@article{FritschKritikosSorgner2015,
  author    = {Fritsch, Michael and Kritikos, Alexander and Sorgner, Alina},
  title     = {Why did self-employment increase so strongly in Germany?},
  series = {Entrepreneurship and regional development},
  volume    = {27},
  journal   = {Entrepreneurship and regional development},
  number    = {5-6},
  publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group},
  address   = {Abingdon},
  issn      = {0898-5626},
  doi       = {10.1080/08985626.2015.1048310},
  pages     = {307 -- 333},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Germany experienced a unique rise in the level of self-employment in the first two decades following unification. Applying the nonlinear Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition technique, we find that the main factors driving these changes in the overall level of self-employment are demographic developments, the shift towards service sector employment and a larger share of population holding a tertiary degree. While these factors explain most of the development in self-employment with employees and the overall level of self-employment in West Germany, their explanatory power is much lower for the stronger increase in solo self-employment and in self-employment in former socialist East Germany.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{CaliendoFossenKritikos2019,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and Fossen, Frank M. and Kritikos, Alexander},
  title     = {What Makes an Employer?},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {13},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-43736},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-437360},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {As the policy debate on entrepreneurship increasingly centers on firm growth in terms of job creation, it is important to better understand which variables influence the first hiring decision and which ones influence the subsequent survival as an employer. Using the German Socio-economic Panel (SOEP), we analyze what role individual characteristics of entrepreneurs play in sustainable job creation. While human and social capital variables positively influence the hiring decision and the survival as an employer in the same direction, we show that none of the personality traits affect the two outcomes in the same way. Some traits are only relevant for survival as an employer but do not influence the hiring decision, other traits even unfold a revolving door effect, in the sense that employers tend to fail due to the same characteristics that positively influenced their hiring decision.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{CaliendoFossenKritikos2012,
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and Fossen, Frank and Kritikos, Alexander},
  title     = {Trust, positive reciprocity, and negative reciprocity Do these traits impact entrepreneurial dynamics?},
  series = {Journal of economic psychology : research in economic psychology and behavioral economics},
  volume    = {33},
  journal   = {Journal of economic psychology : research in economic psychology and behavioral economics},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0167-4870},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.joep.2011.01.005},
  pages     = {394 -- 409},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Experimental evidence reveals that there is a strong willingness to trust and to act in both positively and negatively reciprocal ways. So far it is rarely analyzed whether these variables of social cognition influence everyday decision making behavior. We focus on entrepreneurs who are permanently facing exchange processes in the interplay with investors, sellers, and buyers, as well as needing to trust others and reciprocate with their network. We base our analysis on the German Socio-Economic Panel with its recently introduced questions about trust, positive reciprocity, and negative reciprocity to examine the extent that these variables influence the entrepreneurial decision processes. More specifically, we analyze whether (i) the willingness to trust other people influences the probability of starting a business; (ii) trust, positive reciprocity, and negative reciprocity influence the exit probability of entrepreneurs; and (iii) willingness to trust and to act reciprocally influences the probability of being an entrepreneur versus an employee or a manager. Our findings reveal that, in particular, trust impacts entrepreneurial development. Interestingly, entrepreneurs are more trustful than employees, but much less trustful than managers.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BaumannKritikos2016,
  author    = {Baumann, Julian and Kritikos, Alexander},
  title     = {The link between R\&D, innovation and productivity: Are micro firms different?},
  series = {Research Policy},
  volume    = {45},
  journal   = {Research Policy},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0048-7333},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.respol.2016.03.008},
  pages     = {1263 -- 1274},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {We analyze the link between R\&D, innovation, and productivity in MSMEs with a special focus on micro firms with fewer than 10 employees; usually constituting the majority of firms in industrialized economies. Using the German KfW SME-panel, we examine to what extent micro firms are different from other firms in terms of innovativeness. We find that while firms engage in innovative activities with smaller probability, the smaller they are, for those firms that do make such investment, R\&D intensity is larger the smaller firms are. For all MSMEs, the predicted R\&D intensity is positively correlated with the probability of reporting innovation, with a larger effect size for product than for process innovations. Moreover, micro firms benefit in a comparable way from innovation processes as larger firms, as they are similarly able to increase their labor productivity. Overall, the link between R\&D, innovation, and productivity in micro firms does not largely differ from their larger counterparts. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{CaliendoFossenKritikos2010,
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and Fossen, Frank and Kritikos, Alexander},
  title     = {The impact of risk attitudes on entrepreneurial survival},
  issn      = {0167-2681},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jebo.2010.02.012},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Risk attitudes influence the complete life cycle of entrepreneurs. Whereas recent research underpins the theoretical proposition of a positive correlation between risk attitudes and the decision to become self-employed, the effects on survival are not as straightforward. Psychological research posits an inverse U-shaped relationship between risk attitudes and entrepreneurial survival. On the basis of experimentally validated data of the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), we examine the extent to which risk attitudes influence survival rates in self-employment in Germany. The empirical results confirm that persons whose risk attitudes are in the medium range survive significantly longer as entrepreneurs than do persons with particularly low or high risk attitudes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{CaliendoFossenKritikosetal.2015,
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and Fossen, Frank M. and Kritikos, Alexander and Wetter, Miriam},
  title     = {The Gender Gap in Entrepreneurship: Not just a Matter of Personality},
  series = {CESifo economic studies : a joint initiative of Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit{\"a}t and Ifo Institute for Economic Research},
  volume    = {61},
  journal   = {CESifo economic studies : a joint initiative of Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit{\"a}t and Ifo Institute for Economic Research},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Oxford Univ. Press},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {1610-241X},
  doi       = {10.1093/cesifo/ifu023},
  pages     = {202 -- 238},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Why do entrepreneurship rates differ so markedly by gender? Using data from a large representative German household panel, we investigate to what extent personality traits, human capital, and the employment history influence the start-up decision and can explain the gender gap in entrepreneurship. Applying a decomposition analysis, we observe that the higher risk aversion among women explains a large share of the entrepreneurial gender gap. We also find an education effect contributing to the gender difference. In contrast, the Big Five model and the current employment state have effects in the opposite direction, meaning that the gender gap in entrepreneurial entry would be even larger if women had the same scores and the same employment status as men. (JEL codes: L26, J16, D81, J24, M13).},
  language  = {en}
}
@unpublished{CaliendoKritikos2012,
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and Kritikos, Alexander},
  title     = {Searching for the entrepreneurial personality New evidence and avenues for further research},
  series = {Journal of economic psychology : research in economic psychology and behavioral economics},
  volume    = {33},
  journal   = {Journal of economic psychology : research in economic psychology and behavioral economics},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0167-4870},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.joep.2011.06.001},
  pages     = {319 -- 324},
  year      = {2012},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KononKritikos2018,
  author    = {Konon, Alexander and Kritikos, Alexander},
  title     = {Prediction based on entrepreneurship-prone personality profiles:},
  series = {Small business economics : an international journal},
  volume    = {53},
  journal   = {Small business economics : an international journal},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Dordrecht},
  issn      = {0921-898X},
  doi       = {10.1007/s11187-018-0111-8},
  pages     = {1 -- 20},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The human personality predicts a wide range of activities and occupational choices-from musical sophistication to entrepreneurial careers. However, which method should be applied if information on personality traits is used for prediction and advice? In psychological research, group profiles are widely employed. In this contribution, we examine the performance of profiles using the example of career prediction and advice, involving a comparison of average trait scores of successful entrepreneurs with the traits of potential entrepreneurs. Based on a simple theoretical model estimated with GSOEP data and analyzed with Monte Carlo methods, we show, for the first time, that the choice of the comparison method matters substantially. We reveal that under certain conditions the performance of average profiles is inferior to the tossing of a coin. Alternative methods, such as directly estimating success probabilities, deliver better performance and are more robust.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{CaliendoFossenKritikos2014,
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and Fossen, Frank and Kritikos, Alexander},
  title     = {Personality characteristics and the decisions to become and stay self-employed},
  series = {Small business economics : an international journal},
  volume    = {42},
  journal   = {Small business economics : an international journal},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Dordrecht},
  issn      = {0921-898X},
  doi       = {10.1007/s11187-013-9514-8},
  pages     = {787 -- 814},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Based on a large, representative German household panel, we investigate to what extent the personality of individuals influences the entry decision into and the exit decision from self-employment. We reveal that some traits, such as openness to experience, extraversion, and risk tolerance affect entry, but different ones, such as agreeableness or different parameter values of risk tolerance, affect exit from self-employment. Only locus of control has a similar influence on the entry and exit decisions. The explanatory power of all observed traits among all observable variables amounts to 30 \%, with risk tolerance, locus of control, and openness having the highest explanatory power.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KritikosTan2016,
  author    = {Kritikos, Alexander and Tan, Jonathan H. W.},
  title     = {Influence in the face of impunity},
  series = {Economics letters},
  volume    = {141},
  journal   = {Economics letters},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Lausanne},
  issn      = {0165-1765},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.econlet.2016.02.020},
  pages     = {119 -- 121},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {We compare dictator and impunity games. In impunity games, responders can reject offers but to no payoff consequence to proposers. Because proposers act under impunity, we should expect the same behavior across games, but experimentally observed behavior varies. Responders indeed exercise the rejection option. This threat psychologically influences proposers. Some proposers avoid rejection by offering nothing. Others raise offers, but only when they receive feedback from responders. Responders lose this influence in the absence of feedback. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}