scaling behaviour between horizontal and vertical movements. When the small ballistic movements, i.e., microsaccades, are removed, the scaling behaviour in both axes becomes similar. Our findings suggest that microsaccades enhance the persistence at short time scales mostly in the horizontal component and much less in the vertical component. We also applied the phase synchronisation decay method to study the synchronisation between six combinations of binocular fixational eye movement components. We found that the vertical-vertical components of right and left eyes are significantly more synchronised than the horizontal-horizontal components. These differences may be due to the need for continuously moving the eyes in the horizontal plane in order to match the stereoscopic image for different viewing distances.}, language = {en} } @article{LaubrockEngbertKliegl2008, author = {Laubrock, Jochen and Engbert, Ralf and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Fixational eye movements predict the perceived direction of ambiguous apparent motion}, issn = {1534-7362}, doi = {10.1167/8.14.13}, year = {2008}, abstract = {Neuronal activity in area LIP is correlated with the perceived direction of ambiguous apparent motion (Z. M. Williams, J. C. Elfar, E. N. Eskandar, L. J. Toth, \& J. A. Assad, 2003). Here we show that a similar correlation exists for small eye movements made during fixation. A moving dot grid with superimposed fixation point was presented through an aperture. In a motion discrimination task, unambiguous motion was compared with ambiguous motion obtained by shifting the grid by half of the dot distance. In three experiments we show that (a) microsaccadic inhibition, i.e., a drop in microsaccade frequency precedes reports of perceptual flips, (b) microsaccadic inhibition does not accompany simple response changes, and (c) the direction of microsaccades occurring before motion onset biases the subsequent perception of ambiguous motion. We conclude that microsaccades provide a signal on which perceptual judgments rely in the absence of objective disambiguating stimulus information.}, language = {en} } @article{ThielRomanoKurthsetal.2006, author = {Thiel, Marco and Romano, Maria Carmen and Kurths, J{\"u}rgen and Rolfs, Martin and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Twin surrogates to test for complex synchronisation}, doi = {10.1209/epl/i2006-10147-0}, year = {2006}, abstract = {We present an approach to generate (multivariate) twin surrogates (TS) based on recurrence properties. This technique generates surrogates which correspond to an independent copy of the underlying system, i.e. they induce a trajectory of the underlying system starting at different initial conditions. We show that these surrogates are well suited to test for complex synchronisation and exemplify this for the paradigmatic system of Rossler oscillators. The proposed test enables to assess the statistical relevance of a synchronisation analysis from passive experiments which are typical in natural systems}, language = {en} } @article{NuthmannEngbertKliegl2007, author = {Nuthmann, Antje and Engbert, Ralf and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {The IOVP-effect in mindless reading : Experiment and modeling}, doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2006.11.005}, year = {2007}, abstract = {Fixation durations in reading are longer for within-word fixation positions close to word center than for positions near word boundaries. This counterintuitive result was termed the Inverted-Optimal Viewing Position (IOVP) effect. We proposed an explanation of the effect based on error-correction of mislocated fixations [Nuthmann, A., Engbert, R., \& Kliegl, R. (2005). Mislocated fixations during reading and the inverted optimal viewing position effect. Vision Research, 45, 2201-2217], that suggests that the IOVP effect is not related to word processing. Here we demonstrate the existence of an IOVP effect in "mindless reading", a G-string scanning task. We compare the results from experimental data with results obtained from computer simulations of a simple model of the IOVP effect and discuss alternative accounts. We conclude that oculornotor errors, which often induce mislocalized fixations, represent the most important source of the IOVP effect. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, language = {en} } @article{RolfsLaubrockKliegl2006, author = {Rolfs, Martin and Laubrock, Jochen and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Shortening and prolongation of saccade latencies following microsaccades}, doi = {10.1007/s00221-005-0148-1}, year = {2006}, abstract = {When the eyes fixate at a point in a visual scene, small saccades rapidly shift the image on the retina. The effect of these microsaccades on the latency of subsequent large-scale saccades may be twofold. First, microsaccades are associated with an enhancement of visual perception. Their occurrence during saccade target perception could, thus, decrease saccade latencies. Second, microsaccades are likely to indicate activity in fixation-related oculomotor neurons. These represent competitors to saccade-related cells in the interplay of gaze holding and shifting. Consequently, an increase in saccade latencies would be expected after microsaccades. Here, we present evidence for both aspects of microsaccadic impact on saccade latency. In a delayed response task, participants made saccades to visible or memorized targets. First, microsaccade occurrence up to 50 ms before target disappearance correlated with 18 ms (or 8\%) faster saccades to memorized targets. Second, if microsaccades occurred shortly (i.e., < 150 ms) before a saccade was required, mean saccadic reaction time in visual and memory trials was increased by about 40 ms (or 16\%). Hence, microsaccades can have opposite consequences for saccade latencies, pointing at a differential role of these fixational eye movements in the preparation of saccade motor programs}, language = {en} } @article{KinderRolfsKliegl2008, author = {Kinder, Annette and Rolfs, Martin and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Sequence learning at optimal stimulus-response mapping : evidence from a serial reaction-time task}, doi = {10.1080/17470210701557555}, year = {2008}, abstract = {We propose a new version of the serial reaction time (SRT) task in which participants merely looked at the target instead of responding manually. As response locations were identical to target locations, stimulus - response compatibility was maximal in this task. We demonstrated that saccadic response times decreased during training and increased again when a new sequence was presented. It is unlikely that this effect was caused by stimulus - response (S - R) learning because bonds between (visual) stimuli and (oculomotor) responses were already well established before the experiment started. Thus, the finding shows that the building of S - R bonds is not essential for learning in the SRT task.}, language = {en} } @article{LaubrockKlieglEngbert2006, author = {Laubrock, Jochen and Kliegl, Reinhold and Engbert, Ralf}, title = {SWIFT explorations of age differences in eye movements during reading}, issn = {0149-7634}, doi = {10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.06.013}, year = {2006}, language = {en} } @article{HohensteinKliegl2010, author = {Hohenstein, Sven and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Semantic preview benefit in eye movements during reading : a parafoveal fast-priming study}, issn = {0278-7393}, doi = {10.1037/A0020233}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Eye movements in reading are sensitive to foveal and parafoveal word features. Whereas the influence of orthographic or phonological parafoveal information on gaze control is undisputed, there has been no reliable evidence for early parafoveal extraction of semantic information in alphabetic script. Using a novel combination of the gaze- contingent fast-priming and boundary paradigms, we demonstrate semantic preview benefit when a semantically related parafoveal word was available during the initial 125 ms of a fixation on the pretarget word (Experiments 1 and 2). When the target location was made more salient, significant parafoveal semantic priming occurred only at 80 ms (Experiment 3). Finally, with short primes only (20, 40, 60 ms), effects were not significant but were numerically in the expected direction for 40 and 60 ms (Experiment 4). In all experiments, fixation durations on the target word increased with prime durations under all conditions. The evidence for extraction of semantic information from the parafoveal word favors an explanation in terms of parallel word processing in reading.}, language = {en} } @article{HoernigWeskottKliegletal.2006, author = {H{\"o}rnig, Robin and Weskott, Thomas and Kliegl, Reinhold and Fanselow, Gisbert}, title = {Word order variation in spatial descriptions with adverbs}, issn = {0090-502X}, doi = {10.3758/BF03193264}, year = {2006}, abstract = {Previous research has shown that in a three-term spatial reasoning task, the second premise of a German premise pair is especially easy to comprehend if (1) the prepositional object rather than the grammatical subject denotes the given entity, and if (2) the term denoting the given entity precedes the term denoting the new entity. Accordingly, the second premise is easiest to comprehend with noncanonical word order-that is, with the prepositional object in preverbal position denoting the given entity (e.g., To the right of the given object is the new subject). This finding is explained in terms of contextual licensing of noncanonical word order. Here, we discuss and tested two alternative accounts of contextual licensing, given-new and partially ordered set relations (Poset). The given-new account claims that noncanonical word order is licensed by the term denoting the given entity preceding the term denoting the new entity. On the Poset account, noncanonical word order is licensed if the preverbal constituent introduces a new entity that stands in a transitive, irreflexive, and asymmetric relation to a given entity. Comprehension times for second premises with spatial adverbs in four different word orders support both accounts of contextual licensing; Poset licensing was stronger than given-new licensing.}, language = {en} } @article{DambacherKlieglHofmannetal.2006, author = {Dambacher, Michael and Kliegl, Reinhold and Hofmann, Markus and Jacobs, Arthur M.}, title = {Frequency and predictability effects on event-related potentials during reading}, issn = {0006-8993}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2006.02.010}, year = {2006}, abstract = {Effects of frequency, predictability, and position of words on event-related potentials were assessed during word-by-word sentence reading in 48 subjects in an early and in a late time window corresponding to P200 and N400. Repeated measures multiple regression analyses revealed a P200 effect in the high-frequency range also the P200 was larger on words at the beginning and end of sentences than on words in the middle of sentences (i.e., a quadratic effect of word position). Predictability strongly affected the N400 component; the effect was stronger for low than for high- frequency words. The P200 frequency effect indicates that high-frequency words are lexically accessed very fast, independent of context information. Effects on the N400 suggest that predictability strongly moderates the late access especially of low-frequency words. Thus, contextual facilitation on the N400 appears to reflect both lexical and post- lexical stages of word recognition, questioning a strict classification into lexical and post-lexical processes.}, language = {en} } @article{OberauerKliegl2006, author = {Oberauer, Klaus and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {A formal model of capacity limits in working memory}, series = {Journal of Memory and Language}, volume = {55}, journal = {Journal of Memory and Language}, number = {4}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {0749-596X}, doi = {10.1016/j.jml.2006.08.009}, pages = {601 -- 626}, year = {2006}, abstract = {A mathematical model of working-memory capacity limits is proposed on the key assumption of mutual interference between items in working memory. Interference is assumed to arise from overwriting of features shared by these items. The model was fit to time-accuracy data of memory-updating tasks from four experiments using nonlinear mixed effect (NLME) models as a framework. The model gave a good account of the data from a numerical and a spatial task version. The performance pattern in a combination of numerical and spatial updating could be explained by variations in the interference parameter: assuming less feature overlap between contents from different domains than between contents from the same domain, the model can account for double dissociations of content domains in dual-task experiments. Experiment 3 extended this idea to similarity within the verbal domain. The decline of memory accuracy with increasing memory load was steeper with phonologically similar than with dissimilar material, although processing speed was faster for the similar material. The model captured the similarity effects with a higher estimated interference parameter for the similar than for the dissimilar condition. The results are difficult to explain with alternative models, in particular models incorporating time-based decay and models assuming limited resource pools.}, language = {en} } @article{KlieglRisseLaubrock2007, author = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Risse, Sarah and Laubrock, Jochen}, title = {Preview benefit and parafoveal-on-foveal effects from word n+2}, issn = {0096-1523}, doi = {10.1037/0096-1523.33.5.1250}, year = {2007}, abstract = {Using the gaze-contingent boundary paradigm with the boundary placed after word n, the experiment manipulated preview of word n + 2 for fixations on word n. There was no preview benefit for 1st-pass reading on word n + 2, replicating the results of K. Rayner, B. J. Juhasz, and S. J. Brown (2007), but there was a preview benefit on the 3- letter word n + 1, that is, after the boundary but before word n + 2. Additionally, both word n + 1 and word n + 2 exhibited parafoveal-on-foveal effects on word n. Thus, during a fixation on word n and given a short word n + 1, some information is extracted from word n + 2, supporting the hypothesis of distributed processing in the perceptual span.}, language = {en} } @article{ValsecchiDimigenKliegletal.2009, author = {Valsecchi, Matteo and Dimigen, Olaf and Kliegl, Reinhold and Sommer, Werner and Turatto, Massimo}, title = {Microsaccadic inhibition and P300 enhancement in a visual oddball task}, issn = {0048-5772}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00791.x}, year = {2009}, abstract = {It has recently been demonstrated that the presentation of visual oddballs induces a prolonged inhibition of microsaccades. The amplitude of the P300 component in event-related potentials (ERPs) has been shown to be sensitive to the category (target vs. nontarget) of the eliciting stimulus, its overall probability, and the preceding stimulus sequence. In the present study we further specify the functional underpinnings of the prolonged microsaccadic inhibition in the visual oddball task, showing that the stimulus category, the frequency of a stimulus, and the preceding stimulus sequence influence microsaccade rate. Furthermore, by co-recording ERPs and eye movements, we were able to demonstrate that, despite being largely sensitive to the same experimental manipulation, the amplitude of P300 and the microsaccadic inhibition predict each other only weakly.}, language = {en} } @article{LaubrockKlieglRolfsetal.2010, author = {Laubrock, Jochen and Kliegl, Reinhold and Rolfs, Martin and Engbert, Ralf}, title = {When do microsaccades follow spatial attention?}, issn = {1943-3921}, doi = {10.3758/APP.72.3.683}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Following up on an exchange about the relation between microsaccades and spatial attention (Horowitz, Fencsik, Fine, Yurgenson, \& Wolfe, 2007; Horowitz, Fine, Fencsik, Yurgenson, \& Wolfe, 2007; Laubrock, Engbert, Rolfs, \& Kliegl, 2007), we examine the effects of selection criteria and response modality. We show that for Posner cuing with saccadic responses, microsaccades go with attention in at least 75\% of cases (almost 90\% if probability matching is assumed) when they are first (or only) microsaccades in the cue target interval and when they occur between 200 and 400 msec after the cue. The relation between spatial attention and the direction of microsaccades drops to chance level for unselected microsaccades collected during manual-response conditions. Analyses of data from four cross-modal cuing experiments demonstrate an above-chance, intermediate link for visual cues, but no systematic relation for auditory cues. Thus, the link between spatial attention and direction of microsaccades depends on the experimental condition and time of occurrence, but it can be very strong.}, language = {en} } @article{DimigenValsecchieSommeretal.2009, author = {Dimigen, Olaf and Valsecchie, Matteo and Sommer, Werner and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Human microsaccade-related visual brain responses}, issn = {0270-6474}, doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0911-09.2009}, year = {2009}, language = {en} } @article{RisseEngbertKliegl2008, author = {Risse, Sarah and Engbert, Ralf and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Eye-movement control in reading : experimental and corpus-analysis challenges for a computational model}, isbn = {978-7-201-06107-8}, year = {2008}, language = {en} } @article{OngKliegl2008, author = {Ong, James Kwan Yau and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Conditional co-occurrence probability acts like frequency in predicting fixation durations}, issn = {1995-8692}, year = {2008}, language = {en} } @article{FeryKaiserHoernigetal.2009, author = {F{\´e}ry, Caroline and Kaiser, Elsi and H{\"o}rnig, Robin and Weskott, Thomas and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Perception of intonational contours on given and new referents : a completion study and an eye-movement experiment}, isbn = {978-3-11-021922-7}, year = {2009}, language = {en} } @article{RolfsLaubrockKliegl2008, author = {Rolfs, Martin and Laubrock, Jochen and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Microsaccade-induced prolongation of saccadic latencies depends on microsaccade amplitude}, issn = {1995-8692}, year = {2008}, language = {en} } @article{NuthmannKliegl2009, author = {Nuthmann, Antje and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Preferred viewing locations : a validation}, issn = {0301-0066}, year = {2009}, language = {en} } @article{BaptistaBohnKliegletal.2008, author = {Baptista, Murilo da Silva and Bohn, Christiane and Kliegl, Reinhold and Engbert, Ralf and Kurths, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Reconstruction of eye movements during blinks}, issn = {1054-1500}, doi = {10.1063/1.2890843}, year = {2008}, language = {en} } @article{YanRichterShuetal.2009, author = {Yan, Ming and Richter, Eike M. and Shu, Hua and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Readers of Chinese extract semantic information from parafoveal words}, issn = {1069-9384}, doi = {10.3758/Pbr.16.3.561}, year = {2009}, abstract = {Evidence for semantic preview benefit (PB) from parafoveal words has been elusive for reading alphabetic scripts such as English. Here we report semantic PB for noncompound characters in Chinese reading with the boundary paradigm. In addition, PBs for orthographic relatedness and, as a numeric trend, for phonological relatedness were obtained. Results are in agreement with other research suggesting that the Chinese writing system is based on a closer association between graphic form and meaning than is alphabetic script. We discuss implications for notions of serial attention shifts and parallel distributed processing of words during reading.}, language = {en} } @article{BoettcherRolfsKliegletal.2009, author = {B{\"o}ttcher, Heiko and Rolfs, Martin and Kliegl, Reinhold and Ihle, Wolfgang}, title = {Inattentional blindness and change blindness bei Jungen mit ADHS}, year = {2009}, language = {en} } @article{LindenbergerBrehmerKliegletal.2008, author = {Lindenberger, Ulman and Brehmer, Y. and Kliegl, Reinhold and Baltes, Paul B.}, title = {Benefits of graphic design expertise in old age : compensatory effects of a graphical lexicon?}, isbn = {978-0-521-87205-8}, year = {2008}, language = {en} } @article{BostonHaleKliegletal.2008, author = {Boston, Marisa Ferrara and Hale, John and Kliegl, Reinhold and Vasishth, Shravan}, title = {Surprising parser actions and reading difficulty}, year = {2008}, language = {en} } @article{KlieglRolfsLaubrocketal.2009, author = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Rolfs, Martin and Laubrock, Jochen and Engbert, Ralf}, title = {Microsaccadic modulation of response times in spatial attention tasks}, issn = {0340-0727}, doi = {10.1007/s00426-008-0202-2}, year = {2009}, language = {en} } @article{BostonHaleKliegletal.2008, author = {Boston, Marisa Ferrara and Hale, John and Kliegl, Reinhold and Patil, Umesh and Vasishth, Shravan}, title = {Parsing costs as predictors of reading difficulty : an evaluation using the Potsdam Sentence Corpus}, issn = {1995-8692}, year = {2008}, language = {en} } @article{LaubrockEngbertRolfsetal.2007, author = {Laubrock, Jochen and Engbert, Ralf and Rolfs, Martin and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Microsaccades are an index of covert attention : commentary on Horowitz, Fine, Fencsik, Yurgenson and Wolfe}, issn = {0956-7976}, doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01904.x}, year = {2007}, language = {en} } @article{AngeleSlatteryYangetal.2008, author = {Angele, Bernhard and Slattery, Timothy J. and Yang, Jinmian and Kliegl, Reinhold and Rayner, Keith}, title = {Parafoveal processing in reading : manipulating n+1 and n+2 previews simultaneously}, issn = {1350-6285}, doi = {10.1080/13506280802009704}, year = {2008}, abstract = {The boundary paradigm (Rayner, 1975) with a novel preview manipulation was used to examine the extent of parafoveal processing of words to the right of fixation. Words n + 1 and n + 2 had either correct or incorrect previews prior to fixation (prior to crossing the boundary location). In addition, the manipulation utilized either a high or low frequency word in word n + 1 location on the assumption that it would be more likely that n + 2 preview effects could be obtained when word n + 1 was high frequency. The primary findings were that there was no evidence for a preview benefit for word n + 2 and no evidence for parafoveal-on-foveal effects when word n + 1 is at least four letters long. We discuss implications for models of eye-movement control in reading.}, language = {en} } @article{DambacherKliegl2007, author = {Dambacher, Michael and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Synchronizing timelines : relations between fixation durations and N400 amplitudes during sentence reading}, issn = {0006-8993}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2007.04.027}, year = {2007}, abstract = {We examined relations between eye movements (single-fixation durations) and RSVP-based event-related potentials (ERPs; N400s) recorded during reading the same sentences in two independent experiments. Longer fixation durations correlated with larger N400 amplitudes. Word frequency and predictability of the fixated word as well as the predictability of the upcoming word accounted for this covariance in a path-analytic model. Moreover, larger N400 amplitudes entailed longer fixation durations on the next word, a relation accounted for by word frequency. This pattern offers a neurophysiological correlate for the lag-word frequency effect on fixation durations: word processing is reliably expressed not only in fixation durations on currently fixated words, but also in those on subsequently fixated words.}, language = {en} } @article{NuthmannKliegl2009, author = {Nuthmann, Antje and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {An examination of binocular reading fixations based on sentence corpus data}, issn = {1534-7362}, doi = {10.1167/9.5.31}, year = {2009}, abstract = {Binocular eye movements of normal adult readers were examined as they read single sentences. Analyses of horizontal and vertical fixation disparities indicated that the most prevalent type of disparate fixation is crossed (i.e., the left eye is located further to the right than the right eye) while the left eye frequently fixates somewhat above the right eye. The Gaussian distribution of the binocular fixation point peaked 2.6 cm in front of the plane of text, reflecting the prevalence of horizontally crossed fixations. Fixation disparity accumulates during the course of successive saccades and fixations within a line of text, but only to an extent that does not compromise single binocular vision. In reading, the version and vergence system interact in a way that is qualitatively similar to what has been observed in simple nonreading tasks. Finally, results presented here render it unlikely that vergence movements in reading aim at realigning the eyes at a given saccade target word.}, language = {en} } @article{GoetheOberauerKliegl2008, author = {G{\"o}the, Katrin and Oberauer, Klaus and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Age differences in dual-task performance after practice}, issn = {0882-7974}, doi = {10.1037/0882-7974.22.3.596}, year = {2008}, abstract = {This study investigated whether older adults could acquire the ability to perform 2 cognitive operations in parallel in a paradigm in which young adults had been shown to be able to do so (K. Oberauer \& R. Kliegl, 2004). Twelve young and 12 older adults practiced a numerical and a visuospatial continuous memory updating task in single-task and dual-task conditions for 16 to 24 sessions. After practice, 9 young adults were able to process the 2 tasks without dual- task costs, but none of the older adults had reached the criterion of parallel processing. The results suggest a qualitative difference between young and older adults in how they approach dual-task situations.}, language = {en} } @article{LindenbergerKlieglBaltes1992, author = {Lindenberger, Ulman and Kliegl, Reinhold and Baltes, Paul B.}, title = {Professional expertise does not eliminate negative age differences in imagery-based memory performance during adulthood}, year = {1992}, language = {en} } @article{BaltesKliegl1992, author = {Baltes, Paul B. and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Further testing of limits of cognitive plasticity : negative age differences in a mnemonic skill are robust}, issn = {0012-1649}, year = {1992}, language = {en} } @article{LindenbergerMayrKliegl1993, author = {Lindenberger, Ulman and Mayr, Ulrich and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Speed and intelligence in old age}, year = {1993}, language = {en} } @article{KlieglLindenberger1993, author = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Lindenberger, Ulman}, title = {Modeling intrusions and correct recall in episodic memory : adult age differences in encoding of list context}, year = {1993}, language = {en} } @article{KlieglMayrKrampe1994, author = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Mayr, Ulrich and Krampe, Ralf-Thomas}, title = {Time-accuracy functions for the determination of person and process differences : an application to cognitive aging}, year = {1994}, language = {en} } @article{ScheffczykEngbertKurthsetal.1995, author = {Scheffczyk, Christian and Engbert, Ralf and Kurths, J{\"u}rgen and Krampe, Ralf-Thomas and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Nonlinear Phenomena in Polyrhythmic Hand Movements}, isbn = {981-02-2689-6}, year = {1995}, abstract = {In this paper we apply symbolic transformations as a visualisation technique for analysing rhythm production. It is shown that qualitative information can be extracted from the experimental data. This approach may provide new insights into the organisation of temporal order by the brain on different levels of description. A simple phenomenological model for the explanation of the observed phenomena is proposed.}, language = {en} } @article{KlieglMayrKrampe1995, author = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Mayr, Ulrich and Krampe, Ralf-Thomas}, title = {Process dissociations in cognitive aging}, year = {1995}, language = {en} } @article{Kliegl1995, author = {Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {From presentation time to processing time : a psychophysics approach to episodic memory}, year = {1995}, language = {en} } @article{MayrKlieglKrampe1996, author = {Mayr, Ulrich and Kliegl, Reinhold and Krampe, Ralf-Thomas}, title = {Sequential and coordinative processing dynamics in figural transformations across the life span}, year = {1996}, language = {en} } @article{SchiekScheffczykEngbertetal.1997, author = {Schiek, Michael and Scheffczyk, Christian and Engbert, Ralf and Kurths, J{\"u}rgen and Krampe, Ralf-Thomas and Kliegl, Reinhold and Drepper, Friedhelm R.}, title = {Symbolic dynamics of physiological synchronisation : examples from bimanual movements and cardiorespiratory interaction}, year = {1997}, abstract = {Key words: Nonlinear time series analysis, symbolic dynamics, phase transitions, physiological data, biological synchronization, production of polyrhythms, cardiorespiratory interaction, variation of control parameter}, language = {en} } @article{ScheffczykKrampeEngbertetal.1997, author = {Scheffczyk, Christian and Krampe, Ralf-Thomas and Engbert, Ralf and Rosenblum, Michael and Kurths, J{\"u}rgen and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Tempo-induced transitions in polyrhythmic hand movements}, year = {1997}, abstract = {We investigate the cognitive control in polyrhythmic hand movements as a model paradigm for bimanual coordination. Using a symbolic coding of the recorded time series, we demonstrate the existence of qualitative transitions induced by experimental manipulation of the tempo. A nonlinear model with delayed feedback control is proposed, which accounts for these dynamical transitions in terms of bifurcations resulting from variation of the external control parameter. Furthermore, it is shown that transitions can also be observed due to fluctuations in the timing control level. We conclude that the complexity of coordinated bimanual movements results from interactions between nonlinear control mechanisms with delayed feedback and stochastic timing components.}, language = {en} } @article{VerhaeghenKlieglMayr1997, author = {Verhaeghen, Paul and Kliegl, Reinhold and Mayr, Ulrich}, title = {Sequential and coordinative complexity in time-accurary functions for mental arithmetic}, year = {1997}, language = {en} } @article{VolbrechtKliegl1998, author = {Volbrecht, V. and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {The perception of blackness : an historical and contemporary review}, isbn = {3-11-015431-5}, year = {1998}, language = {en} } @article{FanselowKlieglSchlesewsky1999, author = {Fanselow, Gisbert and Kliegl, Reinhold and Schlesewsky, Matthias}, title = {Processing difficulty and principles of grammar}, year = {1999}, language = {en} } @article{KlieglMayrJunkeretal.1999, author = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Mayr, Ulrich and Junker, Martina and Fanselow, Gisbert}, title = {Testing age invariance in language processes}, isbn = {0-7923-8526-8}, year = {1999}, language = {en} } @article{KlieglKemper1999, author = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Kemper, Susan}, title = {Concluding observations}, isbn = {0-7923-8526-8}, year = {1999}, language = {en} } @article{VerhaeghenKliegl2000, author = {Verhaeghen, Paul and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {The effects of learning a new algorithm on asymptotic accuracy and execution speed in old age : a reanalysis}, year = {2000}, language = {en} } @article{KlieglMayrOberauer2000, author = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Mayr, Ulrich and Oberauer, Klaus}, title = {Resource limitations and process dissociations in individual differences research}, year = {2000}, language = {en} } @article{KrampeKlieglMayretal.2000, author = {Krampe, Ralf-Thomas and Kliegl, Reinhold and Mayr, Ulrich and Engbert, Ralf and Vorberg, D.}, title = {The fast and the slow of skilled bimanual rhythm production : parallel versus integrated timing}, year = {2000}, language = {en} } @article{KlieglMayr2000, author = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Mayr, Ulrich}, title = {Task-set switching and long-term memory retrieval}, year = {2000}, language = {en} } @article{SchlesewskyFanselowKliegletal.2000, author = {Schlesewsky, Matthias and Fanselow, Gisbert and Kliegl, Reinhold and Krems, J.}, title = {The subject preference in the processing of locally ambiguous Wh-questions in german}, isbn = {0-7923-6104- 0}, year = {2000}, language = {en} } @article{MayrKliegl2000, author = {Mayr, Ulrich and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Complex semantic processing in old age : does it stay or does it go?}, year = {2000}, language = {en} } @article{OberauerDemmrichMayretal.2001, author = {Oberauer, Klaus and Demmrich, Anke and Mayr, Ulrich and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Dissociating retention and access in working memory : an age-comparative study of mental arithmetic}, year = {2001}, language = {en} } @article{Kliegl2001, author = {Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Memory and aging, Cognitive psychology of}, year = {2001}, language = {en} } @article{KrampeEngbertKliegl2001, author = {Krampe, Ralf-Thomas and Engbert, Ralf and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Age-specific problems in rhythmic timing}, year = {2001}, language = {en} } @article{EngbertKliegl2001, author = {Engbert, Ralf and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Mathematical models of eye movements in reading : a possible role for autonomous saccades}, year = {2001}, language = {en} } @article{OberauerKliegl2001, author = {Oberauer, Klaus and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Beyond resources : formal models of complexity effects in age differences in working memory}, year = {2001}, language = {en} } @article{Kliegl2001, author = {Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Face memory skill acquisition}, isbn = {0-8261-1372-9}, year = {2001}, language = {en} } @article{EngbertScheffczykKrampeetal.2002, author = {Engbert, Ralf and Scheffczyk, Christian and Krampe, Ralf-Thomas and Kurths, J{\"u}rgen and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Symbolic dynamics of bimanual production of polyrhythms}, isbn = {3-540- 63481-9}, year = {2002}, abstract = {We analyse time series from a study on bimanual rhythmic movements in which the speed of performance (the external control parameter) was experimentally manipulated. Using symbolic transformations as a visualization technique we observe qualitative changes in the dynamics of the timing patterns. Such phase transitions are quantitatively described by measures of complexity. Using these results we develop an advanced symbolic coding which enables us to detect important dynamical structures. Furthermore, our analysis raises new questions concerning the modelling of the underlying human cognitive-motor system.}, language = {en} } @article{KrampeEngbertKliegl2002, author = {Krampe, Ralf-Thomas and Engbert, Ralf and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Representational models and nonlinear dynamics : irreconcilable approaches to human movement timing and coordination or two sides of the same coin? : Introduction to the special issue on movement timing and coordination}, year = {2002}, language = {en} }