@phdthesis{Bergholz2018,
  author    = {Bergholz, Kolja},
  title     = {Trait-based understanding of plant species distributions along environmental gradients},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-42634},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-426341},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {128},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {For more than two centuries, plant ecologists have aimed to understand how environmental gradients and biotic interactions shape the distribution and co-occurrence of plant species. In recent years, functional trait-based approaches have been increasingly used to predict patterns of species co-occurrence and species distributions along environmental gradients (trait-environment relationships). Functional traits are measurable properties at the individual level that correlate well with important processes. Thus, they allow us to identify general patterns by synthesizing studies across specific taxonomic compositions, thereby fostering our understanding of the underlying processes of species assembly. However, the importance of specific processes have been shown to be highly dependent on the spatial scale under consideration. In particular, it remains uncertain which mechanisms drive species assembly and allow for plant species coexistence at smaller, more local spatial scales. Furthermore, there is still no consensus on how particular environmental gradients affect the trait composition of plant communities. For example, increasing drought because of climate change is predicted to be a main threat to plant diversity, although it remains unclear which traits of species respond to increasing aridity. Similarly, there is conflicting evidence of how soil fertilization affects the traits related to establishment ability (e.g., seed mass). In this cumulative dissertation, I present three empirical trait-based studies that investigate specific research questions in order to improve our understanding of species distributions along environmental gradients. In the first case study, I analyze how annual species assemble at the local scale and how environmental heterogeneity affects different facets of biodiversity—i.e. taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity—at different spatial scales. The study was conducted in a semi-arid environment at the transition zone between desert and Mediterranean ecosystems that features a sharp precipitation gradient (Israel). Different null model analyses revealed strong support for environmentally driven species assembly at the local scale, since species with similar traits tended to co-occur and shared high abundances within microsites (trait convergence). A phylogenetic approach, which assumes that closely related species are functionally more similar to each other than distantly related ones, partly supported these results. However, I observed that species abundances within microsites were, surprisingly, more evenly distributed across the phylogenetic tree than expected (phylogenetic overdispersion). Furthermore, I showed that environmental heterogeneity has a positive effect on diversity, which was higher on functional than on taxonomic diversity and increased with spatial scale. The results of this case study indicate that environmental heterogeneity may act as a stabilizing factor to maintain species diversity at local scales, since it influenced species distribution according to their traits and positively influenced diversity. All results were constant along the precipitation gradient. In the second case study (same study system as case study one), I explore the trait responses of two Mediterranean annuals (Geropogon hybridus and Crupina crupinastrum) along a precipitation gradient that is comparable to the maximum changes in precipitation predicted to occur by the end of this century (i.e., -30\%). The heterocarpic G. hybridus showed strong trends in seed traits, suggesting that dispersal ability increased with aridity. By contrast, the homocarpic C. crupinastrum showed only a decrease in plant height as aridity increased, while leaf traits of both species showed no consistent pattern along the precipitation gradient. Furthermore, variance decomposition of traits revealed that most of the trait variation observed in the study system was actually found within populations. I conclude that trait responses towards aridity are highly species-specific and that the amount of precipitation is not the most striking environmental factor at this particular scale. In the third case study, I assess how soil fertilization mediates—directly by increased nutrient addition and indirectly by increased competition—the effect of seed mass on establishment ability. For this experiment, I used 22 species differing in seed mass from dry grasslands in northeastern Germany and analyzed the interacting effects of seed mass with nutrient availability and competition on four key components of seedling establishment: seedling emergence, time of seedling emergence, seedling survival, and seedling growth. (Time of) seedling emergence was not affected by seed mass. However, I observed that the positive effect of seed mass on seedling survival is lowered under conditions of high nutrient availability, whereas the positive effect of seed mass on seedling growth was only reduced by competition. Based on these findings, I developed a conceptual model of how seed mass should change along a soil fertility gradient in order to reconcile conflicting findings from the literature. In this model, seed mass shows a U-shaped pattern along the soil fertility gradient as a result of changing nutrient availability and competition. Overall, the three case studies highlight the role of environmental factors on species distribution and co-occurrence. Moreover, the findings of this thesis indicate that spatial heterogeneity at local scales may act as a stabilizing factor that allows species with different traits to coexist. In the concluding discussion, I critically debate intraspecific trait variability in plant community ecology, the use of phylogenetic relationships and easily measured key functional traits as a proxy for species' niches. Finally, I offer my outlook for the future of functional plant community research.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kettner2018,
  author    = {Kettner, Marie Therese},
  title     = {Microbial colonization of microplastic particles in aquatic systems},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-418854},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {139},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The continuously increasing pollution of aquatic environments with microplastics (plastic particles < 5 mm) is a global problem with potential implications for organisms of all trophic levels. For microorganisms, trillions of these floating microplastics particles represent a huge surface area for colonization. Due to the very low biodegradability, microplastics remain years to centuries in the environment and can be transported over thousands of kilometers together with the attached organisms. Since also pathogenic, invasive, or otherwise harmful species could be spread this way, it is essential to study microplastics-associated communities. For this doctoral thesis, eukaryotic communities were analyzed for the first time on microplastics in brackish environments and compared to communities in the surrounding water and on the natural substrate wood. With Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing, more than 500 different eukaryotic taxa were detected on the microplastics samples. Among them were various green algae, dinoflagellates, ciliates, fungi, fungal-like protists and small metazoans such as nematodes and rotifers. The most abundant organisms was a dinoflagellate of the genus Pfiesteria, which could include fish pathogenic and bloom forming toxigenic species. Network analyses revealed that there were numerous interaction possibilities among prokaryotes and eukaryotes in microplastics biofilms. Eukaryotic community compositions on microplastics differed significantly from those on wood and in water, and compositions were additionally distinct among the sampling locations. Furthermore, the biodiversity was clearly lower on microplastics in comparison to the diversity on wood or in the surrounding water. In another experiment, a situation was simulated in which treated wastewater containing microplastics was introduced into a freshwater lake. With increasing microplastics concentrations, the resulting bacterial communities became more similar to those from the treated wastewater. Moreover, the abundance of integrase I increased together with rising concentrations of microplastics. Integrase I is often used as a marker for anthropogenic environmental pollution and is further linked to genes conferring, e.g., antibiotic resistance. This dissertation gives detailed insights into the complexity of prokaryotic and eukaryotic communities on microplastics in brackish and freshwater systems. Even though microplastics provide novel microhabitats for various microbes, they might also transport toxigenic, pathogenic, antibiotic-resistant or parasitic organisms; meaning their colonization can pose potential threats to humans and the environment. Finally, this thesis explains the urgent need for more research as well as for strategies to minimize the global microplastic pollution.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{MendesFerreira2023,
  author    = {Mendes Ferreira, Clara},
  title     = {Indirect, tri-trophic effects of fear on biodiversity},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-61102},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-611020},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {119},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Predator-forager interactions are a major factor in evolutionary adaptation of many species, as predators need to gain energy by consuming prey species, and foragers needs to avoid the worst fate of mortality while still consuming resources for energetic gains. In this evolutionary arms race, the foragers have constantly evolved anti-predator behaviours (e.g. foraging activity changes). To describe all these complex changes, researchers developed the framework of the landscape of fear, that is, the spatio-temporal variation of perceived predation risk. This concept simplifies all the involved ecological processes into one framework, by integrating animal biology and distribution with habitat characteristics. Researchers can then evaluate the perception of predation risk in prey species, what are the behavioural responses of the prey and, therefore, understand the cascading effects of landscapes of fear at the resource levels (tri-trophic effects). Although tri-trophic effects are well studied at the predator-prey interaction level, little is known on how the forager-resource interactions are part of the overall cascading effects of landscapes of fear, despite the changes of forager feeding behaviour - that occur with perceived predation risk - affecting directly the level of the resources. This thesis aimed to evaluate the cascading effects of the landscape of fear on biodiversity of resources, and how the feeding behaviour and movement of foragers shaped the final resource species composition (potential coexistence mechanisms). We studied the changes caused by landscapes of fear on wild and captive rodent communities and evaluated: the cascading effects of different landscapes of fear on a tri-trophic system (I), the effects of fear on a forager's movement patterns and dietary preferences (II) and cascading effects of different types of predation risk (terrestrial versus avian, III). In Chapter I, we applied a novel measure to evaluate the cascading effects of fear at the level of resources, by quantifying the diversity of resources left after the foragers gave-up on foraging (diversity at the giving-up density). We tested the measure at different spatial levels (local and regional) and observed that with decreased perceived predation risk, the density and biodiversity of resources also decreased. Foragers left a very dissimilar community of resources based on perceived risk and resources functional traits, and therefore acted as an equalising mechanism. In Chapter II, we wanted to understand further the decision-making processes of rodents in different landscapes of fear, namely, in which resource species rodents decided to forage on (based on three functional traits: size, nutrients and shape) and how they moved depending on perceived predation risk. In safe landscapes, individuals increased their feeding activity and movements and despite the increased costs, they visited more often patches that were further away from their central-place. Despite a preference for the bigger resources regardless of risk, when perceived predation risk was low, individuals changed their preference to fat-rich resources. In Chapter III, we evaluated the cascading effects of two different types of predation risk in rodents: terrestrial (raccoon) versus avian predation risk. Raccoon presence or absence did not alter the rodents feeding behaviour in different landscapes of fear. Rodent's showed risk avoidance behaviours towards avian predators (spatial risk avoidance), but not towards raccoons (lack of temporal risk avoidance). By analysing the effects of fear in tri-trophic systems, we were able to deepen the knowledge of how non-consumptive effects of predators affect the behaviour of foragers, and quantitatively measure the cascading effects at the level of resources with a novel measure. Foragers are at the core of the ecological processes and responses to the landscape of fear, acting as variable coexistence agents for resource species depending on perceived predation risk. This newly found measures and knowledge can be applied to more trophic chains, and inform researchers on biodiversity patterns originating from landscapes of fear.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Raatz2019,
  author    = {Raatz, Michael},
  title     = {Strategies within predator-prey interactions - from individuals to ecosystems},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-42658},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-426587},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {175},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Predator-prey interactions provide central links in food webs. These interaction are directly or indirectly impacted by a number of factors. These factors range from physiological characteristics of individual organisms, over specifics of their interaction to impacts of the environment. They may generate the potential for the application of different strategies by predators and prey. Within this thesis, I modelled predator-prey interactions and investigated a broad range of different factors driving the application of certain strategies, that affect the individuals or their populations. In doing so, I focused on phytoplankton-zooplankton systems as established model systems of predator-prey interactions. At the level of predator physiology I proposed, and partly confirmed, adaptations to fluctuating availability of co-limiting nutrients as beneficial strategies. These may allow to store ingested nutrients or to regulate the effort put into nutrient assimilation. We found that these two strategies are beneficial at different fluctuation frequencies of the nutrients, but may positively interact at intermediate frequencies. The corresponding experiments supported our model results. We found that the temporal structure of nutrient fluctuations indeed has strong effects on the juvenile somatic growth rate of {\itshape Daphnia}. Predator colimitation by energy and essential biochemical nutrients gave rise to another physiological strategy. High-quality prey species may render themselves indispensable in a scenario of predator-mediated coexistence by being the only source of essential biochemical nutrients, such as cholesterol. Thereby, the high-quality prey may even compensate for a lacking defense and ensure its persistence in competition with other more defended prey species. We found a similar effect in a model where algae and bacteria compete for nutrients. Now, being the only source of a compound that is required by the competitor (bacteria) prevented the competitive exclusion of the algae. In this case, the essential compounds were the organic carbon provided by the algae. Here again, being indispensable served as a prey strategy that ensured its coexistence. The latter scenario also gave rise to the application of the two metabolic strategies of autotrophy and heterotrophy by algae and bacteria, respectively. We found that their coexistence allowed the recycling of resources in a microbial loop that would otherwise be lost. Instead, these resources were made available to higher trophic levels, increasing the trophic transfer efficiency in food webs. The predation process comprises the next higher level of factors shaping the predator-prey interaction, besides these factors that originated from the functioning or composition of individuals. Here, I focused on defensive mechanisms and investigated multiple scenarios of static or adaptive combinations of prey defense and predator offense. I confirmed and extended earlier reports on the coexistence-promoting effects of partially lower palatability of the prey community. When bacteria and algae are coexisting, a higher palatability of bacteria may increase the average predator biomass, with the side effect of making the population dynamics more regular. This may facilitate experimental investigations and interpretations. If defense and offense are adaptive, this allows organisms to maximize their growth rate. Besides this fitness-enhancing effect, I found that co-adaptation may provide the predator-prey system with the flexibility to buffer external perturbations. On top of these rather internal factors, environmental drivers also affect predator-prey interactions. I showed that environmental nutrient fluctuations may create a spatio-temporal resource heterogeneity that selects for different predator strategies. I hypothesized that this might favour either storage or acclimation specialists, depending on the frequency of the environmental fluctuations. We found that many of these factors promote the coexistence of different strategies and may therefore support and sustain biodiversity. Thus, they might be relevant for the maintenance of crucial ecosystem functions that also affect us humans. Besides this, the richness of factors that impact predator-prey interactions might explain why so many species, especially in the planktonic regime, are able to coexist.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Riedl2021,
  author    = {Riedl, Simon},
  title     = {Active tectonics in the Kenya Rift},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-53855},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-538552},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {xi, 207},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Magmatische und tektonisch aktive Grabenzonen (Rifts) stellen die Vorstufen entstehender Plattengrenzen dar. Diese sich spreizenden tektonischen Provinzen zeichnen sich durch allgegenw{\"a}rtige Abschiebungen aus, und die r{\"a}umliche Verteilung, die Geometrie, und das Alter dieser Abschiebungen l{\"a}sst R{\"u}ckschl{\"u}sse auf die r{\"a}umlichen und zeitlichen Zusammenh{\"a}nge zwischen tektonischer Deformation, Magmatismus und langwelliger Krustendeformation in Rifts zu. Diese Arbeit konzentriert sich auf die St{\"o}rungsaktivit{\"a}t im Kenia-Rift des k{\"a}nozoischen Ostafrikanischen Grabensystems im Zeitraum zwischen dem mittleren Pleistoz{\"a}n und dem Holoz{\"a}n. Um die fr{\"u}hen Stadien der Entstehung kontinentaler Plattengrenzen zu untersuchen, wird in dieser Arbeit eine zeitlich gemittelte minimale Extensionsrate f{\"u}r den inneren Graben des N{\"o}rdlichen Kenia-Rifts (NKR) f{\"u}r die letzten 0,5 Mio Jahre abgeleitet. Die Analyse beruht auf Messungen mit Hilfe des digitalen TanDEM-X-H{\"o}henmodells, um die Abschiebungen entlang der vulkanisch-tektonischen Achse des inneren Grabens des NKR zu kartieren und deren Versatzbetr{\"a}ge zu bestimmen. Mithilfe von vorhandenen Geochronologiedaten der deformierten vulkanischen Einheiten sowie in dieser Arbeit erstellten ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar-Datierungen werden zeitlich gemittelte Extensionsraten berechnet. Die Auswertungen zeigen, dass im inneren Graben des NKR die langfristige Extensionsrate f{\"u}r mittelpleistoz{\"a}ne bis rezente St{\"o}rungen Mindestwerte von 1,0 bis 1,6 mm yr⁻¹ aufweist und lokal allerdings auch Werte bis zu 2,0 mm yr⁻¹ existieren. In Anbetracht der nahezu inaktiven Randst{\"o}rungen des NKR zeigt sich somit, dass sich die Extension auf die Region der aktiven vulkanisch-tektonischen Achse im inneren Graben konzentriert und somit ein fortgeschrittenes Stadium kontinentaler Extensionsprozesse im NKR vorliegt. In dieser Arbeit wird diese r{\"a}umlich fokussierte Extension zudem im Rahmen einer St{\"o}rungsanalyse der j{\"u}ngsten vulkanischen Erscheinungen des Kenia-Rifts betrachtet. Die Arbeit analysiert mithilfe von Gel{\"a}ndekartierungen und eines auf Luftbildern basierenden Gel{\"a}ndemodells die St{\"o}rungscharakteristika der etwa 36 tausend Jahre alten Menengai-Kaldera und der umliegenden Gebiete im zentralen Kenia-Rift. Im Allgemeinen sind die holoz{\"a}nen St{\"o}rungen innerhalb des Rifts reine, NNO-streichende Abschiebungen, die somit das gegenw{\"a}rtige tektonische Spannungsfeld wiederspiegeln; innerhalb der Menengai-Kaldera sind die jungen Strukturen jedoch von andauernder magmatischer Aktivit{\"a}t und von Aufdomung {\"u}berpr{\"a}gt. Die Kaldera befindet sich im Zentrum eines sich aktiv dehnenden Riftsegments und zusammen mit den anderen quart{\"a}ren Vulkanen des Kenia-Rifts lassen sich diese Bereiche als Kernpunkte der extensionalen St{\"o}rungsaktivit{\"a}t verstehen, die letztlich zu einer weiter entwickelten Phase magmengest{\"u}tzter Kontinentalseparation f{\"u}hren werden. Die bereits seit dem Terti{\"a}r andauernde St{\"o}rungsaktivit{\"a}t im Kenia-Rift f{\"u}hrt zur Zergliederung der gr{\"o}ßeren Rift-Senken in kleinere Segmente und beeinflusst die Sedimentologie und die Hydrologie dieser Riftbecken. Gegenw{\"a}rtig sind die meisten, durch St{\"o}rungen begrenzten Becken des Kenia-Rifts hydrologisch isoliert, sie waren aber w{\"a}hrend feuchter Klimaphasen hydrologisch miteinander verbunden; in dieser Arbeit untersuche ich deshalb auch diese hydrologische Verbindung der Rift-Becken f{\"u}r die Zeit der Afrikanischen Feuchteperiode des fr{\"u}hen Holoz{\"a}ns. Mithilfe der Analyse von digitalen Gel{\"a}ndemodellen, unter Ber{\"u}cksichtigung von geomorphologischen Anzeigern f{\"u}r Seespiegelhochst{\"a}nde, Radiokarbondatierungen und einer {\"U}bersicht {\"u}ber Fossiliendaten konnten zwei kaskadierende Flusssysteme aus diesen Daten abgeleitet werden: eine Flusskaskade in Richtung S{\"u}den und eine in Richtung Norden. Beide Kaskaden haben die derzeit isolierten Becken w{\"a}hrend des fr{\"u}hen Holoz{\"a}ns durch {\"u}berlaufende Seen und eingeschnittene Schluchten miteinander verbunden. Diese hydrologische Verbindung f{\"u}hrte zu der Ausbreitung aquatischer Fauna entlang des Rifts, und gleichzeitig stellte die Wasserscheide zwischen den beiden Flusssystemen den einzigen terrestrischen Ausbreitungskorridor dar, der eine {\"U}berquerung des Kenia-Rifts erm{\"o}glichte. Diese tektonisch-geomorphologische Rekonstruktion erkl{\"a}rt die heute isolierten Vorkommen nilotischer Fischarten in den Riftseen Kenias sowie die isolierten Vorkommen Guineo-Congolischer S{\"a}ugetiere in W{\"a}ldern {\"o}stlich des Kenia-Rifts, die sich {\"u}ber die Wasserscheide im Kenia-Rift ausbreiten konnten. Auf l{\"a}ngeren Zeitskalen sind solche Phasen hydrologischer Verbindung und Phasen der Isolation wiederholt aufgetreten und zeigen sich in wechselnden pal{\"a}o{\"o}kologischen Indikatoren in Sedimentbohrkernen. Hier stelle ich einen Sedimentbohrkern aus dem Koora-Becken des S{\"u}dlichen Kenia-Rifts vor, der einen Datensatz der Pal{\"a}o-Umweltbedingungen der letzten 1 Million Jahre beinhaltet. Dieser Datensatz zeigt, dass etwa vor 400 tausend Jahren die zuvor relativ stabilen Umweltbedingungen zum Erliegen kamen und tektonische, hydrologische und {\"o}kologische Ver{\"a}nderungen dazu f{\"u}hrten, dass die Wasserverf{\"u}gbarkeit, die Grasland-Vergesellschaftungen und die Bedeckung durch Baumvegetation zunehmend st{\"a}rkeren und h{\"a}ufigeren Schwankungen unterlagen. Diese großen Ver{\"a}nderungen fallen zeitlich mit Phasen zusammen, in denen das s{\"u}dliche Becken des Kenia-Rifts von vulkanischer und tektonischer Aktivit{\"a}t besonders betroffen war. Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt deshalb deutlich, inwiefern die tektonischen und geomorphologischen Gegebenheiten im Zuge einer zeitlich langanhaltenden Extension die Hydrologie, die Pal{\"a}o-Umweltbedingungen sowie die Biodiversit{\"a}t einer Riftzone beeinflussen k{\"o}nnen.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Teckentrup2019,
  author    = {Teckentrup, Lisa},
  title     = {Understanding predator-prey interactions},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-43162},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-431624},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {ix, 133},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Predators can have numerical and behavioral effects on prey animals. While numerical effects are well explored, the impact of behavioral effects is unclear. Furthermore, behavioral effects are generally either analyzed with a focus on single individuals or with a focus on consequences for other trophic levels. Thereby, the impact of fear on the level of prey communities is overlooked, despite potential consequences for conservation and nature management. In order to improve our understanding of predator-prey interactions, an assessment of the consequences of fear in shaping prey community structures is crucial. In this thesis, I evaluated how fear alters prey space use, community structure and composition, focusing on terrestrial mammals. By integrating landscapes of fear in an existing individual-based and spatially-explicit model, I simulated community assembly of prey animals via individual home range formation. The model comprises multiple hierarchical levels from individual home range behavior to patterns of prey community structure and composition. The mechanistic approach of the model allowed for the identification of underlying mechanism driving prey community responses under fear. My results show that fear modified prey space use and community patterns. Under fear, prey animals shifted their home ranges towards safer areas of the landscape. Furthermore, fear decreased the total biomass and the diversity of the prey community and reinforced shifts in community composition towards smaller animals. These effects could be mediated by an increasing availability of refuges in the landscape. Under landscape changes, such as habitat loss and fragmentation, fear intensified negative effects on prey communities. Prey communities in risky environments were subject to a non-proportional diversity loss of up to 30\% if fear was taken into account. Regarding habitat properties, I found that well-connected, large safe patches can reduce the negative consequences of habitat loss and fragmentation on prey communities. Including variation in risk perception between prey animals had consequences on prey space use. Animals with a high risk perception predominantly used safe areas of the landscape, while animals with a low risk perception preferred areas with a high food availability. On the community level, prey diversity was higher in heterogeneous landscapes of fear if individuals varied in their risk perception compared to scenarios in which all individuals had the same risk perception. Overall, my findings give a first, comprehensive assessment of the role of fear in shaping prey communities. The linkage between individual home range behavior and patterns at the community level allows for a mechanistic understanding of the underlying processes. My results underline the importance of the structure of the landscape of fear as a key driver of prey community responses, especially if the habitat is threatened by landscape changes. Furthermore, I show that individual landscapes of fear can improve our understanding of the consequences of trait variation on community structures. Regarding conservation and nature management, my results support calls for modern conservation approaches that go beyond single species and address the protection of biotic interactions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Wasiolka2007,
  author    = {Wasiolka, Bernd},
  title     = {The impact of overgrazing on reptile diversity and population dynamics of Pedioplanis l. lineoocellata in the southern Kalahari},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-16611},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {Die Vegetationskomposition und -struktur, beispielsweise die unterschiedliche Architektur von B{\"a}umen, Str{\"a}uchern, Gr{\"a}sern und Kr{\"a}utern, bietet ein großes Spektrum an Habitaten und Nischen, die wiederum eine hohe Tierdiversit{\"a}t in den Savannensystemen des s{\"u}dlichen Afrikas erm{\"o}glichen. Dieses {\"O}kosystem wurde jedoch {\"u}ber Jahrzehnte weltweit durch intensive anthropogene Landnutzung (z.B. Viehwirtschaft) nachhaltig ver{\"a}ndert. Dabei wurden die Zusammensetzung, Diversit{\"a}t und Struktur der Vegetation stark ver{\"a}ndert. {\"U}berweidung in Savannensystemen f{\"u}hrt zu einer Degradation des Habitates einhergehend mit dem Verlust von perennierenden Gr{\"a}sern und krautiger Vegetation. Dies f{\"u}hrt zu einem Anstieg an vegetationsfreien Bodenfl{\"a}chen. Beides, sowohl der Verlust an perennierenden Gr{\"a}sern und krautiger Vegetation sowie der Anstieg an vegetationsfreien Fl{\"a}chen f{\"u}hrt zu verbesserten Etablierungsbedingungen f{\"u}r Str{\"a}ucher (z.B. Rhigozum trichotomum, Acacia mellifera) und auf lange Sicht zu stark verbuschten Fl{\"a}chen. Die Tierdiversit{\"a}t in Savannen ist hiervon entscheidend beeinflusst. Mit sinkender struktureller Diversit{\"a}t verringert sich auch die Tierdiversit{\"a}t. W{\"a}hrend der Einfluss von {\"U}berweidung auf die Vegetation relativ gut untersucht ist sind Informationen {\"u}ber den Einfluss von {\"U}berweidung auf die Tierdiversit{\"a}t, speziell f{\"u}r Reptilien, eher sp{\"a}rlich vorhanden. Zus{\"a}tzlich ist sehr wenig bekannt zum Einfluss auf die Populationsdynamik (z.B. Verhaltensanpassungen, Raumnutzung, {\"U}berlebensrate, Sterberate) einzelner Reptilienarten. Ziel meiner Doktorarbeit ist es den Einfluss von {\"U}berweidung durch kommerzielle Farmnutzung auf die Reptiliengemeinschaft und auf verschiedene Aspekte der Populationsdynamik der Echse Pedioplanis lineoocellata lineoocellata zu untersuchen. Hinsichtlich bestimmter Naturschutzmaßnahmen ist es einerseits wichtig zu verstehen welchen Auswirkungen {\"U}berweidung auf die gesamte Reptiliengemeinschaft hat. Und zum anderen wie entscheidende Faktoren der Populationsdynamik beeinflusst werden. Beides f{\"u}hrt zu einem besseren Verst{\"a}ndnis der Reaktion von Reptilien auf Habitatdegradation zu erlangen. Die Ergebnisse meiner Doktorarbeit zeigen eindeutig einen negativen Einfluss der {\"U}berweidung und der daraus resultierende Habitatdegradation auf (1) die gesamte Reptiliengemeinschaft und (2) auf einzelne Aspekte der Populationsdynamik von P. lineoocellata. Im Teil 1 wird die signifikante Reduzierung der Reptiliendiversit{\"a}t und Abundanz in degradierten Habitaten beschrieben. Im zweiten Teil wird gezeigt, dass P. lineoocellata das Verhalten an die verschlechterten Lebensbedingungen anpassen kann. Die Art bewegt sich sowohl h{\"a}ufiger als auch {\"u}ber einen l{\"a}ngeren Zeitraum und legt dabei gr{\"o}ßere Distanzen zur{\"u}ck. Zus{\"a}tzlich vergr{\"o}ßerte die Art ihr Revier (home range) (Teil 3). Im abschließenden Teil wird der negative Einfluss von {\"U}berweidung auf die Populationsdynamik von P. lineoocellata beschrieben: In degradierten Habitaten nimmt die Populationsgr{\"o}ße von adulten und juvenilen Echsen ab, die {\"U}berlebens- und Geburtenrate sinken, w{\"a}hren zus{\"a}tzlich das Pr{\"a}dationsrisiko ansteigt. Verantwortlich hierf{\"u}r ist zum einen die ebenfalls reduzierte Nahrungsverf{\"u}gbarkeit (Arthropoden) auf degradierten Fl{\"a}chen. Dies hat zur Folge, dass die Populationsgr{\"o}ße abnimmt und die Fitness der Individuen verringert wird, welches sich durch eine Reduzierung der {\"U}berlebens- und Geburtenrate bemerkbar macht. Und zum anderen ist es die Reduzierung der Vegetationsbedeckung und der R{\"u}ckgang an perennierenden Gr{\"a}sern welche sich negativ auswirken. Als Konsequenz hiervon gehen Nischen und Mikrohabitate verloren und die M{\"o}glichkeiten der Reptilien zur Thermoregulation sind verringert. Des Weiteren hat dieser Verlust an perennierender Grasbedeckung auch ein erh{\"o}htes Pr{\"a}dationsrisikos zur Folge. Zusammenfassend l{\"a}sst sich sagen, dass nicht nur B{\"a}ume und Str{\"a}ucher, wie in anderen Studien gezeigt, eine bedeutende Rolle f{\"u}r die Diversit{\"a}t spielen, sondern auch das perennierende Gras eine wichtige Rolle f{\"u}r die Faunendiversit{\"a}t spielt. Weiterhin zeigte sich, dass Habitatdegradation nicht nur die Population als gesamtes beeinflusst, sondern auch das Verhalten und Populationsparameter einzelner Arten. Des Weiteren ist es Reptilien m{\"o}glich durch Verhaltensflexibilit{\"a}t auf verschlechterte Umweltbedingen zu reagieren.},
  language  = {en}
}