@article{VormoorLawrenceSchlichtingetal.2016,
  author    = {Vormoor, Klaus Josef and Lawrence, Deborah and Schlichting, Lena and Wilson, Donna and Wong, Wai Kwok},
  title     = {Evidence for changes in the magnitude and frequency of observed rainfall vs. snowmelt driven floods in Norway},
  series = {Journal of hydrology},
  volume    = {538},
  journal   = {Journal of hydrology},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0022-1694},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.03.066},
  pages     = {33 -- 48},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {There is increasing evidence for recent changes in the intensity and frequency of heavy precipitation and in the number of days with snow cover in many parts of Norway. The question arises as to whether these changes are also discernable with respect to their impacts on the magnitude and frequency of flooding and on the processes producing high flows. In this study, we tested up to 211 catchments for trends in peak flow discharge series by applying the Mann-Kendall test and Poisson regression for three different time periods (1962-2012, 1972-2012, 1982-2012). Field-significance was tested using a bootstrap approach. Over threshold discharge events were classified into rainfall vs. snowmelt dominated floods, based on a simple water balance approach utilizing a nationwide 1 x 1 km(2) gridded data set with daily observed rainfall and simulated snowmelt data. Results suggest that trends in flood frequency are more pronounced than trends in flood magnitude and are more spatially consistent with observed changes in the hydrometeorological drivers. Increasing flood frequencies in southern and western Norway are mainly due to positive trends in the frequency of rainfall dominated events, while decreasing flood frequencies in northern Norway are mainly the result of negative trends in the frequency of snowmelt dominated floods. Negative trends in flood magnitude are found more often than positive trends, and the regional patterns of significant trends reflect differences in the flood generating processes (FGPs). The results illustrate the benefit of distinguishing FGPs rather than simply applying seasonal analyses. The results further suggest that rainfall has generally gained an increasing importance for the generation of floods in Norway, while the role of snowmelt has been decreasing and the timing of snowmelt dominated floods has become earlier. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Vormoor2016,
  author    = {Vormoor, Klaus Josef},
  title     = {The changing role of snowmelt- and rainfall dominated floods in Norway under climate change},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {115},
  year      = {2016},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HundechaSunyerLawrenceetal.2016,
  author    = {Hundecha, Yeshewatesfa and Sunyer, Maria A. and Lawrence, Deborah and Madsen, Henrik and Willems, Patrick and B{\"u}rger, Gerd and Kriauciuniene, Jurate and Loukas, Athanasios and Martinkova, Marta and Osuch, Marzena and Vasiliades, Lampros and von Christierson, Birgitte and Vormoor, Klaus Josef and Yuecel, Ismail},
  title     = {Inter-comparison of statistical downscaling methods for projection of extreme flow indices across Europe},
  series = {Journal of hydrology},
  volume    = {541},
  journal   = {Journal of hydrology},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0022-1694},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.08.033},
  pages     = {1273 -- 1286},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {The effect of methods of statistical downscaling of daily precipitation on changes in extreme flow indices under a plausible future climate change scenario was investigated in 11 catchments selected from 9 countries in different parts of Europe. The catchments vary from 67 to 6171 km(2) in size and cover different climate zones. 15 regional climate model outputs and 8 different statistical downscaling methods, which are broadly categorized as change factor and bias correction based methods, were used for the comparative analyses. Different hydrological models were implemented in different catchments to simulate daily runoff. A set of flood indices were derived from daily flows and their changes have been evaluated by comparing their values derived from simulations corresponding to the current and future climate. Most of the implemented downscaling methods project an increase in the extreme flow indices in most of the catchments. The catchments where the extremes are expected to increase have a rainfall dominated flood regime. In these catchments, the downscaling methods also project an increase in the extreme precipitation in the seasons when the extreme flows occur. In catchments where the flooding is mainly caused by spring/summer snowmelt, the downscaling methods project a decrease in the extreme flows in three of the four catchments considered. A major portion of the variability in the projected changes in the extreme flow indices is attributable to the variability of the climate model ensemble, although the statistical downscaling methods contribute 35-60\% of the total variance. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}