@article{FredeSchreinerZrenneretal.2018,
  author    = {Frede, Katja and Schreiner, Monika and Zrenner, R. and Graefe, Jan and Baldermann, Susanne},
  title     = {Carotenoid biosynthesis of pak choi (Brassica rapa ssp chinensis) sprouts grown under different light-emitting diodes during the diurnal course},
  series = {Photochemical \& photobiological sciences},
  volume    = {17},
  journal   = {Photochemical \& photobiological sciences},
  number    = {10},
  publisher = {Royal Society of Chemistry},
  address   = {Cambridge},
  issn      = {1474-905X},
  doi       = {10.1039/c8pp00136g},
  pages     = {1289 -- 1300},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are considered the future of greenhouse lighting. This study investigates the carotenoid concentrations of pak choi sprouts after growth under blue, red and white LEDs at six different time points. Furthermore, the diurnal changes of RNA transcripts of key genes of the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway as well as of the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4 (CCD4) gene and of the transcription factor genes elongated hypocotyl 5 (HY5) and circadian clock associated 1 (CCA1) were investigated. The carotenoid concentrations were steady throughout the day, but showed a small maximum in the afternoon. An average total carotenoid concentration of 536 +/- 29 ng mg(-1) DM produced under white LEDs was measured, which is comparable to previously described field-grown levels. The carotenoid concentrations were slightly lower under blue or red LEDs. Moreover, the diurnal RNA transcript rhythms of most of the carotenoid biosynthesis genes showed an increase during the light period, which can be correlated to the carotenoid maxima in the afternoon. Blue LEDs caused the highest transcriptional induction of biosynthetic genes as well as of CCD4, thereby indicating an increased flux through the pathway. In addition, the highest levels of HY5 transcripts and CCA1 transcripts were determined under blue LEDs.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KlopschBaldermannVossetal.2018,
  author    = {Klopsch, Rebecca and Baldermann, Susanne and Voss, Alexander and Rohn, Sascha and Schreiner, Monika and Neugart, Susanne},
  title     = {Bread enriched with legume microgreens and leaves},
  series = {Frontiers in chemistry},
  volume    = {6},
  journal   = {Frontiers in chemistry},
  publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation},
  address   = {Lausanne},
  issn      = {2296-2646},
  doi       = {10.3389/fchem.2018.00322},
  pages     = {19},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Flavonoids, carotenoids, and chlorophylls were characterized in microgreens and leaves of pea (Pisum sativum) and lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) as these metabolites change during ontogeny. All metabolites were higher in the leaves for both species. Acylated quercetin and kaempferol sophorotrioses were predominant in pea. Genistein and malonylated chrysoeriol were predominant in lupin. Further, the impact of breadmaking on these metabolites using pea and lupin material of two ontogenetic stages as an added ingredient in wheat-based bread was assessed. In "pea microgreen bread" no decrease of quercetin was found with regard to the non-processed plant material. However kaempferol glycosides showed slight decreases induced by the breadmaking process in "pea microgreen bread" and "pea leaf bread." In "lupin microgreen bread" no decrease of genistein compared to the non-processed plant material was found. Chrysoeriol glycosides showed slight decreases induced by the breadmaking process in "lupin microgreen bread" and "lupin leaf bread." In all breads, carotenoids and chlorophylls were depleted however pheophytin formation was caused. Thus, pea and lupin microgreens and leaves are suitable, natural ingredients for enhancing health-promoting secondary plant metabolites in bread and may even be used to tailor bread for specific consumer health needs.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HeinzeHanschenWiesnerReinholdetal.2018,
  author    = {Heinze, Mandy and Hanschen, Franziska S. and Wiesner-Reinhold, Melanie and Baldermann, Susanne and Gr{\"a}fe, Jan and Schreiner, Monika and Neugart, Susanne},
  title     = {Effects of Developmental Stages and Reduced UVB and Low UV Conditions on Plant Secondary Metabolite Profiles in Pak Choi (Brassica rapa subsp chinensis)},
  series = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry : a publication of the American Chemical Society},
  volume    = {66},
  journal   = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry : a publication of the American Chemical Society},
  number    = {7},
  publisher = {American Chemical Society},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {0021-8561},
  doi       = {10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03996},
  pages     = {1678 -- 1692},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Pak choi (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis) is rich in secondary metabolites and contains numerous antioxidants, including flavonoids; hydroxycinnamic acids; carotenoids; chlorophylls; and glucosinolates, which can be hydrolyzed to epithionitriles, nitriles, or isothiocyanates. Here, we investigate the effect of reduced exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) and UV (UVA and UVB) light at four different developmental stages of pak choi. We found that both the plant morphology and secondary metabolite profiles were affected by reduced exposure to UVB and UV, depending on the plant's developmental stage. In detail, mature 15- and 30-leaf plants had higher concentrations of flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, carotenoids, and chlorophylls, whereas sprouts contained high concentrations of glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products. Dry weights and leaf areas increased as a result of reduced UVB and low UV. For the flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids in 30-leaf plants, less complex compounds were favored, for example, sinapic acid acylated kaempferol triglycoside instead of the corresponding tetraglycoside. Moreover, also in 30-leaf plants, zeaxanthin, a carotenoid linked to protection during photosynthesis, was increased under low UV conditions. Interestingly, most glucosinolates were not affected by reduced UVB and low UV conditions. However, this study underlines the importance of 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl glucosinolate in response to UVA and UVB exposure. Further, reduced UVB and low UV conditions resulted in higher concentrations of glucosinolate-derived nitriles. In conclusion, exposure to low doses of UVB and UV from the early to late developmental stages did not result in overall lower concentrations of plant secondary metabolites.},
  language  = {en}
}