@phdthesis{Martin2024,
  author    = {Martin, Johannes},
  title     = {Synthesis of protein-polymer conjugates and block copolymers via sortase-mediated ligation},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-64566},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-645669},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {XVII, 150},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {In den vergangenen Jahrzehnten haben therapeutische Proteine in der pharmazeutischen Industrie mehr und mehr an Bedeutung gewonnen. Werden Proteine nichtmenschlichen Ursprungs verwendet, kann es jedoch zu einer Immunreaktion kommen, sodass das Protein sehr schnell aus dem K{\"o}rper ausgeschieden oder abgebaut wird. Um die Zirkulationszeit im Blut signifikant zu verl{\"a}ngern, werden die Proteine mit synthetischen Polymeren modifiziert (Protein-Polymer-Konjugate). Die Proteine aller heute auf dem Markt erh{\"a}ltlichen Medikamente dieser Art tragen eine oder mehrere Polymerketten aus Poly(ethylenglycol) (PEG). Ein Nachteil der PEGylierung ist, dass viele Patienten bei regelm{\"a}ßiger Einnahme dieser Medikamente Antik{\"o}rper gegen PEG entwickeln, die den effizienzsteigernden Effekt der PEGylierung wieder aufheben. Ein weiterer Nachteil der PEGylierung ist die oftmals deutlich verringerte Aktivit{\"a}t der Konjugate im Vergleich zum nativen Protein. Der Grund daf{\"u}r ist die Herstellungsmethode der Konjugate, bei der meist die prim{\"a}ren Amine der Lysin-Seitenketten und der N-Terminus des Proteins genutzt werden. Da die meisten Proteine mehrere gut zug{\"a}ngliche Lysine aufweisen, werden oft unterschiedliche und teilweise mehrere Lysine mit PEG funktionalisiert, was zu einer Mischung an Regioisomeren f{\"u}hrt. Je nach Position der PEG-Kette kann das aktive Zentrum abgeschirmt oder die 3D-Struktur des Proteins ver{\"a}ndert werden, was zu einem teilweise drastischen Aktivit{\"a}tsabfall f{\"u}hrt. In dieser Arbeit wurde eine neuartige Methode zur Ligation von Makromolek{\"u}len untersucht. Die Verwendung eines Enzyms als Katalysator zur Verbindung zweier Makromolek{\"u}le ist bisher wenig untersucht und ineffizient. Als Enzym wurde Sortase A ausgew{\"a}hlt, eine gut untersuchte Ligase aus der Familie der Transpeptidasen, welche die Ligation zweier Peptide katalysieren kann. Ein Nachteil dieser Sortase-vermittelten Ligation ist, dass es sich um eine Gleichgewichtsreaktion handelt, wodurch hohe Ausbeuten schwierig zu erreichen sind. Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation wurden zwei zuvor entwickelte Methoden zur Verschiebung des Gleichgewichts ohne Einsatz eines großen {\"U}berschusses von einem Edukt f{\"u}r Makromolek{\"u}le {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft. Zur Durchf{\"u}hrung der Sortase-vermittelten Ligation werden zwei komplement{\"a}re Peptidsequenzen verwendet, die Erkennungssequenz und das Nukleophil. Um eine systematische Untersuchung durchf{\"u}hren zu k{\"o}nnen, wurden alle n{\"o}tigen Bausteine (Protein-Erkennungssequenz zur Reaktion mit Nukleophil-Polymer und Polymer-Erkennungssequenz mit Nukleophil-Protein) hergestellt. Als Polymerisationstechnik wurde die radikalische Polymerisation mit reversibler Deaktivierung (im Detail, Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization, ATRP und Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer, RAFT polymerization) gew{\"a}hlt, um eine enge Molmassenverteilung zu erreichen. Die Herstellung der Bausteine begann mit der Synthese der Peptide via automatisierter Festphasen-Peptidsynthese, um eine einfache {\"A}nderung der Peptidsequenz zu gew{\"a}hrleisten und um eine Modifizierung der Polymerkette nach der Polymerisation zu umgehen. Um die ben{\"o}tigte unterschiedliche Funktionalit{\"a}t der zwei Peptidsequenzen (freier C-Terminus bei der Erkennungssequenz bzw. freier N-Terminus bei dem Nukleophil) zu erreichen, wurden verschiedene Linker zwischen Harz und Peptid verwendet. Danach wurde der Ketten{\"u}bertr{\"a}ger (chain transfer agent, CTA) zur Kontrolle der Polymerisation mit dem auf dem Harz befindlichen Peptid gekoppelt. Die f{\"u}r die anschließende Polymerisation verwendeten Monomere basierten auf Acrylamiden und Acrylaten und wurden anhand ihrer Eignung als Alternativen zu PEG ausgew{\"a}hlt. Es wurde eine k{\"u}rzlich entwickelte Technik basierend auf der RAFT-Polymerisation (xanthate-supported photo-iniferter RAFT, XPI-RAFT) verwendet um eine Reihe an Peptid-Polymeren mit unterschiedlichen Molekulargewichten und engen Molekulargewichtsverteilungen herzustellen. Nach Entfernung der Schutzgruppen der Peptid-Seitenketten wurden die Peptid-Polymere zun{\"a}chst genutzt, um mittels Sortase-vermittelter Ligation zwei Polymerketten zu einem Blockcopolymer zu verbinden. Unter Verwendung von Ni2+-Ionen in Kombination mit einer Verl{\"a}ngerung der Erkennungssequenz um ein Histidin zur Unterdr{\"u}ckung der R{\"u}ckreaktion konnte ein maximaler Umsatz von 70 \% erreicht werden. Dabei zeigte sich ein oberes Limit von durchschnittlich 100 Wiederholungseinheiten; die Ligation von l{\"a}ngeren Polymeren war nicht erfolgreich. Danach wurden ein Modellprotein und ein Nanobody mit vielversprechenden medizinischen Eigenschaften mit den f{\"u}r die enzymkatalysierte Ligation ben{\"o}tigten Peptidsequenzen f{\"u}r die Kopplung mit den zuvor hergestellten Peptid-Polymeren verwendet. Dabei konnte bei Verwendung des Modellproteins keine Bildung von Protein-Polymer-Konjugaten beobachtet werden. Der Nanobody konnte dagegen C-terminal mit einem Polymer funktionalisiert werden. Dabei wurde eine {\"a}hnliche Limitierung in der Polymer-Kettenl{\"a}nge beobachtet wie zuvor. Die auf Ni-Ionen basierte Strategie zur Gleichgewichtsverschiebung hatte hier keinen ausschlaggebenden Effekt, w{\"a}hrend die Verwendung von einem {\"U}berschuss an Polymer zur vollst{\"a}ndigen Umsetzung des Edukt-Nanobody f{\"u}hrte. Die erhaltenen Daten aus diesem Projekt bilden eine gute Basis f{\"u}r weitere Forschung in dem vielversprechenden Feld der enzymkatalysierten Herstellung von Protein-Polymer-Konjugaten und Blockcopolymeren. Langfristig k{\"o}nnte diese Herangehensweise eine vielseitig einsetzbare Herstellungsmethode von ortsspezifischen therapeutischen Protein-Polymer Konjugaten darstellen, welche sowohl eine hohe Aktivit{\"a}t als auch eine lange Zirkulationszeit im Blut aufweisen.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Hoedl2024,
  author    = {H{\"o}dl, Klaus},
  title     = {Blurring the Boundaries of Jewishness},
  series = {PaRDeS},
  journal   = {PaRDeS},
  number    = {29},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-574-3},
  issn      = {1614-6492},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-64600},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-646009},
  pages     = {39 -- 50},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {In this essay I argue that while research in Jewish studies over the last several decades has done much to erode the historical narrative of Jewish/non-Jewish separation and detachment, it has also raised various questions pertaining to the outcome of Jewish/non-Jewish interactions and coexistence as well as the contours of Jewish difference. I contend that employing the concepts of conviviality, ethnic/religious/national indifference, and similarity will greatly facilitate answering these questions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Csaky2024,
  author    = {Cs{\´a}ky, Moritz},
  title     = {Habsburg Central Europe},
  series = {PaRDeS},
  journal   = {PaRDeS},
  number    = {29},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-574-3},
  issn      = {1614-6492},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-64599},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-645995},
  pages     = {31 -- 37},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {Central Europe is characterized by linguistic and cultural density as well as by endogenous and exogenous cultural influences. These constellations were especially visible in the former Habsburg Empire, where they influenced the formation of individual and collective identities. This led not only to continual crises and conflicts, but also to an equally enormous creative potential as became apparent in the culture of the fin-de-si{\`e}cle.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{CorbettSiegelThulin2024,
  author    = {Corbett, Tim and Siegel, Bj{\"o}rn and Thulin, Mirjam},
  title     = {Towards Pluricultural and Connected Histories},
  series = {PaRDeS},
  journal   = {PaRDeS},
  number    = {29},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-574-3},
  issn      = {1614-6492},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-64598},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-645988},
  pages     = {15 -- 27},
  year      = {2024},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Khosravi2023,
  author    = {Khosravi, Sara},
  title     = {The effect of new turbulence parameterizations for the stable surface layer on simulations of the Arctic climate},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-64352},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-643520},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {XIV, 119},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Arctic climate change is marked by intensified warming compared to global trends and a significant reduction in Arctic sea ice which can intricately influence mid-latitude atmospheric circulation through tropo- and stratospheric pathways. Achieving accurate simulations of current and future climate demands a realistic representation of Arctic climate processes in numerical climate models, which remains challenging. Model deficiencies in replicating observed Arctic climate processes often arise due to inadequacies in representing turbulent boundary layer interactions that determine the interactions between the atmosphere, sea ice, and ocean. Many current climate models rely on parameterizations developed for mid-latitude conditions to handle Arctic turbulent boundary layer processes. This thesis focuses on modified representation of the Arctic atmospheric processes and understanding their resulting impact on large-scale mid-latitude atmospheric circulation within climate models. The improved turbulence parameterizations, recently developed based on Arctic measurements, were implemented in the global atmospheric circulation model ECHAM6. This involved modifying the stability functions over sea ice and ocean for stable stratification and changing the roughness length over sea ice for all stratification conditions. Comprehensive analyses are conducted to assess the impacts of these modifications on ECHAM6's simulations of the Arctic boundary layer, overall atmospheric circulation, and the dynamical pathways between the Arctic and mid-latitudes. Through a step-wise implementation of the mentioned parameterizations into ECHAM6, a series of sensitivity experiments revealed that the combined impacts of the reduced roughness length and the modified stability functions are non-linear. Nevertheless, it is evident that both modifications consistently lead to a general decrease in the heat transfer coefficient, being in close agreement with the observations. Additionally, compared to the reference observations, the ECHAM6 model falls short in accurately representing unstable and strongly stable conditions. The less frequent occurrence of strong stability restricts the influence of the modified stability functions by reducing the affected sample size. However, when focusing solely on the specific instances of a strongly stable atmosphere, the sensible heat flux approaches near-zero values, which is in line with the observations. Models employing commonly used surface turbulence parameterizations were shown to have difficulties replicating the near-zero sensible heat flux in strongly stable stratification. I also found that these limited changes in surface layer turbulence parameterizations have a statistically significant impact on the temperature and wind patterns across multiple pressure levels, including the stratosphere, in both the Arctic and mid-latitudes. These significant signals vary in strength, extent, and direction depending on the specific month or year, indicating a strong reliance on the background state. Furthermore, this research investigates how the modified surface turbulence parameterizations may influence the response of both stratospheric and tropospheric circulation to Arctic sea ice loss. The most suitable parameterizations for accurately representing Arctic boundary layer turbulence were identified from the sensitivity experiments. Subsequently, the model's response to sea ice loss is evaluated through extended ECHAM6 simulations with different prescribed sea ice conditions. The simulation with adjusted surface turbulence parameterizations better reproduced the observed Arctic tropospheric warming in vertical extent, demonstrating improved alignment with the reanalysis data. Additionally, unlike the control experiments, this simulation successfully reproduced specific circulation patterns linked to the stratospheric pathway for Arctic-mid-latitude linkages. Specifically, an increased occurrence of the Scandinavian-Ural blocking regime (negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation) in early (late) winter is observed. Overall, it can be inferred that improving turbulence parameterizations at the surface layer can improve the ECHAM6's response to sea ice loss.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{LessmannGrunerKalkuhletal.2024,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Lessmann, Kai and Gruner, Friedemann and Kalkuhl, Matthias and Edenhofer, Ottmar},
  title     = {Emissions Trading with Clean-up Certificates},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {79},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-64136},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-641368},
  pages     = {35},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {We analyze how conventional emissions trading schemes (ETS) can be modified by introducing "clean-up certificates" to allow for a phase of net-negative emissions. Clean-up certificates bundle the permission to emit CO2 with the obligation for its removal. We show that demand for such certificates is determined by cost-saving technological progress, the discount rate and the length of the compliance period. Introducing extra clean-up certificates into an existing ETS reduces near-term carbon prices and mitigation efforts. In contrast, substituting ETS allowances with clean-up certificates reduces cumulative emissions without depressing carbon prices or mitigation in the near term. We calibrate our model to the EU ETS and identify reforms where simultaneously (i) ambition levels rise, (ii) climate damages fall, (iii) revenues from carbon prices rise and (iv) carbon prices and aggregate mitigation cost fall. For reducing climate damages, roughly half of the issued clean-up certificates should replace conventional ETS allowances. In the context of the EU ETS, a European Carbon Central Bank could manage the implementation of cleanup certificates and could serve as an enforcement mechanism.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Damseaux2024,
  author    = {Damseaux, Adrien},
  title     = {Improving permafrost dynamics in land surface models: insights from dual sensitivity experiments},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-63945},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-639450},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {xiii, 143},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {The thawing of permafrost and the subsequent release of greenhouse gases constitute one of the most significant and uncertain positive feedback loops in the context of climate change, making predictions regarding changes in permafrost coverage of paramount importance. To address these critical questions, climate scientists have developed Land Surface Models (LSMs) that encompass a multitude of physical soil processes. This thesis is committed to advancing our understanding and refining precise representations of permafrost dynamics within LSMs, with a specific focus on the accurate modeling of heat fluxes, an essential component for simulating permafrost physics. The first research question overviews fundamental model prerequisites for the representation of permafrost soils within land surface modeling. It includes a first-of-its-kind comparison between LSMs in CMIP6 to reveal their differences and shortcomings in key permafrost physics parameters. Overall, each of these LSMs represents a unique approach to simulating soil processes and their interactions with the climate system. Choosing the most appropriate model for a particular application depends on factors such as the spatial and temporal scale of the simulation, the specific research question, and available computational resources. The second research question evaluates the performance of the state-of-the-art Community Land Model (CLM5) in simulating Arctic permafrost regions. Our approach overcomes traditional evaluation limitations by individually addressing depth, seasonality, and regional variations, providing a comprehensive assessment of permafrost and soil temperature dynamics. I compare CLM5's results with three extensive datasets: (1) soil temperatures from 295 borehole stations, (2) active layer thickness (ALT) data from the Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring Network (CALM), and (3) soil temperatures, ALT, and permafrost extent from the ESA Climate Change Initiative (ESA-CCI). The results show that CLM5 aligns well with ESA-CCI and CALM for permafrost extent and ALT but reveals a significant global cold temperature bias, notably over Siberia. These results echo a persistent challenge identified in numerous studies: the existence of a systematic 'cold bias' in soil temperature over permafrost regions. To address this challenge, the following research questions propose dual sensitivity experiments. The third research question represents the first study to apply a Plant Functional Type (PFT)-based approach to derive soil texture and soil organic matter (SOM), departing from the conventional use of coarse-resolution global data in LSMs. This novel method results in a more uniform distribution of soil organic matter density (OMD) across the domain, characterized by reduced OMD values in most regions. However, changes in soil texture exhibit a more intricate spatial pattern. Comparing the results to observations reveals a significant reduction in the cold bias observed in the control run. This method shows noticeable improvements in permafrost extent, but at the cost of an overestimation in ALT. These findings emphasize the model's high sensitivity to variations in soil texture and SOM content, highlighting the crucial role of soil composition in governing heat transfer processes and shaping the seasonal variation of soil temperatures in permafrost regions. Expanding upon a site experiment conducted in Trail Valley Creek by \citet{dutch_impact_2022}, the fourth research question extends the application of the snow scheme proposed by \citet{sturm_thermal_1997} to cover the entire Arctic domain. By employing a snow scheme better suited to the snow density profile observed over permafrost regions, this thesis seeks to assess its influence on simulated soil temperatures. Comparing this method to observational datasets reveals a significant reduction in the cold bias that was present in the control run. In most regions, the Sturm run exhibits a substantial decrease in the cold bias. However, there is a distinctive overshoot with a warm bias observed in mountainous areas. The Sturm experiment effectively addressed the overestimation of permafrost extent in the control run, albeit resulting in a substantial reduction in permafrost extent over mountainous areas. ALT results remain relatively consistent compared to the control run. These outcomes align with our initial hypothesis, which anticipated that the reduced snow insulation in the Sturm run would lead to higher winter soil temperatures and a more accurate representation of permafrost physics. In summary, this thesis demonstrates significant advancements in understanding permafrost dynamics and its integration into LSMs. It has meticulously unraveled the intricacies involved in the interplay between heat transfer, soil properties, and snow dynamics in permafrost regions. These insights offer novel perspectives on model representation and performance.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{BorckMulder2024,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Borck, Rainald and Mulder, Peter},
  title     = {Energy policies and pollution in two developing country cities},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {78},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-63847},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-638472},
  pages     = {37},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {We study the effect of energy and transport policies on pollution in two developing country cities. We use a quantitative equilibrium model with choice of housing, energy use, residential location, transport mode, and energy technology. Pollution comes from commuting and residential energy use. The model parameters are calibrated to replicate key variables for two developing country cities, Maputo, Mozambique, and Yogyakarta, Indonesia. In the counterfactual simulations, we study how various transport and energy policies affect equilibrium pollution. Policies may be induce rebound effects from increasing residential energy use or switching to high emission modes or locations. In general, these rebound effects tend to be largest for subsidies to public transport or modern residential energy technology.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{KritikosMalirantaNippalaetal.2024,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Kritikos, Alexander and Maliranta, Mika and Nippala, Veera and Nurmi, Satu},
  title     = {Does gender of firm ownership matter?},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {76},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-63619},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-636194},
  pages     = {1 -- 39},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {We examine how the gender of business-owners is related to the wages paid to female relative to male employees working in their firms. Using Finnish register data and employing firm fixed effects, we find that the gender pay gap is - starting from a gender pay gap of 11 to 12 percent - two to three percentage-points lower for hourly wages in female-owned firms than in male-owned firms. Results are robust to how the wage is measured, as well as to various further robustness checks. More importantly, we find substantial differences between industries. While, for instance, in the manufacturing sector, the gender of the owner plays no role for the gender pay gap, in several service sector industries, like ICT or business services, no or a negligible gender pay gap can be found, but only when firms are led by female business owners. Businesses in male ownership maintain a gender pay gap of around 10 percent also in the latter industries. With increasing firm size, the influence of the gender of the owner, however, fades. In large firms, it seems that others - firm managers - determine wages and no differences in the pay gap are observed between male- and female-owned firms.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Aue2024,
  author    = {Aue, Lars},
  title     = {Cyclone impacts on sea ice in the Atlantic Arctic Ocean},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-63445},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-634458},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {VIII, 131},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {The Arctic is the hot spot of the ongoing, global climate change. Over the last decades, near-surface temperatures in the Arctic have been rising almost four times faster than on global average. This amplified warming of the Arctic and the associated rapid changes of its environment are largely influenced by interactions between individual components of the Arctic climate system. On daily to weekly time scales, storms can have major impacts on the Arctic sea-ice cover and are thus an important part of these interactions within the Arctic climate. The sea-ice impacts of storms are related to high wind speeds, which enhance the drift and deformation of sea ice, as well as to changes in the surface energy budget in association with air mass advection, which impact the seasonal sea-ice growth and melt. The occurrence of storms in the Arctic is typically associated with the passage of transient cyclones. Even though the above described mechanisms how storms/cyclones impact the Arctic sea ice are in principal known, there is a lack of statistical quantification of these effects. In accordance with that, the overarching objective of this thesis is to statistically quantify cyclone impacts on sea-ice concentration (SIC) in the Atlantic Arctic Ocean over the last four decades. In order to further advance the understanding of the related mechanisms, an additional objective is to separate dynamic and thermodynamic cyclone impacts on sea ice and assess their relative importance. Finally, this thesis aims to quantify recent changes in cyclone impacts on SIC. These research objectives are tackled utilizing various data sets, including atmospheric and oceanic reanalysis data as well as a coupled model simulation and a cyclone tracking algorithm. Results from this thesis demonstrate that cyclones are significantly impacting SIC in the Atlantic Arctic Ocean from autumn to spring, while there are mostly no significant impacts in summer. The strength and the sign (SIC decreasing or SIC increasing) of the cyclone impacts strongly depends on the considered daily time scale and the region of the Atlantic Arctic Ocean. Specifically, an initial decrease in SIC (day -3 to day 0 relative to the cyclone) is found in the Greenland, Barents and Kara Seas, while SIC increases following cyclones (day 0 to day 5 relative to the cyclone) are mostly limited to the Barents and Kara Seas. For the cold season, this results in a pronounced regional difference between overall (day -3 to day 5 relative to the cyclone) SIC-decreasing cyclone impacts in the Greenland Sea and overall SIC-increasing cyclone impacts in the Barents and Kara Seas. A cyclone case study based on a coupled model simulation indicates that both dynamic and thermodynamic mechanisms contribute to cyclone impacts on sea ice in winter. A typical pattern consisting of an initial dominance of dynamic sea-ice changes followed by enhanced thermodynamic ice growth after the cyclone passage was found. This enhanced ice growth after the cyclone passage most likely also explains the (statistical) overall SIC-increasing effects of cyclones in the Barents and Kara Seas in the cold season. Significant changes in cyclone impacts on SIC over the last four decades have emerged throughout the year. These recent changes are strongly varying from region to region and month to month. The strongest trends in cyclone impacts on SIC are found in autumn in the Barents and Kara Seas. Here, the magnitude of destructive cyclone impacts on SIC has approximately doubled over the last four decades. The SIC-increasing effects following the cyclone passage have particularly weakened in the Barents Sea in autumn. As a consequence, previously existing overall SIC-increasing cyclone impacts in this region in autumn have recently disappeared. Generally, results from this thesis show that changes in the state of the sea-ice cover (decrease in mean sea-ice concentration and thickness) and near-surface air temperature are most important for changed cyclone impacts on SIC, while changes in cyclone properties (i.e. intensity) do not play a significant role.},
  language  = {en}
}