@article{BeckerLuedtkeTrautweinetal.2012,
  author    = {Becker, Michael and L{\"u}dtke, Oliver and Trautwein, Ulrich and K{\"o}ller, Olaf and Baumert, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {The differential effects of school racking on psychometric intelligence Do academic-track schools make students smarter?},
  series = {The journal of educational psychology},
  volume    = {104},
  journal   = {The journal of educational psychology},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {0022-0663},
  doi       = {10.1037/a0027608},
  pages     = {682 -- 699},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Prior research has shown that quantity of schooling affects the development of intelligence in childhood and adolescence. However, it is still debated whether other aspects of schooling-such as ability tracking or, more generally, school quality-can also influence intelligence. In this study, the authors analyzed intelligence gains in academic- and vocational-track schools in Germany, testing for differential effects of school quality (academic vs. vocational track) on psychometric intelligence. Longitudinal data were obtained from a sample of N = 1,038 Grade 7 and 10 students in 49 schools. A nonverbal reasoning test was used as an indicator of general psychometric intelligence, and relevant psychological and social background variables were included in the analyses. Propensity score matching was used to control for selection bias. Results showed a positive effect of attending the academic track.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{CaliendoClementPapiesetal.2012,
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and Clement, Michel and Papies, Dominik and Scheel-Kopeinig, Sabine},
  title     = {The cost impact of spam filters measuring the effect of information system technologies in organizations},
  series = {Information systems research},
  volume    = {23},
  journal   = {Information systems research},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {INFORMS},
  address   = {Hannover},
  issn      = {1047-7047},
  doi       = {10.1287/isre.1110.0396},
  pages     = {1068 -- 1080},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Dealing with spam is very costly, and many organizations have tried to reduce spam-related costs by installing spam filters. Relying on modern econometric methods to reduce the selection bias of installing a spam filter, we use a unique data setting implemented at a German university to measure the costs associated with spam and the costs savings of spam filters. Our methodological framework accounts for effect heterogeneity and can be easily used to estimate the effect of other IS technologies implemented in organizations. The majority of costs stem from the time that employees spend identifying and deleting spam, amounting to an average of approximately five minutes per employee per day. Our analysis, which accounts for selection bias, finds that the installation of a spam filter reduces these costs by roughly one third. Failing to account for the selection bias would lead to a result that suggests that installing a spam filter does not reduce working time losses. However, cost savings only occur when the spam burden is high, indicating that spam filters do not necessarily reduce costs and are therefore no universal remedy. The analysis further shows that spam filters alone are a countermeasure against spam that exhibits only limited effectiveness because they only reduce costs by one third.},
  language  = {en}
}