@misc{HessWirtzAllroggenetal.2017,
  author    = {Hess, Markus and Wirtz, Susanne and Allroggen, Marc and Scheithauer, Herbert},
  title     = {Intervention und Therapie f{\"u}r T{\"a}ter und Opfer von Schulbullying},
  series = {Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie : Ergebnisse aus Psychotherapie, Beratung und Psychiatrie},
  volume    = {66},
  journal   = {Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie : Ergebnisse aus Psychotherapie, Beratung und Psychiatrie},
  number    = {10},
  publisher = {Vandenhoeck \& Ruprecht},
  address   = {G{\"o}ttingen},
  issn      = {0032-7034},
  doi       = {10.13109/prkk.2017.66.10.740},
  pages     = {740 -- 755},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Bullying ist eine Form wiederholten, aggressiven Verhaltens mit ernstzunehmenden Auswirkungen, unter denen T{\"a}ter und Opfer h{\"a}ufig lange nach Ende des Bullying-Geschehens leiden. Dennoch ist die Therapie von Bullying und den damit einhergehenden Folgen ein bisher in der Forschung vernachl{\"a}ssigtes Thema. Im Rahmen eines systematischen Literatur{\"u}berblicks wurde daher untersucht, welche Therapieformen zur Behandlung von Bullying und dessen Folgen bei Opfern und bei T{\"a}tern bereits angewendet wurden. Eine systematische Suche in nationalen und internationalen Datenbanken f{\"u}hrte zu 31 relevanten Publikationen, in denen 34 therapeutische Interventionen aus {\"u}ber 14 L{\"a}ndern beschrieben wurden. In zehn Therapiestudien mit kontrolliertem Design zeigte sich, dass Behandlungsangebote, die sich sowohl an die betroffenen Personen als auch an ihr soziales Umfeld richten, besonders effektiv in der Behandlung von Bullying-Folgen sind. Die restlichen 24 Behandlungsans{\"a}tze wurden keiner kontrollierten Evaluation unterzogen. Insgesamt zwei Drittel aller therapeutischen Interventionen wenden sich an die Gruppe der Opfer. Hier wird im Unterschied zur Behandlung von T{\"a}tern verst{\"a}rkt auf Gruppentherapien zur{\"u}ckgegriffen. Unter der Bandbreite an Ans{\"a}tzen ist die kognitive Verhaltenstherapie am h{\"a}ufigsten vertreten. Festzustellen bleibt ein Forschungsmangel an evidenzbasierten, gezielten Interventionen zur Behandlung von Bullying und dessen Folgen bei Opfern und T{\"a}tern. Unseres Wissens stellt diese Arbeit den ersten systematischen {\"U}berblick zu therapeutischen Interventionen bei Bullying f{\"u}r Kinder und Jugendliche dar.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{WachsWright2018,
  author    = {Wachs, Sebastian and Wright, Michelle F.},
  title     = {Associations between Bystanders and Perpetrators of Online Hate},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {475},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-419486},
  pages     = {9},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Hatred directed at members of groups due to their origin, race, gender, religion, or sexual orientation is not new, but it has taken on a new dimension in the online world. To date, very little is known about online hate among adolescents. It is also unknown how online disinhibition might influence the association between being bystanders and being perpetrators of online hate. Thus, the present study focused on examining the associations among being bystanders of online hate, being perpetrators of online hate, and the moderating role of toxic online disinhibition in the relationship between being bystanders and perpetrators of online hate. In total, 1480 students aged between 12 and 17 years old were included in this study. Results revealed positive associations between being online hate bystanders and perpetrators, regardless of whether adolescents had or had not been victims of online hate themselves. The results also showed an association between toxic online disinhibition and online hate perpetration. Further, toxic online disinhibition moderated the relationship between being bystanders of online hate and being perpetrators of online hate. Implications for prevention programs and future research are discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WachsWright2018,
  author    = {Wachs, Sebastian and Wright, Michelle F.},
  title     = {Associations between Bystanders and Perpetrators of Online Hate},
  series = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},
  volume    = {15},
  journal   = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},
  number    = {9},
  publisher = {MDPI},
  address   = {Basel},
  issn      = {1660-4601},
  doi       = {10.3390/ijerph15092030},
  pages     = {1 -- 9},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Hatred directed at members of groups due to their origin, race, gender, religion, or sexual orientation is not new, but it has taken on a new dimension in the online world. To date, very little is known about online hate among adolescents. It is also unknown how online disinhibition might influence the association between being bystanders and being perpetrators of online hate. Thus, the present study focused on examining the associations among being bystanders of online hate, being perpetrators of online hate, and the moderating role of toxic online disinhibition in the relationship between being bystanders and perpetrators of online hate. In total, 1480 students aged between 12 and 17 years old were included in this study. Results revealed positive associations between being online hate bystanders and perpetrators, regardless of whether adolescents had or had not been victims of online hate themselves. The results also showed an association between toxic online disinhibition and online hate perpetration. Further, toxic online disinhibition moderated the relationship between being bystanders of online hate and being perpetrators of online hate. Implications for prevention programs and future research are discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WachsWrightSittichaietal.2019,
  author    = {Wachs, Sebastian and Wright, Michelle F. and Sittichai, Ruthaychonnee and Singh, Ritu and Biswal, Ramakrishna and Kim, Eun-mee and Yang, Soeun and G{\´a}mez-Guadix, Manuel and Almendros, Carmen and Flora, Katerina and Daskalou, Vassiliki and Maziridou, Evdoxia},
  title     = {Associations between Witnessing and Perpetrating Online Hate in Eight Countries},
  series = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},
  volume    = {16},
  journal   = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},
  number    = {20},
  publisher = {MDPI},
  address   = {Basel},
  issn      = {1660-4601},
  doi       = {10.3390/ijerph16203992},
  pages     = {13},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Online hate is a topic that has received considerable interest lately, as online hate represents a risk to self-determination and peaceful coexistence in societies around the globe. However, not much is known about the explanations for adolescents posting or forwarding hateful online material or how adolescents cope with this newly emerging online risk. Thus, we sought to better understand the relationship between a bystander to and perpetrator of online hate, and the moderating effects of problem-focused coping strategies (e.g., assertive, technical coping) within this relationship. Self-report questionnaires on witnessing and committing online hate and assertive and technical coping were completed by 6829 adolescents between 12 and 18 years of age from eight countries. The results showed that increases in witnessing online hate were positively related to being a perpetrator of online hate. Assertive and technical coping strategies were negatively related with perpetrating online hate. Bystanders of online hate reported fewer instances of perpetrating online hate when they reported higher levels of assertive and technical coping strategies, and more frequent instances of perpetrating online hate when they reported lower levels of assertive and technical coping strategies. In conclusion, our findings suggest that, if effective, prevention and intervention programs that target online hate should consider educating young people about problem-focused coping strategies, self-assertiveness, and media skills. Implications for future research are discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{WachsWrightSittichaietal.2019,
  author    = {Wachs, Sebastian and Wright, Michelle F. and Sittichai, Ruthaychonnee and Singh, Ritu and Biswal, Ramakrishna and Kim, Eun-mee and Yang, Soeun and G{\´a}mez-Guadix, Manuel and Almendros, Carmen and Flora, Katerina and Daskalou, Vassiliki and Maziridou, Evdoxia},
  title     = {Associations between Witnessing and Perpetrating Online Hate in Eight Countries},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {592},
  issn      = {1866-8364},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-44229},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-442294},
  pages     = {15},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Online hate is a topic that has received considerable interest lately, as online hate represents a risk to self-determination and peaceful coexistence in societies around the globe. However, not much is known about the explanations for adolescents posting or forwarding hateful online material or how adolescents cope with this newly emerging online risk. Thus, we sought to better understand the relationship between a bystander to and perpetrator of online hate, and the moderating effects of problem-focused coping strategies (e.g., assertive, technical coping) within this relationship. Self-report questionnaires on witnessing and committing online hate and assertive and technical coping were completed by 6829 adolescents between 12 and 18 years of age from eight countries. The results showed that increases in witnessing online hate were positively related to being a perpetrator of online hate. Assertive and technical coping strategies were negatively related with perpetrating online hate. Bystanders of online hate reported fewer instances of perpetrating online hate when they reported higher levels of assertive and technical coping strategies, and more frequent instances of perpetrating online hate when they reported lower levels of assertive and technical coping strategies. In conclusion, our findings suggest that, if effective, prevention and intervention programs that target online hate should consider educating young people about problem-focused coping strategies, self-assertiveness, and media skills. Implications for future research are discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WachsWright2019,
  author    = {Wachs, Sebastian and Wright, Michelle F.},
  title     = {The Moderation of online disinhibition and sex on the relationship between online hate victimization and perpetration},
  series = {Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking},
  volume    = {22},
  journal   = {Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {Liebert},
  address   = {New Rochelle},
  issn      = {2152-2715},
  doi       = {10.1089/cyber.2018.0551},
  pages     = {300 -- 306},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Online hatred based on attributes, such as origin, race, gender, religion, or sexual orientation, has become a rising public concern across the world. Past research on aggressive behavior suggests strong associations between victimization and perpetration and that toxic online disinhibition and sex might influence this relationship. However, no study investigated both the relationship between online hate victimization and perpetration and the potential moderation effects of toxic online disinhibition on this relationship. To this end, the present study was conducted. The sample consists of 1,480 7th to 10th graders from Germany. Results revealed positive associations between online hate victimization and perpetration. Furthermore, the results support the idea that toxic online disinhibition and sex, by way of moderator effects, affect the relationship between online hate victimization and perpetration. Victims of online hate reported more online hate perpetration when they reported higher levels of online disinhibition and less frequent online hate perpetration when they reported lower levels of toxic online disinhibition. Additionally, the relationship between online hate victimization and perpetration was significantly greater among boys than among girls. Taken together, our results extend previous findings to online hate involvement among adolescents and substantiate the importance to conduct more research on online hate. In addition, our findings highlight the need for prevention and intervention programs that help adolescents deal with the emerging issue of online hate.},
  language  = {en}
}