@article{CaliendoKuennWeissenberger2020,
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and K{\"u}nn, Steffen and Weissenberger, Martin},
  title     = {Catching up or lagging behind?},
  series = {Research policy : policy, management and economic studies of science, technology and innovation},
  volume    = {49},
  journal   = {Research policy : policy, management and economic studies of science, technology and innovation},
  number    = {10},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0048-7333},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.respol.2020.104053},
  pages     = {14},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {From an active labor market policy perspective, start-up subsidies for unemployed individuals are very effective in improving long-term labor market outcomes for participants. From a business perspective, however, the assessment of these public programs is less clear since they might attract individuals with low entrepreneurial abilities and produce businesses with low survival rates and little contribution to job creation, economic growth, and innovation. In this paper, we use a rich data set to compare participants of a German start-up subsidy program for unemployed individuals to a group of regular founders who started from non-unemployment and did not receive the subsidy. The data allows us to analyze their business performance up until 40 months after business formation. We find that formerly subsidized founders lag behind not only in survival and job creation, but especially also in innovation activities. The gaps in these business outcomes are relatively constant or even widening over time. Hence, we do not see any indication of catching up in the longer run. While the gap in survival can be entirely explained by initial differences in observable start-up characteristics, the gap in business development remains and seems to be the result of restricted access to capital as well as differential business strategies and dynamics. Considering these conflicting results for the assessment of the subsidy program from an ALMP and business perspective, policy makers need to carefully weigh the costs and benefits of such a strategy to find the right policy mix.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{CaliendoKuennUhlendorff2016,
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and K{\"u}nn, Steffen and Uhlendorff, Arne},
  title     = {Earnings exemptions for unemployed workers: The relationship between marginal employment, unemployment duration and job quality},
  series = {Labour economics : an international journal},
  volume    = {42},
  journal   = {Labour economics : an international journal},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0927-5371},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.labeco.2016.07.003},
  pages     = {177 -- 193},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {In some countries including Germany unemployed workers can increase their income by working a few hours per week. The intention is to keep unemployed job seekers attached to the labour market and to increase their job-finding probabilities. To analyze the unemployment dynamics of job seekers with and without marginal employment, we consider an inflow sample into unemployment and estimate multivariate duration models. While we do not find any significant impact on the job finding probability in a model with homogeneous effects, models allowing for time-varying coefficients indicate a decreased job finding probability of marginal employment at the beginning of the unemployment spell and an increased job finding probability for the long-term unemployed. Our results suggest that job seekers with marginal employment find more stable post-unemployment jobs, and we find some evidence that the relationship between marginal employment and wages and employment stability varies with respect to skill levels, sector and labor market tightness. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{CaliendoKuenn2015,
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and K{\"u}nn, Steffen},
  title     = {Getting back into the labor market: the effects of start-up subsidies for unemployed females},
  series = {Journal of population economics},
  volume    = {28},
  journal   = {Journal of population economics},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {0933-1433},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00148-015-0540-5},
  pages     = {1005 -- 1043},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Low female labor market participation is a problem many developed countries have to face. Beside activating inactive women, one possible solution is to support the re-integration of unemployed women. Due to female-specific labor market constraints (preferences for flexible working hours, discrimination), this is a difficult task, and the question arises whether active labor market policies (ALMP) are an appropriate tool to help. It has been shown that the effectiveness of traditional (ALMP) programs-which focus on the integration in dependent (potentially inflexible) employment-is positive but limited. At the same time, recent evidence for Austria shows that these programs reduce fertility which might be judged unfavorable from a societal perspective. Promoting self-employment among unemployed women might therefore be a promising alternative. Starting their own business might give women more independence and flexibility to reconcile work and family and increase labor market participation. Based on long-term informative data, we find that start-up programs persistently integrate former unemployed women into the labor market, and the impact on fertility is less detrimental than for traditional ALMP programs.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{CaliendoKuennMahlstedt2017,
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and K{\"u}nn, Steffen and Mahlstedt, Robert},
  title     = {The return to labor market mobility},
  series = {Journal of Public Economics},
  volume    = {148},
  journal   = {Journal of Public Economics},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Lausanne},
  issn      = {0047-2727},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jpubeco.2017.02.008},
  pages     = {136 -- 151},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {In many European countries, labor markets are characterized by high regional disparities in terms of unemployment rates on the one hand and low geographical mobility among the unemployed on the other hand. In order to counteract the geographical mismatch of workers, the German active labor market policy offers a subsidy covering moving costs to incentivize unemployed job seekers to search/accept jobs in distant regions. Based on administrative data, this study provides the first empirical evidence on the impact of this subsidy on participants' prospective labor market outcomes. We use an instrumental variable approach to take endogenous selection based on observed and unobserved characteristics into account when estimating causal treatment effects. We find that unemployed job seekers who participate in the subsidy program and move to a distant region receive higher wages and find more stable jobs compared to non-participants. We show that the positive effects are (to a large extent) the consequence of a better job match due to the increased search radius of participants.},
  language  = {en}
}