@article{KlieglHohensteinYanetal.2013, author = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Hohenstein, Sven and Yan, Ming and McDonald, Scott A.}, title = {How preview space/time translates into preview cost/benefit for fixation durations during reading}, series = {The quarterly journal of experimental psychology}, volume = {66}, journal = {The quarterly journal of experimental psychology}, number = {3}, publisher = {Wiley}, address = {Hove}, issn = {1747-0218}, doi = {10.1080/17470218.2012.658073}, pages = {581 -- 600}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Eye-movement control during reading depends on foveal and parafoveal information. If the parafoveal preview of the next word is suppressed, reading is less efficient. A linear mixed model (LMM) reanalysis of McDonald (2006) confirmed his observation that preview benefit may be limited to parafoveal words that have been selected as the saccade target. Going beyond the original analyses, in the same LMM, we examined how the preview effect (i.e., the difference in single-fixation duration, SFD, between random-letter and identical preview) depends on the gaze duration on the pretarget word and on the amplitude of the saccade moving the eye onto the target word. There were two key results: (a) The shorter the saccade amplitude (i.e., the larger preview space), the shorter a subsequent SFD with an identical preview; this association was not observed with a random-letter preview. (b) However, the longer the gaze duration on the pretarget word, the longer the subsequent SFD on the target, with the difference between random-letter string and identical previews increasing with preview time. A third patternincreasing cost of a random-letter string in the parafovea associated with shorter saccade amplitudeswas observed for target gaze durations. Thus, LMMs revealed that preview effects, which are typically summarized under preview benefit, are a complex mixture of preview cost and preview benefit and vary with preview space and preview time. The consequence for reading is that parafoveal preview may not only facilitate, but also interfere with lexical access.}, language = {en} } @article{HelfertWarschburger2013, author = {Helfert, Susanne and Warschburger, Petra}, title = {The face of appearance-related social pressure: gender, age and body mass variations in peer and parental pressure during adolescence}, doi = {10.1186/1753-2000-7-16}, year = {2013}, language = {en} } @article{WolffBrand2013, author = {Wolff, Wanja and Brand, Ralf}, title = {Subjective stressors in school and their relation to neuroenhancement: a behavioral perspective on students everyday life "doping"}, doi = {10.1186/1747-597X-8-23}, year = {2013}, language = {en} } @article{WolffBaumgartenBrand2013, author = {Wolff, Wanja and Baumgarten, Franz and Brand, Ralf}, title = {Reduced self-control leads to disregard of an unfamiliar behavioral option: an experimental approach to the study of neuroenhancement}, doi = {10.1186/1747-597X-8-41}, year = {2013}, language = {en} } @article{ShakiFischer2013, author = {Shaki, Samuel and Fischer, Martin H.}, title = {Your neighbors define your value a study of spatial bias in number comparison}, series = {Acta psychologica : international journal of psychonomics}, volume = {142}, journal = {Acta psychologica : international journal of psychonomics}, number = {3}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {0001-6918}, doi = {10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.01.004}, pages = {308 -- 313}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Several chronometric biases in numerical cognition have informed our understanding of a mental number line (MNL). Complementing this approach, we investigated spatial performance in a magnitude comparison task. Participants located the larger or smaller number of a pair on a horizontal line representing the interval from 0 to 10. Experiments 1 and 2 used only number pairs one unit apart and found that digits were localized farther to the right with "select larger" instructions than with "select smaller" instructions. However, when numerical distance was varied (Experiment 3), digits were localized away from numerically near neighbors. This repulsion effect reveals context-specific distortions in number representation not previously noticed with chronometric measures.}, language = {en} } @article{RolfsDambacherCavanagh2013, author = {Rolfs, Martin and Dambacher, Michael and Cavanagh, Patrick}, title = {Visual adaptation of the perception of causality}, series = {Current biology}, volume = {23}, journal = {Current biology}, number = {3}, publisher = {Cell Press}, address = {Cambridge}, issn = {0960-9822}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2012.12.017}, pages = {250 -- 254}, year = {2013}, abstract = {We easily recover the causal properties of visual events, enabling us to understand and predict changes in the physical world. We see a tennis racket hitting a ball and sense that it caused the ball to fly over the net; we may also have an eerie but equally compelling experience of causality if the streetlights turn on just as we slam our car's door. Both perceptual [1] and cognitive [2] processes have been proposed to explain these spontaneous inferences, but without decisive evidence one way or the other, the question remains wide open [3-8]. Here, we address this long-standing debate using visual adaptation-a powerful tool to uncover neural populations that specialize in the analysis of specific visual features [9-12]. After prolonged viewing of causal collision events called "launches" [1], subsequently viewed events were judged more often as noncausal. These negative aftereffects of exposure to collisions are spatially localized in retinotopic coordinates, the reference frame shared by the retina and visual cortex. They are not explained by adaptation to other stimulus features and reveal visual routines in retinotopic cortex that detect and adapt to cause and effect in simple collision stimuli.}, language = {en} } @article{WotschackKliegl2013, author = {Wotschack, Christiane and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Reading strategy modulates parafoveal-on-foveal effects in sentence reading}, series = {The quarterly journal of experimental psychology}, volume = {66}, journal = {The quarterly journal of experimental psychology}, number = {3}, publisher = {Wiley}, address = {Hove}, issn = {1747-0218}, doi = {10.1080/17470218.2011.625094}, pages = {548 -- 562}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Task demands and individual differences have been linked reliably to word skipping during reading. Such differences in fixation probability may imply a selection effect for multivariate analyses of eye-movement corpora if selection effects correlate with word properties of skipped words. For example, with fewer fixations on short and highly frequent words the power to detect parafoveal-on-foveal effects is reduced. We demonstrate that increasing the fixation probability on function words with a manipulation of the expected difficulty and frequency of questions reduces an age difference in skipping probability (i.e., old adults become comparable to young adults) and helps to uncover significant parafoveal-on-foveal effects in this group of old adults. We discuss implications for the comparison of results of eye-movement research based on multivariate analysis of corpus data with those from display-contingent manipulations of target words.}, language = {en} } @article{MariniSriramSchnabeletal.2013, author = {Marini, Maddalena and Sriram, Natarajan and Schnabel, Konrad and Maliszewski, Norbert and Devos, Thierry and Ekehammar, Bo and Wiers, Reinout and Cai HuaJian, and Somogyi, Monika and Shiomura, Kimihiro and Schnall, Simone and Neto, Felix and Bar-Anan, Yoav and Vianello, Michelangelo and Ayala, Alfonso and Dorantes, Gabriel and Park, Jaihyun and Kesebir, Selin and Pereira, Antonio and Tulbure, Bogdan and Ortner, Tuulia and Stepanikova, Irena and Greenwald, Anthony G. and Nosekl, Brian A.}, title = {Overweight people have low levels of implicit weight bias, but overweight nations have high levels of implicit weight bias}, series = {PLoS one}, volume = {8}, journal = {PLoS one}, number = {12}, publisher = {PLoS}, address = {San Fransisco}, issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0083543}, pages = {9}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Although a greater degree of personal obesity is associated with weaker negativity toward overweight people on both explicit (i.e., self-report) and implicit (i.e., indirect behavioral) measures, overweight people still prefer thin people on average. We investigated whether the national and cultural context - particularly the national prevalence of obesity predicts attitudes toward overweight people independent of personal identity and weight status. Data were collected from a total sample of 338,121 citizens from 71 nations in 22 different languages on the Project Implicit website (https://implicit.harvard.edu/) between May 2006 and October 2010. We investigated the relationship of the explicit and implicit weight bias with the obesity both at the individual (i.e., across individuals) and national (i.e., across nations) level. Explicit weight bias was assessed with self-reported preference between overweight and thin people; implicit weight bias was measured with the Implicit Association Test (IAT). The national estimates of explicit and implicit weight bias were obtained by averaging the individual scores for each nation. Obesity at the individual level was defined as Body Mass Index (BMI) scores, whereas obesity at the national level was defined as three national weight indicators (national BMI, national percentage of overweight and underweight people) obtained from publicly available databases. Across individuals, greater degree of obesity was associated with weaker implicit negativity toward overweight people compared to thin people. Across nations, in contrast, a greater degree of national obesity was associated with stronger implicit negativity toward overweight people compared to thin people. This result indicates a different relationship between obesity and implicit weight bias at the individual and national levels.}, language = {en} } @article{KrauseBekkeringLindemann2013, author = {Krause, Florian and Bekkering, Harold and Lindemann, Oliver}, title = {A feeling for numbers shared metric for symbolic and tactile numerosities}, series = {Frontiers in psychology}, volume = {4}, journal = {Frontiers in psychology}, number = {3}, publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation}, address = {Lausanne}, issn = {1664-1078}, doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00007}, pages = {8}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Evidence for an approximate analog system of numbers has been provided by the finding that the comparison of two numerals takes longer and is more error-prone if the semantic distance between the numbers becomes smaller (so-called numerical distance effect). Recent embodied theories suggest that analog number representations are based on previous sensory experiences and constitute therefore a common magnitude metric shared by multiple domains. Here we demonstrate the existence of a cross-modal semantic distance effect between symbolic and tactile numerosities. Participants received tactile stimulations of different amounts of fingers while reading Arabic digits and indicated verbally whether the amount of stimulated fingers was different from the simultaneously presented digit or not. The larger the semantic distance was between the two numerosities, the faster and more accurate participants made their judgments. This cross-modal numerosity distance effect suggests a direct connection between tactile sensations and the concept of numerical magnitude. A second experiment replicated the interaction between symbolic and tactile numerosities and showed that this effect is not modulated by the participants' finger counting habits. Taken together, our data provide novel evidence for a shared metric for symbolic and tactile numerosities as an instance of an embodied representation of numbers.}, language = {en} } @article{BarthelmeTrukenbrodEngbertetal.2013, author = {Barthelme, Simon and Trukenbrod, Hans Arne and Engbert, Ralf and Wichmann, Felix A.}, title = {Modeling fixation locations using spatial point processes}, series = {Journal of vision}, volume = {13}, journal = {Journal of vision}, number = {12}, publisher = {Association for Research in Vision and Opthalmology}, address = {Rockville}, issn = {1534-7362}, doi = {10.1167/13.12.1}, pages = {34}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Whenever eye movements are measured, a central part of the analysis has to do with where subjects fixate and why they fixated where they fixated. To a first approximation, a set of fixations can be viewed as a set of points in space; this implies that fixations are spatial data and that the analysis of fixation locations can be beneficially thought of as a spatial statistics problem. We argue that thinking of fixation locations as arising from point processes is a very fruitful framework for eye-movement data, helping turn qualitative questions into quantitative ones. We provide a tutorial introduction to some of the main ideas of the field of spatial statistics, focusing especially on spatial Poisson processes. We show how point processes help relate image properties to fixation locations. In particular we show how point processes naturally express the idea that image features' predictability for fixations may vary from one image to another. We review other methods of analysis used in the literature, show how they relate to point process theory, and argue that thinking in terms of point processes substantially extends the range of analyses that can be performed and clarify their interpretation.}, language = {en} }