@article{EsfahaniGholamiOhrnberger2020, author = {Esfahani, Reza Dokht Dolatabadi and Gholami, Ali and Ohrnberger, Matthias}, title = {An inexact augmented Lagrangian method for nonlinear dispersion-curve inversion using Dix-type global linear approximation}, series = {Geophysics : a journal of general and applied geophysics}, volume = {85}, journal = {Geophysics : a journal of general and applied geophysics}, number = {3}, publisher = {GeoScienceWorld}, address = {Tulsa, Okla.}, issn = {0016-8033}, doi = {10.1190/geo2019-0717.1}, pages = {EN77 -- EN85}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Dispersion-curve inversion of Rayleigh waves to infer subsurface shear-wave velocity is a long-standing problem in seismology. Due to nonlinearity and ill-posedness, sophisticated regularization techniques are required to solve the problem for a stable velocity model. We have formulated the problem as a minimization problem with nonlinear operator constraint and then solve it by using an inexact augmented Lagrangian method, taking advantage of the Haney-Tsai Dix-type relation (a global linear approximation of the nonlinear forward operator). This replaces the original regularized nonlinear problem with iterative minimization of a more tractable regularized linear problem followed by a nonlinear update of the phase velocity (data) in which the update can be performed accurately with any forward modeling engine, for example, the finite-element method. The algorithm allows discretizing the medium with thin layers (for the finite-element method) and thus omitting the layer thicknesses from the unknowns and also allows incorporating arbitrary regularizations to shape the desired velocity model. In this research, we use total variation regularization to retrieve the shear-wave velocity model. We use two synthetic and two real data examples to illustrate the performance of the inversion algorithm with total variation regularization. We find that the method is fast and stable, and it converges to the solution of the original nonlinear problem.}, language = {en} } @misc{WangOswaldGraeffetal.2020, author = {Wang, Wei-shi and Oswald, Sascha and Gr{\"a}ff, Thomas and Lensing, Hermann-Josef and Liu, Tie and Strasser, Daniel and Munz, Matthias}, title = {Correction: Impact of river reconstruction on groundwater flow during bank filtration assessed by transient three-dimensional modelling of flow and heat transport. - Hydrogeology Journal. - Berlin: Springer. - 28 (2020) , S. 723. - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-019-02063-3}, series = {Hydrogeology journal : official journal of the International Association of Hydrogeologists}, volume = {28}, journal = {Hydrogeology journal : official journal of the International Association of Hydrogeologists}, number = {7}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Berlin ; Heidelberg ; New York, NY}, issn = {1431-2174}, doi = {10.1007/s10040-020-02221-y}, pages = {2633 -- 2634}, year = {2020}, language = {en} } @article{BenDorNeugebauerEnzeletal.2020, author = {Ben Dor, Yoav and Neugebauer, Ina and Enzel, Yehouda and Schwab, Markus J. and Tjallingii, Rik and Erel, Yigal and Brauer, Achim}, title = {Reply to comment on: Ben Dor, Yoav et al. : Varves of the Dead Sea sedimentary record. - In: Quaternary science reviews : the international multidisciplinary research and review journal. - 215 (2019), S. 173 - 184. - (ISSN: 0277-3791). - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.04.011}, series = {Quaternary science reviews : the international multidisciplinary research and review journal}, volume = {231}, journal = {Quaternary science reviews : the international multidisciplinary research and review journal}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam [u.a.]}, issn = {0277-3791}, doi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.106063}, pages = {5}, year = {2020}, abstract = {In the comment on "Varves of the Dead Sea sedimentary record." Quaternary Science Reviews 215 (Ben Dor et al., 2019): 173-184. by R. Bookman, two recently published papers are suggested to prove that the interpretation of the laminated sedimentary sequence of the Dead Sea, deposited mostly during MIS2 and Holocene pluvials, as annual deposits (i.e., varves) is wrong. In the following response, we delineate several lines of evidence which coalesce to demonstrate that based on the vast majority of evidence, including some of the evidence provided in the comment itself, the interpretation of these sediments as varves is the more likely scientific conclusion. We further discuss the evidence brought up in the comment and its irrelevance and lack of robustness for addressing the question under discussion.}, language = {en} } @article{KumarHesseRaoetal.2020, author = {Kumar, Rohini and Hesse, Fabienne and Rao, P. Srinivasa and Musolff, Andreas and Jawitz, James and Sarrazin, Francois and Samaniego, Luis and Fleckenstein, Jan H. and Rakovec, Oldrich and Thober, S. and Attinger, Sabine}, title = {Strong hydroclimatic controls on vulnerability to subsurface nitrate contamination across Europe}, series = {Nature Communications}, volume = {11}, journal = {Nature Communications}, number = {1}, publisher = {Nature Publishing Group UK}, address = {London}, issn = {2041-1723}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-020-19955-8}, pages = {1 -- 10}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Subsurface contamination due to excessive nutrient surpluses is a persistent and widespread problem in agricultural areas across Europe. The vulnerability of a particular location to pollution from reactive solutes, such as nitrate, is determined by the interplay between hydrologic transport and biogeochemical transformations. Current studies on the controls of subsurface vulnerability do not consider the transient behaviour of transport dynamics in the root zone. Here, using state-of-the-art hydrologic simulations driven by observed hydroclimatic forcing, we demonstrate the strong spatiotemporal heterogeneity of hydrologic transport dynamics and reveal that these dynamics are primarily controlled by the hydroclimatic gradient of the aridity index across Europe. Contrasting the space-time dynamics of transport times with reactive timescales of denitrification in soil indicate that similar to 75\% of the cultivated areas across Europe are potentially vulnerable to nitrate leaching for at least onethird of the year. We find that neglecting the transient nature of transport and reaction timescale results in a great underestimation of the extent of vulnerable regions by almost 50\%. Therefore, future vulnerability and risk assessment studies must account for the transient behaviour of transport and biogeochemical transformation processes.}, language = {en} } @article{PalmerGregoryBaggeetal.2020, author = {Palmer, Matthew D. and Gregory, Jonathan and Bagge, Meike and Calvert, Daley and Hagedoorn, Jan Marius and Howard, Tom and Klemann, Volker and Lowe, Jason A. and Roberts, Chris and Slangen, Aimee B. A. and Spada, Giorgio}, title = {Exploring the drivers of global and local sea-level change over the 21st century and beyond}, series = {Earth's future}, volume = {8}, journal = {Earth's future}, number = {9}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, address = {Hoboken}, issn = {2328-4277}, doi = {10.1029/2019EF001413}, pages = {1 -- 25}, year = {2020}, abstract = {We present a new set of global and local sea-level projections at example tide gauge locations under the RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 emissions scenarios. Compared to the CMIP5-based sea-level projections presented in IPCC AR5, we introduce a number of methodological innovations, including (i) more comprehensive treatment of uncertainties, (ii) direct traceability between global and local projections, and (iii) exploratory extended projections to 2300 based on emulation of individual CMIP5 models. Combining the projections with observed tide gauge records, we explore the contribution to total variance that arises from sea-level variability, different emissions scenarios, and model uncertainty. For the period out to 2300 we further breakdown the model uncertainty by sea-level component and consider the dependence on geographic location, time horizon, and emissions scenario. Our analysis highlights the importance of local variability for sea-level change in the coming decades and the potential value of annual-to-decadal predictions of local sea-level change. Projections to 2300 show a substantial degree of committed sea-level rise under all emissions scenarios considered and highlight the reduced future risk associated with RCP2.6 and RCP4.5 compared to RCP8.5. Tide gauge locations can show large ( > 50\%) departures from the global average, in some cases even reversing the sign of the change. While uncertainty in projections of the future Antarctic ice dynamic response tends to dominate post-2100, we see substantial differences in the breakdown of model variance as a function of location, time scale, and emissions scenario.}, language = {en} } @article{JonesArpGrosseetal.2020, author = {Jones, Benjamin M. and Arp, Christopher D. and Grosse, Guido and Nitze, Ingmar and Lara, Mark J. and Whitman, Matthew S. and Farquharson, Louise M. and Kanevskiy, Mikhail and Parsekian, Andrew D. and Breen, Amy L. and Ohara, Nori and Rangel, Rodrigo Correa and Hinkel, Kenneth M.}, title = {Identifying historical and future potential lake drainage events on the western Arctic coastal plain of Alaska}, series = {Permafrost and Periglacial Processes}, volume = {31}, journal = {Permafrost and Periglacial Processes}, number = {1}, publisher = {Wiley}, address = {New York}, doi = {10.1002/ppp.2038}, pages = {110 -- 127}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Arctic lakes located in permafrost regions are susceptible to catastrophic drainage. In this study, we reconstructed historical lake drainage events on the western Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska between 1955 and 2017 using USGS topographic maps, historical aerial photography (1955), and Landsat Imagery (ca. 1975, ca. 2000, and annually since 2000). We identified 98 lakes larger than 10 ha that partially (>25\% of area) or completely drained during the 62-year period. Decadal-scale lake drainage rates progressively declined from 2.0 lakes/yr (1955-1975), to 1.6 lakes/yr (1975-2000), and to 1.2 lakes/yr (2000-2017) in the ~30,000-km(2) study area. Detailed Landsat trend analysis between 2000 and 2017 identified two years, 2004 and 2006, with a cluster (five or more) of lake drainages probably associated with bank overtopping or headward erosion. To identify future potential lake drainages, we combined the historical lake drainage observations with a geospatial dataset describing lake elevation, hydrologic connectivity, and adjacent lake margin topographic gradients developed with a 5-m-resolution digital surface model. We identified ~1900 lakes likely to be prone to drainage in the future. Of the 20 lakes that drained in the most recent study period, 85\% were identified in this future lake drainage potential dataset. Our assessment of historical lake drainage magnitude, mechanisms and pathways, and identification of potential future lake drainages provides insights into how arctic lowland landscapes may change and evolve in the coming decades to centuries.}, language = {en} } @article{FosterGarvieWeissetal.2020, author = {Foster, William J. and Garvie, Christopher L. and Weiss, Anna M. and Muscente, A. Drew and Aberhan, Martin and Counts, John W. and Martindale, Rowan C.}, title = {Resilience of marine invertebrate communities during the early Cenozoic hyperthermals}, series = {Scientific Reports}, volume = {10}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, number = {1}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, address = {London}, issn = {2045-2322}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-020-58986-5}, pages = {1 -- 11}, year = {2020}, abstract = {The hyperthermal events of the Cenozoic, including the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, provide an opportunity to investigate the potential effects of climate warming on marine ecosystems. Here, we examine the shallow benthic marine communities preserved in the late Cretaceous to Eocene strata on the Gulf Coastal Plain (United States). In stark contrast to the ecological shifts following the end-Cretaceous mass extinction, our data show that the early Cenozoic hyperthermals did not have a long-term impact on the generic diversity nor composition of the Gulf Coastal Plain molluscan communities. We propose that these communities were resilient to climate change because molluscs are better adapted to high temperatures than other taxa, as demonstrated by their physiology and evolutionary history. In terms of resilience, these communities differ from other shallow-water carbonate ecosystems, such as reef communities, which record significant changes during the early Cenozoic hyperthermals. These data highlight the strikingly different responses of community types, i.e., the almost imperceptible response of molluscs versus the marked turnover of foraminifera and reef faunas. The impact on molluscan communities may have been low because detrimental conditions did not devastate the entire Gulf Coastal Plain, allowing molluscs to rapidly recolonise vacated areas once harsh environmental conditions ameliorated.}, language = {en} } @article{TardifFluteauDonnadieuetal.2020, author = {Tardif, Delphine and Fluteau, Fr{\´e}d{\´e}ric and Donnadieu, Yannick and Le Hir, Guillaume and Ladant, Jean-Baptiste and Sepulchre, Pierre and Licht, Alexis and Poblete, Fernando and Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume}, title = {The origin of Asian monsoons}, series = {Climate of the Past}, volume = {16}, journal = {Climate of the Past}, number = {3}, publisher = {Copernicus Publications}, address = {G{\"o}ttingen}, issn = {1814-9332}, doi = {10.5194/cp-16-847-2020}, pages = {847 -- 865}, year = {2020}, abstract = {The Cenozoic inception and development of the Asian monsoons remain unclear and have generated much debate, as several hypotheses regarding circulation patterns at work in Asia during the Eocene have been proposed in the few last decades. These include (a) the existence of modern-like monsoons since the early Eocene; (b) that of a weak South Asian monsoon (SAM) and little to no East Asian monsoon (EAM); or (c) a prevalence of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) migrations, also referred to as Indonesian-Australian monsoon (I-AM). As SAM and EAM are supposed to have been triggered or enhanced primarily by Asian palaeogeographic changes, their possible inception in the very dynamic Eocene palaeogeographic context remains an open question, both in the modelling and field-based communities. We investigate here Eocene Asian climate conditions using the IPSL-CM5A2 (Sepulchre et al., 2019) earth system model and revised palaeogeographies. Our Eocene climate simulation yields atmospheric circulation patterns in Asia substantially different from modern conditions. A large high-pressure area is simulated over the Tethys ocean, which generates intense low tropospheric winds blowing southward along the western flank of the proto-Himalayan-Tibetan plateau (HTP) system. This low-level wind system blocks, to latitudes lower than 10 degrees N, the migration of humid and warm air masses coming from the Indian Ocean. This strongly contrasts with the modern SAM, during which equatorial air masses reach a latitude of 20-25 degrees N over India and southeastern China. Another specific feature of our Eocene simulation is the widespread subsidence taking place over northern India in the midtroposphere (around 5000 m), preventing deep convective updraught that would transport water vapour up to the condensation level. Both processes lead to the onset of a broad arid region located over northern India and over the HTP. More humid regions of high seasonality in precipitation encircle this arid area, due to the prevalence of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) migrations (or Indonesian-Australian monsoon, I-AM) rather than monsoons. Although the existence of this central arid region may partly result from the specifics of our simulation (model dependence and palaeogeographic uncertainties) and has yet to be confirmed by proxy records, most of the observational evidence for Eocene monsoons are located in the highly seasonal transition zone between the arid area and the more humid surroundings. We thus suggest that a zonal arid climate prevailed over Asia before the initiation of monsoons that most likely occurred following Eocene palaeogeographic changes. Our results also show that precipitation seasonality should be used with caution to infer the presence of a monsoonal circulation and that the collection of new data in this arid area is of paramount importance to allow the debate to move forward.}, language = {en} } @article{SchuckSchleicherJanssenetal.2020, author = {Schuck, Bernhard and Schleicher, Anja Maria and Janssen, Christoph and Toy, Virginia G. and Dresen, Georg}, title = {Fault zone architecture of a large plate-bounding strike-slip fault}, series = {Solid Earth}, volume = {11}, journal = {Solid Earth}, number = {1}, publisher = {Copernicus Publications}, address = {G{\"o}ttingen}, issn = {1869-9529}, doi = {10.5194/se-11-95-2020}, pages = {95 -- 124}, year = {2020}, abstract = {New Zealand's Alpine Fault is a large, platebounding strike-slip fault, which ruptures in large (M-w > 8) earthquakes. We conducted field and laboratory analyses of fault rocks to assess its fault zone architecture. Results reveal that the Alpine Fault Zone has a complex geometry, comprising an anastomosing network of multiple slip planes that have accommodated different amounts of displacement. This contrasts with the previous perception of the Alpine Fault Zone, which assumes a single principal slip zone accommodated all displacement. This interpretation is supported by results of drilling projects and geophysical investigations. Furthermore, observations presented here show that the young, largely unconsolidated sediments that constitute the footwall at shallow depths have a significant influence on fault gouge rheological properties and structure.}, language = {en} } @article{OlenBookhagenStrecker2020, author = {Olen, Stephanie M. and Bookhagen, Bodo and Strecker, Manfred}, title = {Corrigendum to: Olen, Stephanie M.; Bookhagen, Bodo; Strecker, Manfred R. : Role of climate and vegetation density in modulating denudation rates in the Himalaya. - Earth and planetary science letters. - 445 (2016), S. 57 - 67. - doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.03.047}, series = {Earth and planetary science letters}, volume = {540}, journal = {Earth and planetary science letters}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {0012-821X}, doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116252}, pages = {5}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Vegetation has long been hypothesized to influence the nature and rates of surface processes. We test the possible impact of vegetation and climate on denudation rates at orogen scale by taking advantage of a pronounced along-strike gradient in rainfall and vegetation density in the Himalaya. We combine 12 new 10Be denudation rates from the Sutlej Valley and 123 published denudation rates from fluvially- dominated catchments in the Himalaya with remotely-sensed measures of vegetation density and rainfall metrics, and with tectonic and lithologic constraints. In addition, we perform topographic analyses to assess the contribution of vegetation and climate in modulating denudation rates along strike. We observe variations in denudation rates and the relationship between denudation and topography along strike that are most strongly controlled by local rainfall amount and vegetation density, and cannot be explained by along-strike differences in tectonics or lithology. A W-E along-strike decrease in denudation rate variability positively correlates with the seasonality of vegetation density (R = 0.95, p < 0.05), and negatively correlates with mean vegetation density (R = -0.84, p < 0.05). Vegetation density modulates the topographic response to changing denudation rates, such that the functional relationship between denudation rate and topographic steepness becomes increasingly linear as vegetation density increases. We suggest that while tectonic processes locally control the pattern of denudation rates across strike of the Himalaya (i.e., S-N), along strike of the orogen (i.e., E-W) climate exerts a measurable influence on how denudation rates scatter around long-term, tectonically-controlled erosion, and on the functional relationship between topography and denudation}, language = {en} }