@misc{FriedelSchlagenhaufBecketal.2014, author = {Friedel, Eva and Schlagenhauf, Florian and Beck, Anne and Dolan, Raymond J. and Huys, Quentin J. M. and Rapp, Michael Armin and Heinz, Andreas}, title = {The effects of life stress and neural learning signals on fluid intelligence}, series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe}, journal = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe}, number = {621}, issn = {1866-8372}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-43514}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-435140}, pages = {35 -- 43}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Fluid intelligence (fluid IQ), defined as the capacity for rapid problem solving and behavioral adaptation, is known to be modulated by learning and experience. Both stressful life events (SLES) and neural correlates of learning [specifically, a key mediator of adaptive learning in the brain, namely the ventral striatal representation of prediction errors (PE)] have been shown to be associated with individual differences in fluid IQ. Here, we examine the interaction between adaptive learning signals (using a well-characterized probabilistic reversal learning task in combination with fMRI) and SLES on fluid IQ measures. We find that the correlation between ventral striatal BOLD PE and fluid IQ, which we have previously reported, is quantitatively modulated by the amount of reported SLES. Thus, after experiencing adversity, basic neuronal learning signatures appear to align more closely with a general measure of flexible learning (fluid IQ), a finding complementing studies on the effects of acute stress on learning. The results suggest that an understanding of the neurobiological correlates of trait variables like fluid IQ needs to take socioemotional influences such as chronic stress into account.}, language = {en} } @article{GarbusowSchadSommeretal.2014, author = {Garbusow, Maria and Schad, Daniel and Sommer, Christian and Juenger, Elisabeth and Sebold, Miriam Hannah and Friedel, Eva and Wendt, Jean and Kathmann, Norbert and Schlagenhauf, Florian and Zimmermann, Ulrich S. and Heinz, Andreas and Huys, Quentin J. M. and Rapp, Michael Armin}, title = {Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer in alcohol dependence: a pilot study}, series = {Neuropsychobiology : international journal of experimental and clinical research in biological psychiatry, pharmacopsychiatry, Biological Psychology/Pharmacopsychology and Pharmacoelectroencephalography}, volume = {70}, journal = {Neuropsychobiology : international journal of experimental and clinical research in biological psychiatry, pharmacopsychiatry, Biological Psychology/Pharmacopsychology and Pharmacoelectroencephalography}, number = {2}, publisher = {Karger}, address = {Basel}, issn = {0302-282X}, doi = {10.1159/000363507}, pages = {111 -- 121}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Background: Pavlovian processes are thought to play an important role in the development, maintenance and relapse of alcohol dependence, possibly by influencing and usurping ongoing thought and behavior. The influence of pavlovian stimuli on ongoing behavior is paradigmatically measured by pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) tasks. These involve multiple stages and are complex. Whether increased PIT is involved in human alcohol dependence is uncertain. We therefore aimed to establish and validate a modified PIT paradigm that would be robust, consistent and tolerated by healthy controls as well as by patients suffering from alcohol dependence, and to explore whether alcohol dependence is associated with enhanced PIT. Methods: Thirty-two recently detoxified alcohol-dependent patients and 32 age- and gender-matched healthy controls performed a PIT task with instrumental go/no-go approach behaviors. The task involved both pavlovian stimuli associated with monetary rewards and losses, and images of drinks. Results: Both patients and healthy controls showed a robust and temporally stable PIT effect. Strengths of PIT effects to drug-related and monetary conditioned stimuli were highly correlated. Patients more frequently showed a PIT effect, and the effect was stronger in response to aversively conditioned CSs (conditioned suppression), but there was no group difference in response to appetitive CSs. Conclusion: The implementation of PIT has favorably robust properties in chronic alcohol-dependent patients and in healthy controls. It shows internal consistency between monetary and drug-related cues. The findings support an association of alcohol dependence with an increased propensity towards PIT.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchadJuengerSeboldetal.2014, author = {Schad, Daniel and Juenger, Elisabeth and Sebold, Miriam Hannah and Garbusow, Maria and Bernhart, Nadine and Javadi, Amir Homayoun and Zimmermann, Ulrich S. and Smolka, Michael N. and Heinz, Andreas and Rapp, Michael Armin and Huys, Quentin J. M.}, title = {Smart goals, slow habits? Individual differences in processing speed and working memory capacity moderate the balance between habitual and goal-directed choice behavior}, series = {Cognitive processing : international quarterly of cognitive science}, volume = {15}, booktitle = {Cognitive processing : international quarterly of cognitive science}, number = {1}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Heidelberg}, issn = {1612-4782}, pages = {S62 -- S62}, year = {2014}, language = {en} } @article{SchadJuengerSeboldetal.2014, author = {Schad, Daniel and Juenger, Elisabeth and Sebold, Miriam Hannah and Garbusow, Maria and Bernhardt, Nadine and Javadi, Amir-Homayoun and Zimmermann, Ulrich S. and Smolka, Michael N. and Heinz, Andreas and Rapp, Michael Armin and Huys, Quentin J. M.}, title = {Processing speed enhances model-based over model-free reinforcement learning in the presence of high working memory functioning}, series = {Frontiers in psychology}, volume = {5}, journal = {Frontiers in psychology}, publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation}, address = {Lausanne}, issn = {1664-1078}, doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01450}, pages = {10}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Theories of decision-making and its neural substrates have long assumed the existence of two distinct and competing valuation systems, variously described as goal-directed vs. habitual, or, more recently and based on statistical arguments, as model-free vs. model-based reinforcement-learning. Though both have been shown to control choices, the cognitive abilities associated with these systems are under ongoing investigation. Here we examine the link to cognitive abilities, and find that individual differences in processing speed covary with a shift from model-free to model-based choice control in the presence of above-average working memory function. This suggests shared cognitive and neural processes; provides a bridge between literatures on intelligence and valuation; and may guide the development of process models of different valuation components. Furthermore, it provides a rationale for individual differences in the tendency to deploy valuation systems, which may be important for understanding the manifold neuropsychiatric diseases associated with malfunctions of valuation.}, language = {en} } @article{SeboldDesernoNebeetal.2014, author = {Sebold, Miriam Hannah and Deserno, Lorenz and Nebe, Stefan and Schad, Daniel and Garbusow, Maria and Haegele, Claudia and Keller, Juergen and Juenger, Elisabeth and Kathmann, Norbert and Smolka, Michael N. and Rapp, Michael Armin and Schlagenhauf, Florian and Heinz, Andreas and Huys, Quentin J. M.}, title = {Model-based and model-free decisions in alcohol dependence}, series = {Neuropsychobiology : international journal of experimental and clinical research in biological psychiatry, pharmacopsychiatry, Biological Psychology/Pharmacopsychology and Pharmacoelectroencephalography}, volume = {70}, journal = {Neuropsychobiology : international journal of experimental and clinical research in biological psychiatry, pharmacopsychiatry, Biological Psychology/Pharmacopsychology and Pharmacoelectroencephalography}, number = {2}, publisher = {Karger}, address = {Basel}, issn = {0302-282X}, doi = {10.1159/000362840}, pages = {122 -- 131}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Background: Human and animal work suggests a shift from goal-directed to habitual decision-making in addiction. However, the evidence for this in human alcohol dependence is as yet inconclusive. Methods: Twenty-six healthy controls and 26 recently detoxified alcohol-dependent patients underwent behavioral testing with a 2-step task designed to disentangle goal-directed and habitual response patterns. Results: Alcohol-dependent patients showed less evidence of goal-directed choices than healthy controls, particularly after losses. There was no difference in the strength of the habitual component. The group differences did not survive controlling for performance on the Digit Symbol Substitution Task. Conclusion: Chronic alcohol use appears to selectively impair goal-directed function, rather than promoting habitual responding. It appears to do so particularly after nonrewards, and this may be mediated by the effects of alcohol on more general cognitive functions subserved by the prefrontal cortex.}, language = {en} } @article{FriedelSchlagenhaufBecketal.2015, author = {Friedel, Eva and Schlagenhauf, Florian and Beck, Anne and Dolan, Raymond J. and Huys, Quentin J. M. and Rapp, Michael Armin and Heinz, Andreas}, title = {The effects of life stress and neural learning signals on fluid intelligence}, series = {European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience : official organ of the German Society for Biological Psychiatry}, volume = {265}, journal = {European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience : official organ of the German Society for Biological Psychiatry}, number = {1}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Heidelberg}, issn = {0940-1334}, doi = {10.1007/s00406-014-0519-3}, pages = {35 -- 43}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Fluid intelligence (fluid IQ), defined as the capacity for rapid problem solving and behavioral adaptation, is known to be modulated by learning and experience. Both stressful life events (SLES) and neural correlates of learning [specifically, a key mediator of adaptive learning in the brain, namely the ventral striatal representation of prediction errors (PE)] have been shown to be associated with individual differences in fluid IQ. Here, we examine the interaction between adaptive learning signals (using a well-characterized probabilistic reversal learning task in combination with fMRI) and SLES on fluid IQ measures. We find that the correlation between ventral striatal BOLD PE and fluid IQ, which we have previously reported, is quantitatively modulated by the amount of reported SLES. Thus, after experiencing adversity, basic neuronal learning signatures appear to align more closely with a general measure of flexible learning (fluid IQ), a finding complementing studies on the effects of acute stress on learning. The results suggest that an understanding of the neurobiological correlates of trait variables like fluid IQ needs to take socioemotional influences such as chronic stress into account.}, language = {en} } @article{DesernoBeckHuysetal.2015, author = {Deserno, Lorenz and Beck, Anne and Huys, Quentin J. M. and Lorenz, Robert C. and Buchert, Ralph and Buchholz, Hans-Georg and Plotkin, Michail and Kumakara, Yoshitaka and Cumming, Paul and Heinze, Hans-Jochen and Grace, Anthony A. and Rapp, Michael Armin and Schlagenhauf, Florian and Heinz, Andreas}, title = {Chronic alcohol intake abolishes the relationship between dopamine synthesis capacity and learning signals in the ventral striatum}, series = {European journal of neuroscience}, volume = {41}, journal = {European journal of neuroscience}, number = {4}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, address = {Hoboken}, issn = {0953-816X}, doi = {10.1111/ejn.12802}, pages = {477 -- 486}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Drugs of abuse elicit dopamine release in the ventral striatum, possibly biasing dopamine-driven reinforcement learning towards drug-related reward at the expense of non-drug-related reward. Indeed, in alcohol-dependent patients, reactivity in dopaminergic target areas is shifted from non-drug-related stimuli towards drug-related stimuli. Such hijacked' dopamine signals may impair flexible learning from non-drug-related rewards, and thus promote craving for the drug of abuse. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure ventral striatal activation by reward prediction errors (RPEs) during a probabilistic reversal learning task in recently detoxified alcohol-dependent patients and healthy controls (N=27). All participants also underwent 6-[F-18]fluoro-DOPA positron emission tomography to assess ventral striatal dopamine synthesis capacity. Neither ventral striatal activation by RPEs nor striatal dopamine synthesis capacity differed between groups. However, ventral striatal coding of RPEs correlated inversely with craving in patients. Furthermore, we found a negative correlation between ventral striatal coding of RPEs and dopamine synthesis capacity in healthy controls, but not in alcohol-dependent patients. Moderator analyses showed that the magnitude of the association between dopamine synthesis capacity and RPE coding depended on the amount of chronic, habitual alcohol intake. Despite the relatively small sample size, a power analysis supports the reported results. Using a multimodal imaging approach, this study suggests that dopaminergic modulation of neural learning signals is disrupted in alcohol dependence in proportion to long-term alcohol intake of patients. Alcohol intake may perpetuate itself by interfering with dopaminergic modulation of neural learning signals in the ventral striatum, thus increasing craving for habitual drug intake.}, language = {en} } @article{GarbusowSchadSeboldetal.2016, author = {Garbusow, Maria and Schad, Daniel and Sebold, Miriam Hannah and Friedel, Eva and Bernhardt, Nadine and Koch, Stefan P. and Steinacher, Bruno and Kathmann, Norbert and Geurts, Dirk E. M. and Sommer, Christian and Mueller, Dirk K. and Nebe, Stephan and Paul, Soeren and Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich and Zimmermann, Ulrich S. and Walter, Henrik and Smolka, Michael N. and Sterzer, Philipp and Rapp, Michael Armin and Huys, Quentin J. M. and Schlagenhauf, Florian and Heinz, Andreas}, title = {Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer effects in the nucleus accumbens relate to relapse in alcohol dependence}, series = {Addiction biology}, volume = {21}, journal = {Addiction biology}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, address = {Hoboken}, issn = {1355-6215}, doi = {10.1111/adb.12243}, pages = {719 -- 731}, year = {2016}, abstract = {In detoxified alcohol-dependent patients, alcohol-related stimuli can promote relapse. However, to date, the mechanisms by which contextual stimuli promote relapse have not been elucidated in detail. One hypothesis is that such contextual stimuli directly stimulate the motivation to drink via associated brain regions like the ventral striatum and thus promote alcohol seeking, intake and relapse. Pavlovian-to-Instrumental-Transfer (PIT) may be one of those behavioral phenomena contributing to relapse, capturing how Pavlovian conditioned (contextual) cues determine instrumental behavior (e.g. alcohol seeking and intake). We used a PIT paradigm during functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the effects of classically conditioned Pavlovian stimuli on instrumental choices in n=31 detoxified patients diagnosed with alcohol dependence and n=24 healthy controls matched for age and gender. Patients were followed up over a period of 3 months. We observed that (1) there was a significant behavioral PIT effect for all participants, which was significantly more pronounced in alcohol-dependent patients; (2) PIT was significantly associated with blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signals in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) in subsequent relapsers only; and (3) PIT-related NAcc activation was associated with, and predictive of, critical outcomes (amount of alcohol intake and relapse during a 3 months follow-up period) in alcohol-dependent patients. These observations show for the first time that PIT-related BOLD signals, as a measure of the influence of Pavlovian cues on instrumental behavior, predict alcohol intake and relapse in alcohol dependence.}, language = {en} } @article{SeboldSchadNebeetal.2016, author = {Sebold, Miriam Hannah and Schad, Daniel and Nebe, Stephan and Garbusow, Maria and Juenger, Elisabeth and Kroemer, Nils B. and Kathmann, Norbert and Zimmermann, Ulrich S. and Smolka, Michael N. and Rapp, Michael Armin and Heinz, Andreas and Huys, Quentin J. M.}, title = {Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer Effects Rely Less on Model-based Reinforcement Learning}, series = {Journal of cognitive neuroscience}, volume = {28}, journal = {Journal of cognitive neuroscience}, publisher = {MIT Press}, address = {Cambridge}, issn = {0898-929X}, doi = {10.1162/jocn_a_00945}, pages = {985 -- 995}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Behavioral choice can be characterized along two axes. One axis distinguishes reflexive, model-free systems that slowly accumulate values through experience and a model-based system that uses knowledge to reason prospectively. The second axis distinguishes Pavlovian valuation of stimuli from instrumental valuation of actions or stimulus-action pairs. This results in four values and many possible interactions between them, with important consequences for accounts of individual variation. We here explored whether individual variation along one axis was related to individual variation along the other. Specifically, we asked whether individuals' balance between model-based and model-free learning was related to their tendency to show Pavlovian interferences with instrumental decisions. In two independent samples with a total of 243 participants, Pavlovian-instrumental transfer effects were negatively correlated with the strength of model-based reasoning in a two-step task. This suggests a potential common underlying substrate predisposing individuals to both have strong Pavlovian interference and be less model-based and provides a framework within which to interpret the observation of both effects in addiction.}, language = {en} } @article{NebeKroemerSchadetal.2017, author = {Nebe, Stephan and Kroemer, Nils B. and Schad, Daniel and Bernhardt, Nadine and Sebold, Miriam Hannah and Mueller, Dirk K. and Scholl, Lucie and Kuitunen-Paul, S{\"o}ren and Heinz, Andreas and Rapp, Michael Armin and Huys, Quentin J. M. and Smolka, Michael N.}, title = {No association of goal-directed and habitual control with alcohol consumption in young adults}, series = {Addiction biology}, volume = {23}, journal = {Addiction biology}, number = {1}, publisher = {Wiley}, address = {Hoboken}, issn = {1355-6215}, doi = {10.1111/adb.12490}, pages = {379 -- 393}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Alcohol dependence is a mental disorder that has been associated with an imbalance in behavioral control favoring model-free habitual over model-based goal-directed strategies. It is as yet unknown, however, whether such an imbalance reflects a predisposing vulnerability or results as a consequence of repeated and/or excessive alcohol exposure. We, therefore, examined the association of alcohol consumption with model-based goal-directed and model-free habitual control in 188 18-year-old social drinkers in a two-step sequential decision-making task while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging before prolonged alcohol misuse could have led to severe neurobiological adaptations. Behaviorally, participants showed a mixture of model-free and model-based decision-making as observed previously. Measures of impulsivity were positively related to alcohol consumption. In contrast, neither model-free nor model-based decision weights nor the trade-off between them were associated with alcohol consumption. There were also no significant associations between alcohol consumption and neural correlates of model-free or model-based decision quantities in either ventral striatum or ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Exploratory whole-brain functional magnetic resonance imaging analyses with a lenient threshold revealed early onset of drinking to be associated with an enhanced representation of model-free reward prediction errors in the posterior putamen. These results suggest that an imbalance between model-based goal-directed and model-free habitual control might rather not be a trait marker of alcohol intake per se.}, language = {en} }