@article{RottkeSchulzRichauetal.2016, author = {Rottke, Falko O. and Schulz, Burkhard and Richau, Klaus and Kratz, Karl and Lendlein, Andreas}, title = {An ellipsometric approach towards the description of inhomogeneous polymer-based Langmuir layers}, series = {Beilstein journal of nanotechnology}, volume = {7}, journal = {Beilstein journal of nanotechnology}, publisher = {Beilstein-Institut zur F{\~A}\Prderung der Chemischen Wissenschaften}, address = {Frankfurt, Main}, issn = {2190-4286}, doi = {10.3762/bjnano.7.107}, pages = {1156 -- 1165}, year = {2016}, abstract = {The applicability of nulling-based ellipsometric mapping as a complementary method next to Brewster angle microscopy (BAM) and imaging ellipsometry (IE) is presented for the characterization of ultrathin films at the air-water interface. First, the methodology is demonstrated for a vertically nonmoving Langmuir layer of star-shaped, 4-arm poly(omega-pentadecalactone) (PPDL-D4). Using nulling-based ellipsometric mapping, PPDL-D4-based inhomogeneously structured morphologies with a vertical dimension in the lower nm range could be mapped. In addition to the identification of these structures, the differentiation between a monolayer and bare water was possible. Second, the potential and limitations of this method were verified by applying it to more versatile Langmuir layers of telechelic poly[(rac-lactide)-co-glycolide]-diol (PLGA). All ellipsometric maps were converted into thickness maps by introduction of the refractive index that was derived from independent ellipsometric experiments, and the result was additionally evaluated in terms of the root mean square roughness, R-q. Thereby, a three-dimensional view into the layers was enabled and morphological inhomogeneity could be quantified.}, language = {en} } @article{RossbergRottkeSchulzetal.2016, author = {Rossberg, Joana and Rottke, Falko O. and Schulz, Burkhard and Lendlein, Andreas}, title = {Enzymatic Degradation of Oligo(epsilon-caprolactone)s End-Capped with Phenylboronic Acid Derivatives at the Air-Water Interface}, series = {Macromolecular rapid communications}, volume = {37}, journal = {Macromolecular rapid communications}, publisher = {Wiley-VCH}, address = {Weinheim}, issn = {1022-1336}, doi = {10.1002/marc.201600471}, pages = {1966 -- 1971}, year = {2016}, abstract = {The influence of terminal functionalization of oligo(epsilon-caprolactone)s (OCL) with phenylboronic acid pinacol ester or phenylboronic acid on the enzymatic degradation behavior at the air-water interface is investigated by the Langmuir monolayer degradation technique. While the unsubstituted OCL immediately degrades after injection of the enzyme lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia, enzyme molecules are incorporated into the films based on end-capped OCL before degradation. This incorporation of enzymes does not inhibit or suppress the film degradation, but retards it significantly. A specific binding of lipase to the polymer monolayer allows studying the enzymatic activity of bound proteins and the influence on the degradation process. The functionalization of a macromolecule with phenyl boronic acid groups is an approach to investigate their interactions with diol-containing biomolecules like sugars and to monitor their specified impact on the enzymatic degradation behavior at the air-water interface.}, language = {en} } @article{TetaliJankowskiLuetzowetal.2016, author = {Tetali, Sarada D. and Jankowski, Vera and Luetzow, Karola and Kratz, Karl and Lendlein, Andreas and Jankowski, Joachim}, title = {Adsorption capacity of poly(ether imide) microparticles to uremic toxins}, series = {Clinical hemorheology and microcirculation : blood flow and vessels}, volume = {61}, journal = {Clinical hemorheology and microcirculation : blood flow and vessels}, publisher = {IOS Press}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {1386-0291}, doi = {10.3233/CH-152026}, pages = {657 -- 665}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Uremia is a phenomenon caused by retention of uremic toxins in the plasma due to functional impairment of kidneys in the elimination of urinary waste products. Uremia is presently treated by dialysis techniques like hemofiltration, dialysis or hemodiafiltration. However, these techniques in use are more favorable towards removing hydrophilic than hydrophobic uremic toxins. Hydrophobic uremic toxins, such as hydroxy hipuric acid (OH-HPA), phenylacetic acid (PAA), indoxyl sulfate (IDS) and p-cresylsulfate (pCRS), contribute substantially to the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, objective of the present study is to test adsorption capacity of highly porous microparticles prepared from poly(ether imide) (PEI) as an alternative technique for the removal of uremic toxins. Two types of nanoporous, spherically shaped microparticles were prepared from PEI by a spraying/coagulation process. PEI particles were packed into a preparative HPLC column to which a mixture of the four types of uremic toxins was injected and eluted with ethanol. Eluted toxins were quantified by analytical HPLC. PEI particles were able to adsorb all four toxins, with the highest affinity for PAA and pCR. IDS and OH-HPA showed a partially non-reversible binding. In summary, PEI particles are interesting candidates to be explored for future application in CKD.}, language = {en} } @article{KumarBasuLemkeetal.2016, author = {Kumar, Reddi K. and Basu, Sayantani and Lemke, Horst-Dieter and Jankowski, Joachim and Kratz, Karl and Lendlein, Andreas and Tetali, Sarada D.}, title = {Effect of extracts of poly(ether imide) microparticles on cytotoxicity, ROS generation and proinflammatory effects on human monocytic (THP-1) cells}, series = {Clinical hemorheology and microcirculation : blood flow and vessels}, volume = {61}, journal = {Clinical hemorheology and microcirculation : blood flow and vessels}, publisher = {IOS Press}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {1386-0291}, doi = {10.3233/CH-152027}, pages = {667 -- 680}, year = {2016}, abstract = {A high cell viability of around 99 +/- 18\% and 99 +/- 5\% was observed when THP-1 cells were cultured in the presence of aqueous extracts of the PEI microparticles in medium A and medium B respectively. The obtained microscopic data suggested that PEI particle extracts have no significant effect on cell death, oxidative stress or differentiation to macrophages. It was further found that the investigated proinflammatory markers in THP-1 cells were not up-regulated. These results are promising with regard to the biocompatibility of PEI microparticles and in a next step the hemocompatibility of the microparticles will be examined.}, language = {en} } @article{SchoeneSchulzLendlein2016, author = {Sch{\"o}ne, Anne-Christin and Schulz, Burkhard and Lendlein, Andreas}, title = {Stimuli Responsive and Multifunctional Polymers: Progress in Materials and Applications}, series = {Macromolecular rapid communications}, volume = {37}, journal = {Macromolecular rapid communications}, publisher = {Wiley-VCH}, address = {Weinheim}, issn = {1022-1336}, doi = {10.1002/marc.201600650}, pages = {1856 -- 1859}, year = {2016}, language = {en} } @article{FangYanNoecheletal.2016, author = {Fang, Liang and Yan, Wan and N{\"o}chel, Ulrich and Kratz, Karl and Lendlein, Andreas}, title = {Programming structural functions in phase-segregated polymers by implementing a defined thermomechanical history}, series = {Polymer : the international journal for the science and technology of polymers}, volume = {102}, journal = {Polymer : the international journal for the science and technology of polymers}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Oxford}, issn = {0032-3861}, doi = {10.1016/j.polymer.2016.08.105}, pages = {54 -- 62}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Unwanted shrinkage behaviors or failure in structural functions such as mechanical strength or deformability of polymeric products related to their thermomechanical history are a major challenge in production of plastics. Here, we address the question whether we can turn this challenge into an opportunity by creating defined thermomechanical histories in polymers, represented by a specific morphology and nanostructure, to equip polymeric shaped bodies with desired functions, e.g. a temperature-memory, by hot, warm or cold deformation into multiblock copolymers having two partially overlapping melting transitions. A copolyesterurethane named PDLCL, consisting of poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(omega-pentadecalactone) (PPDL) crystalline domains, exhibiting a pronounced phase-segregated morphology and partially overlapping melting transitions was selected for this study. Different types of PCL and PPDL crystals as well as distinct degrees of orientation in both amorphous and crystalline domains were obtained after deformation at 20 or 40 degrees C and to a lower extent at 60 degrees C. The generated non-isotropic structures were stable at ambient temperature and represent the different stresses stored. Stress-free heating experiments showed that the relaxation in both amorphous and crystalline phases occurred predominantly with melting of PCL crystals. When the switching temperature, which was similar to the applied deformation temperature (temperature-memory), was exceeded in stress-free heating experiments, the implemented thermomechanical history could be reversed. In contrast, during constant-strain heating to 60 degrees C the generated structural features remained almost unchanged. These findings provide insights about the structure function relation in multiblock copolymers with two crystalline phases exhibiting a temperature-memory effect by implementation of specific thermomechanical histories, which might be a general principle for tailoring other functions like mechanical strength or deformability in polymers. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, language = {en} } @article{SchoeneKratzSchulzetal.2016, author = {Sch{\"o}ne, Anne-Christin and Kratz, Karl and Schulz, Burkhard and Lendlein, Andreas}, title = {The relevance of hydrophobic segments in multiblock copolyesterurethanes for their enzymatic degradation at the air-water interface}, series = {Polymer : the international journal for the science and technology of polymers}, volume = {102}, journal = {Polymer : the international journal for the science and technology of polymers}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Oxford}, issn = {0032-3861}, doi = {10.1016/j.polymer.2016.09.001}, pages = {92 -- 98}, year = {2016}, abstract = {The interplay of an enzyme with a multiblock copolymer PDLCL containing two segments of different hydrophilicity and degradability is explored in thin films at the air-water interface. The enzymatic degradation was studied in homogenous Langmuir monolayers, which are formed when containing more than 40 wt\% oligo(epsilon-caprolactone) (OCL). Enzymatic degradation rates were significantly reduced with increasing content of hydrophobic oligo(omega-pentadecalactone) (OPDL). The apparent deceleration of the enzymatic process is caused by smaller portion of water-soluble degradation fragments formed from degradable OCL fragments. Beside the film degradation, a second competing process occurs after adding lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia into the subphase, namely the enrichment of the lipase molecules in the polymeric monolayer. The incorporation of the lipase into the Langmuir film is experimentally revealed by concurrent surface area enlargement and by Brewster angle microscopy (BAM). Aside from the ability to provide information about the degradation behavior of polymers, the Langmuir monolayer degradation (LMD) approach enables to investigate polymer-enzyme interactions for non-degradable polymers. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, language = {en} } @article{SchoeneKratzSchulzetal.2016, author = {Sch{\"o}ne, Anne-Christin and Kratz, Karl and Schulz, Burkhard and Lendlein, Andreas}, title = {Polymer architecture versus chemical structure as adjusting tools for the enzymatic degradation of oligo(epsilon-caprolactone) based films at the air-water interface}, series = {Polymer Degradation and Stability}, volume = {131}, journal = {Polymer Degradation and Stability}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Oxford}, issn = {0141-3910}, doi = {10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.07.010}, pages = {114 -- 121}, year = {2016}, abstract = {The enzymatic degradation of oligo(epsilon-caprolactone) (OCL) based films at the air-water interface is investigated by Langmuir monolayer degradation (LMD) experiments to elucidate the influence of the molecular architecture and of the chemical structure on the chain scission process. For that purpose, the interactions of 2D monolayers of two star-shaped poly(epsilon-caprolactone)s (PCLs) and three linear OCL based copolyesterurethanes (P(OCL-U)) with the lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia are evaluated in comparison to linear OCL. While the architecture of star-shaped PCL Langmuir layers slightly influences their degradability compared to OCL films, significantly retarded degradations are observed for P(OCL-U) films containing urethane junction units derived from 2, 2 (4), 4-trimethyl hexamethylene diisocyanate (TMDI), hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) or lysine ethyl ester diisocyanate (LDI). The enzymatic degradation of the OCL based 2D structures is related to the presence of hydrophilic groups within the macromolecules rather than to the packing density of the film or to the molecular weight. The results reveal that the LMD technique allows the parallel analysis of both the film/enzyme interactions and the degradation process on the molecular level. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, language = {en} } @article{YanFangNoecheletal.2016, author = {Yan, Wan and Fang, Liang and N{\"o}chel, Ulrich and Kratz, Karl and Lendlein, Andreas}, title = {Influence of programming strain rates on the shape-memory performance of semicrystalline multiblock copolymers}, series = {Journal of polymer science : B, Polymer physics}, volume = {54}, journal = {Journal of polymer science : B, Polymer physics}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, address = {Hoboken}, issn = {0887-6266}, doi = {10.1002/polb.24097}, pages = {1935 -- 1943}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Multiblock copolymers named PCL-PIBMD consisting of crystallizable poly(epsilon-caprolactone) segments and crystallizable poly[oligo(3S-iso-butylmorpholine-2,5-dione)] segments coupled by trimethyl hexamethylene diisocyanate provide a versatile molecular architecture for achieving shape-memory effects (SMEs) in polymers. The mechanical properties as well as the SME performance of PCL-PIBMD can be tailored by the variation of physical parameters during programming such as deformation strain or applied temperature protocols. In this study, we explored the influence of applying different strain rates during programming on the resulting nanostructure of PCL-PIBMD. Programming was conducted at 50 degrees C by elongation to epsilon(m)=50\% with strain rates of 1 or 10 or 50 mmmin(-1). The nanostructural changes were visualized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements and investigated by in situ wide and small angle X-ray scattering experiments. With increasing the strain rate, a higher degree of orientation was observed in the amorphous domains. Simultaneously the strain-induced formation of new PIBMD crystals as well as the fragmentation of existing large PIBMD crystals occurred. The observed differences in shape fixity ratio and recovery stress of samples deformed with various strain rates can be attributed to their different nanostructures. The achieved findings can be relevant parameters for programming the shape-memory polymers with designed recovery forces. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016, 54, 1935-1943}, language = {en} } @article{BrauneGrossWalteretal.2016, author = {Braune, Steffen and Gross, M. and Walter, M. and Zhou, Shengqiang and Dietze, Siegfried and Rutschow, S. and Lendlein, Andreas and Tschoepe, C. and Jung, Friedrich}, title = {Adhesion and activation of platelets from subjects with coronary artery disease and apparently healthy individuals on biomaterials}, series = {Journal of biomedical materials research : an official journal of the Society for Biomaterials, the Japanese Society for Biomaterials; the Australian Society for Biomaterials}, volume = {104}, journal = {Journal of biomedical materials research : an official journal of the Society for Biomaterials, the Japanese Society for Biomaterials; the Australian Society for Biomaterials}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, address = {Hoboken}, issn = {1552-4973}, doi = {10.1002/jbm.b.33366}, pages = {210 -- 217}, year = {2016}, abstract = {On the basis of the clinical studies in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) presenting an increased percentage of activated platelets, we hypothesized that hemocompatibility testing utilizing platelets from healthy individuals may result in an underestimation of the materials' thrombogenicity. Therefore, we investigated the interaction of polymer-based biomaterials with platelets from CAD patients in comparison to platelets from apparently healthy individuals. In vitro static thrombogenicity tests revealed that adherent platelet densities and total platelet covered areas were significantly increased for the low (polydimethylsiloxane, PDMS) and medium (Collagen) thrombogenic surfaces in the CAD group compared to the healthy subjects group. The area per single platelet—indicating the spreading and activation of the platelets—was markedly increased on PDMS treated with PRP from CAD subjects. This could not be observed for collagen or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). For the latter material, platelet adhesion and surface coverage did not differ between the two groups. Irrespective of the substrate, the variability of these parameters was increased for CAD patients compared to healthy subjects. This indicates a higher reactivity of platelets from CAD patients compared to the healthy individuals. Our results revealed, for the first time, that utilizing platelets from apparently healthy donors bears the risk of underestimating the thrombogenicity of polymer-based biomaterials.}, language = {en} }