@article{PatzwaldCurleyHaufetal.2018,
  author    = {Patzwald, Christiane and Curley, Charlotte A. and Hauf, Petra and Elsner, Birgit},
  title     = {Differential effects of others' emotional cues on 18-month-olds' preferential reproduction of observed actions},
  series = {Infant behavior \& development : an international and interdisciplinary journal},
  volume    = {51},
  journal   = {Infant behavior \& development : an international and interdisciplinary journal},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {0163-6383},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.infbeh.2018.04.002},
  pages     = {60 -- 70},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Infants use others' emotional signals to regulate their own object-directed behavior and action reproduction, and they typically produce more actions after having observed positive as compared to negative emotional cues. This study explored infants' understanding of the referential specificity of others' emotional cues when being confronted with two actions that are accompanied by different emotional displays. Selective action reproduction was measured after 18-month-olds (N = 42) had observed two actions directed at the same object, one of which was modeled with a positive emotional expression and the other with a negative emotional expression. Across four trials with different objects, infants' first actions matched the positively-emoted actions more often than the negatively-emoted actions. In comparison with baseline-level, infants' initial performance changed only for the positively-emoted actions, in that it increased during test. Latencies to first object-touch during test did not differ when infants reproduced the positively- or negatively-emoted actions, respectively, indicating that infants related the cues to the respective actions rather than to the object. During demonstration, infants looked relatively longer at the object than at the model's face, with no difference in positive or negative displays. Infants during their second year of life thus capture the action-related referential specificity of others' emotional cues and seem to follow positive signals more readily when actively selecting which of two actions to reproduce preferentially.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AdamElsner2018,
  author    = {Adam, Maurits and Elsner, Birgit},
  title     = {Action effects foster 11-month-olds' prediction of action goals for a non-human agent},
  series = {Infant behavior \& development : an international and interdisciplinary journal},
  volume    = {53},
  journal   = {Infant behavior \& development : an international and interdisciplinary journal},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {0163-6383},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.infbeh.2018.09.002},
  pages     = {49 -- 55},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Action effects have been stated to be important for infants' processing of goal-directed actions. In this study, 11-month-olds showed equally fast predictive gaze shifts to a claw's action goal when the grasping action was presented either with three agency cues (self-propelled movement, equifinality of goal achievement and a salient action effect) or with only a salient action effect, but infants showed tracking gaze when the claw showed only self-propelled movement and equifinality of goal achievement. The results suggest that action effects, compared to purely kinematic cues, seem to be especially important for infants' online processing of goal-directed actions.},
  language  = {en}
}