@phdthesis{Matthes2013,
  author    = {Matthes, Annika},
  title     = {Die Dehydro-Diels-Alder-Reaktion (DDA-Reaktion) als neue Methode zur Darstellung von Naphthalenophanen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-65264},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Die Dissertation beschreibt die Herstellung von ringf{\"o}rmigen Verbindungen (Naphthalenophanen) mit Hilfe der Dehydro-Diels-Alder-Reaktion, wobei immer Enantiomerenpaare auftreten. Es wird der diastereoselektive Aufbau von Naphthalenophanen und der enantiomeren reine Aufbau von Biarylen untersucht. Desweiteren werden die physikalischen Eigenschaften der erhaltenen Verbindungen, wie die Phosphoreszenz, Trennbarkeit der entstehenden Enantiomere und die Ringspannung beschrieben.},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Santan2013,
  author    = {Santan, Harshal Diliprao},
  title     = {Synthesis and characterization of thermosensitive hydrogels derived from polysaccharides},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-69793},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {In this work, thermosensitive hydrogels having tunable thermo-mechanical properties were synthesized. Generally the thermal transition of thermosensitive hydrogels is based on either a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) or critical micelle concentration/ temperature (CMC/ CMT). The temperature dependent transition from sol to gel with large volume change may be seen in the former type of thermosensitive hydrogels and is negligible in CMC/ CMT dependent systems. The change in volume leads to exclusion of water molecules, resulting in shrinking and stiffening of system above the transition temperature. The volume change can be undesired when cells are to be incorporated in the system. The gelation in the latter case is mainly driven by micelle formation above the transition temperature and further colloidal packing of micelles around the gelation temperature. As the gelation mainly depends on concentration of polymer, such a system could undergo fast dissolution upon addition of solvent. Here, it was envisioned to realize a thermosensitive gel based on two components, one responsible for a change in mechanical properties by formation of reversible netpoints upon heating without volume change, and second component conferring degradability on demand. As first component, an ABA triblockcopolymer (here: Poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(propylene glycol)-b-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEPE) with thermosensitive properties, whose sol-gel transition on the molecular level is based on micellization and colloidal jamming of the formed micelles was chosen, while for the additional macromolecular component crosslinking the formed micelles biopolymers were employed. The synthesis of the hydrogels was performed in two ways, either by physical mixing of compounds showing electrostatic interactions, or by covalent coupling of the components. Biopolymers (here: the polysaccharides hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulphate, or pectin, as well as the protein gelatin) were employed as additional macromolecular crosslinker to simultaneously incorporate an enzyme responsiveness into the systems. In order to have strong ionic/electrostatic interactions between PEPE and polysaccharides, PEPE was aminated to yield predominantly mono- or di-substituted PEPEs. The systems based on aminated PEPE physically mixed with HA showed an enhancement in the mechanical properties such as, elastic modulus (G′) and viscous modulus (G′′) and a decrease of the gelation temperature (Tgel) compared to the PEPE at same concentration. Furthermore, by varying the amount of aminated PEPE in the composition, the Tgel of the system could be tailored to 27-36 °C. The physical mixtures of HA with di-amino PEPE (HA·di-PEPE) showed higher elastic moduli G′ and stability towards dissolution compared to the physical mixtures of HA with mono-amino PEPE (HA·mono-PEPE). This indicates a strong influence of electrostatic interaction between -COOH groups of HA and -NH2 groups of PEPE. The physical properties of HA with di-amino PEPE (HA·di-PEPE) compare beneficially with the physical properties of the human vitreous body, the systems are highly transparent, and have a comparable refractive index and viscosity. Therefore,this material was tested for a potential biological application and was shown to be non-cytotoxic in eluate and direct contact tests. The materials will in the future be investigated in further studies as vitreous body substitutes. In addition, enzymatic degradation of these hydrogels was performed using hyaluronidase to specifically degrade the HA. During the degradation of these hydrogels, increase in the Tgel was observed along with decrease in the mechanical properties. The aminated PEPE were further utilised in the covalent coupling to Pectin and chondroitin sulphate by using EDC as a coupling agent. Here, it was possible to adjust the Tgel (28-33 °C) by varying the grafting density of PEPE to the biopolymer. The grafting of PEPE to Pectin enhanced the thermal stability of the hydrogel. The Pec-g-PEPE hydrogels were degradable by enzymes with slight increase in Tgel and decrease in G′ during the degradation time. The covalent coupling of aminated PEPE to HA was performed by DMTMM as a coupling agent. This method of coupling was observed to be more efficient compared to EDC mediated coupling. Moreover, the purification of the final product was performed by ultrafiltration technique, which efficiently removed the unreacted PEPE from the final product, which was not sufficiently achieved by dialysis. Interestingly, the final products of these reaction were in a gel state and showed enhancement in the mechanical properties at very low concentrations (2.5 wt\%) near body temperature. In these hydrogels the resulting increase in mechanical properties was due to the combined effect of micelle packing (physical interactions) by PEPE and covalent netpoints between PEPE and HA. PEPE alone or the physical mixtures of the same components were not able to show thermosensitive behavior at concentrations below 16 wt\%. These thermosensitive hydrogels also showed on demand solubilisation by enzymatic degradation. The concept of thermosensitivity was introduced to 3D architectured porous hydrogels, by covalently grafting the PEPE to gelatin and crosslinking with LDI as a crosslinker. Here, the grafted PEPE resulted in a decrease in the helix formation in gelatin chains and after fixing the gelatin chains by crosslinking, the system showed an enhancement in the mechanical properties upon heating (34-42 °C) which was reversible upon cooling. A possible explanation of the reversible changes in mechanical properties is the strong physical interactions between micelles formed by PEPE being covalently linked to gelatin. Above the transition temperature, the local properties were evaluated by AFM indentation of pore walls in which an increase in elastic modulus (E) at higher temperature (37 °C) was observed. The water uptake of these thermosensitive architectured porous hydrogels was also influenced by PEPE and temperature (25 °C and 37 °C), showing lower water up take at higher temperature and vice versa. In addition, due to the lower water uptake at high temperature, the rate of hydrolytic degradation of these systems was found to be decreased when compared to pure gelatin architectured porous hydrogels. Such temperature sensitive architectured porous hydrogels could be important for e.g. stem cell culturing, cell differentiation and guided cell migration, etc. Altogether, it was possible to demonstrate that the crosslinking of micelles by a macromolecular crosslinker increased the shear moduli, viscosity, and stability towards dissolution of CMC-based gels. This effect could be likewise be realized by covalent or non-covalent mechanisms such as, micelle interactions, physical interactions of gelatin chains and physical interactions between gelatin chains and micelles. Moreover, the covalent grafting of PEPE will create additional net-points which also influence the mechanical properties of thermosensitive architectured porous hydrogels. Overall, the physical and chemical interactions and reversible physical interactions in such thermosensitive architectured porous hydrogels gave a control over the mechanical properties of such complex system. The hydrogels showing change of mechanical properties without a sol-gel transition or volume change are especially interesting for further study with cell proliferation and differentiation.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Metzke2013,
  type      = {Master Thesis},
  author    = {Metzke, Sarah},
  title     = {Synthesis and characterization of transition metal nitrides and carbides for catalysis and electrochemistry application},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-69835},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {It was the goal of this work to explore two different synthesis pathways using green chemistry. The first part of this thesis is focusing on the use of the urea-glass route towards single phase manganese nitride and manganese nitride/oxide nano-composites embedded in carbon, while the second part of the thesis is focusing on the use of the "saccharide route" (namely cellulose, sucrose, glucose and lignin) towards metal (Ni0), metal alloy (Pd0.9Ni0.1, Pd0.5Ni0.5, Fe0.5Ni0.5, Cu0.5Ni0.5 and W0.15Ni0.85) and ternary carbide (Mn0.75Fe2.25C) nanoparticles embedded in carbon. In the interest of battery application, MnN0.43 nanoparticles surrounded by a graphitic shell and embedded in carbon with a high surface area (79 m^2/g) were synthesized, following a previously set route.The comparison of the material characteristics before and after the discharge showed no remarkable difference in terms of composition and just slight differences in the morphological point of view, meaning the particles are stable but agglomerate. The graphitic shell is contributing to the resistance of the material and leads to a fine cyclic stability over 140 cycles of 230 mAh/g after the first charge/discharge and coulombic efficiencies close to 100\%. Due to the low voltage towards Li/Li+ and the low polarization, it might be an attractive anode material for lithium ion batteries. However, the capacity is still noticeably lower than the theoretical value for MnN0.43. A mixture of MnN0.43 and MnO nanoparticles embedded in carbon (surface area 93 m^2/g) was able to improve the cyclic stability to over 160 cycles giving a capacity of 811 mAh/g, which is considerably higher than the capacity of the conventional material graphite (372 mAh/g). This nano-composite seems to agglomerate less during the process of discharge. Interestingly, although the capacity is much higher than of the single phase manganese nitride, the nano-composite seems to only contain MnN0.43 nanoparticles after the process of discharge with no oxide phase to be found. Concerning catalysis application, different metal, metal alloy, and metal carbide nanoparticles were synthesized using the saccharide route. At first, systems that were already investigated before, being Pd0.9Ni0.1, Pd0.5Ni0.5, Fe0.5Ni0.5 and Mn0.75Fe2.25C using cellulose as the carbon source were prepared and tested in an alkylation reaction of toluene with benzylchloride. Unexpectedly, the metal alloys did not show any catalytic activity, but the ternary carbide Mn0.75Fe2.25C showed fine catalytic activity of 98\% conversion after 9 hour reaction time (110 °C). In a second step, the saccharide route was modified towards other carbon sources and carbon to metal ratios in order to improve the homogeneity of the samples and accessibility of the particle surfaces. The used carbon sources sucrose and glucose are similar in their basic structure of carbohydrates, but reducing the (polymeric) chain length. Indeed, the cellulose could be successfully replaced by sucrose and glucose. A lower carbon to metal ratio was found to influence the size, homogeneity and accessibility (as evidenced by TEM) of the samples. Since sucrose is an aliment, glucose is the better choice as a carbon source. Using glucose, the synthesis of Cu0.5Ni0.5 and W0.15Ni0.85 nano-composites was also possible, although the later was never obtained as pure phase. These alloy nano-composites were tested, along with nickel0 nanoparticles also prepared with glucose and on their catalytic activity towards the reduction of phenylacetylene. The results obtained let believe that any (poly) saccharide, including lignin, could be used as carbon source. The nickel0 nano-composites prepared with lignin as a carbon source were tested along with those prepared with cellulose and sucrose for their catalytic activity in the transfer hydrogenation of nitrobenzene (results compared with exposed nickel nanoparticles and nickel supported on carbon) leading to very promising results. Based on the urea-glass route and the saccharide route, simple equipment and transition metals, it was possible to have a one-pot synthesize with scale-up possibilities towards new material that can be applied in catalysis and battery systems.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Suetterlin2013,
  author    = {S{\"u}tterlin, Martin},
  title     = {New inverse hydogel opals as protein responsive sensors},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-70179},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {In this work, the development of temperature- and protein-responsive sensor materials based on biocompatible, inverse hydrogel opals (IHOs) is presented. With these materials, large biomolecules can be specifically recognised and the binding event visualised. The preparation of the IHOs was performed with a template process, for which monodisperse silica particles were vertically deposited onto glass slides as the first step. The obtained colloidal crystals with a thickness of 5 μm displayed opalescent reflections because of the uniform alignment of the colloids. As a second step, the template was embedded in a matrix consisting of biocompatible, thermoresponsive hydrogels. The comonomers were selected from the family of oligo(ethylene glycol)methacrylates. The monomer solution was injected into a polymerisation mould, which contained the colloidal crystals as a template. The space in-between the template particles was filled with the monomer solution and the hydrogel was cured via UV-polymerisation. The particles were chemically etched, which resulted in a porous inner structure. The uniform alignment of the pores and therefore the opalescent reflection were maintained, so these system were denoted as inverse hydrogel opals. A pore diameter of several hundred nanometres as well as interconnections between the pores should facilitate a diffusion of bigger (bio)molecules, which was always a challenge in the presented systems until now. The copolymer composition was chosen to result in a hydrogel collapse over 35 °C. All hydrogels showed pronounced swelling in water below the critical temperature. The incorporation of a reactive monomer with hydroxyl groups ensured a potential coupling group for the introduction of recognition units for analytes, e.g. proteins. As a test system, biotin as a recognition unit for avidin was coupled to the IHO via polymer-analogous Steglich esterification. The amount of accessible biotin was quantified with a colorimetric binding assay. When avidin was added to the biotinylated IHO, the wavelength of the opalescent reflection was significantly shifted and therefore the binding event was visualised. This effect is based on the change in swelling behaviour of the hydrogel after binding of the hydrophilic avidin, which is amplified by the thermoresponsive nature of the hydrogel. A swelling or shrinking of the pores induces a change in distance of the crystal planes, which are responsible for the colour of the reflection. With these findings, the possibility of creating sensor materials or additional biomolecules in the size range of avidin is given.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{SchmidtHauke2013,
  author    = {Schmidt, Bernd and Hauke, Sylvia},
  title     = {Cross metathesis of allyl alcohols},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-95037},
  pages     = {4194 -- 4206},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Under standard conditions the cross metathesis of allyl alcohols and methyl acrylate is accompanied by the formation of ketones, resulting from uncontrolled and undesired double bond isomerization. By conducting the CM in the presence of phenol, the catalyst loading and the reaction time required for quantiative conversion can be reduced, and isomerization can be suppressed. On the other hand, consecutive isomerization can be deliberately promoted by evaporating excess methyl acrylate after completing cross metathesis and by adding a base or silane as chemical triggers.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{CherstvyMetzler2013,
  author    = {Cherstvy, Andrey G. and Metzler, Ralf},
  title     = {Population splitting, trapping, and non-ergodicity in heterogeneous diffusion processes},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-94468},
  pages     = {20220 -- 20235},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {We consider diffusion processes with a spatially varying diffusivity giving rise to anomalous diffusion. Such heterogeneous diffusion processes are analysed for the cases of exponential, power-law, and logarithmic dependencies of the diffusion coefficient on the particle position. Combining analytical approaches with stochastic simulations, we show that the functional form of the space-dependent diffusion coefficient and the initial conditions of the diffusing particles are vital for their statistical and ergodic properties. In all three cases a weak ergodicity breaking between the time and ensemble averaged mean squared displacements is observed. We also demonstrate a population splitting of the time averaged traces into fast and slow diffusers for the case of exponential variation of the diffusivity as well as a particle trapping in the case of the logarithmic diffusivity. Our analysis is complemented by the quantitative study of the space coverage, the diffusive spreading of the probability density, as well as the survival probability.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{SchoenbornHartke2013,
  author    = {Sch{\"o}nborn, Jan Boyke and Hartke, Bernd},
  title     = {Photochemical dynamics of E-methylfurylfulgide},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-94516},
  pages     = {2483 -- 2490},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {With the present theoretical study of the photochemical switching of E-methylfurylfulgide we contribute an important step towards the understanding of the photochemical processes in furylfulgide-related molecules. We have carried out large-scale, full-dimensional direct semiempirical configuration-interaction surface-hopping dynamics of the photoinduced ring-closure reaction. Simulated static and dynamical UV/Vis-spectra show good agreement with experimental data of the same molecule. By a careful investigation of our dynamical data, we were able to identify marked differences to the dynamics of the previously studied E-isopropylfurylfulgide. With our simulations we can not only reproduce the experimentally observed quantum yield differences qualitatively but we can also pinpoint two reasons for them: kinematics and pre-orientation. With our analysis, we thus offer straightforward molecular explanations for the high sensitivity of the photodynamics towards seemingly minor changes in molecular constitution. Beyond the realm of furylfulgides, these insights provide additional guidance to the rational design of photochemically switchable molecules.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{McQuadeO'BrienDoerretal.2013,
  author    = {McQuade, D. Tyler and O'Brien, Alexander G. and D{\"o}rr, Markus and Rajaratnam, Rajathees and Eisold, Ursula and Monnanda, Bopanna and Nobuta, Tomoya and L{\"o}hmannsr{\"o}ben, Hans-Gerd and Meggers, Eric and Seeberger, Peter H.},
  title     = {Continuous synthesis of pyridocarbazoles and initial photophysical and bioprobe characterization},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-95214},
  pages     = {4067 -- 4070},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Pyridocarbazoles when ligated to transition metals yield high affinity kinase inhibitors. While batch photocyclizations enable the synthesis of these heterocycles, the non-oxidative Mallory reaction only provides modest yields and difficult to purify mixtures. We demonstrate here that a flow-based Mallory cyclization provides superior results and enables observation of a clear isobestic point. The flow method allowed us to rapidly synthesize ten pyridocarbazoles and for the first time to document their interesting photophysical attributes. Preliminary characterization reveals that these molecules might be a new class of fluorescent bioprobe.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Salffner2013,
  author    = {Salffner, Katharina},
  title     = {Entwicklung eines breitbandigen Cavity-Ring-Down-Spektrometers unter Verwendung nahinfraroter, inkoh{\"a}renter Strahlung},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-68952},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden verschiedene Spektrometer f{\"u}r die Analyse von Gasen bzw. Gasgemischen vorgestellt und deren Design, Aufbau, Charakterisierung und Optimierung beschrieben. Das Resultat der Optimierung und Weiterentwicklungen ist ein spektral breitbandiges Cavity-Ring-Down-Spektrometer (CRD-Spektrometer). Ausgangspunkt der hier vorgestellten Arbeit ist ein Spektrometer auf Basis klassischer Absorptionsspektroskopie in einer Multireflexionszelle. F{\"u}r dieses Spektrometer wurde als Strahlquelle ein Superkontinuumlaser verwendet. Der Vorteil dieses Spektrometers liegt in seiner Kompaktheit. Mit diesem Spektrometer wurden Absorptionsspektren von mehreren Reingasen und einem Gasgemisch {\"u}ber einen Wellenl{\"a}ngenbereich von 1500 nm - 1700 nm aufgenommen. Der qualitative Vergleich mit zu erwartenden Spektren, welche auf der HITRAN-Datenbank basieren, zeigte eine gute {\"U}bereinstimmung. Die quantitative Interpretierbarkeit der Daten war jedoch stark eingeschr{\"a}nkt aufgrund des hohen zuf{\"a}lligen und systematischen Fehlers der Messungen. Als Konsequenz aus der als nicht zufriedenstellend bewerteten quantitativen Interpretierbarkeit der Daten wurde eine alternative Messmethode gesucht, welche eine h{\"o}here Sensitivit{\"a}t und Genauigkeit erm{\"o}glicht. Die Wahl fiel auf die Cavity-Ring-Down-Spektroskopie, eine resonatorgest{\"u}tzte Variante der Absorptionsspektroskopie. Wesentliche Vorteile dieser Technik sind a) die Unabh{\"a}ngigkeit von Leistungsschwankungen der Strahlquelle, b) ein effektiver Absorptionsweg von bis zu mehreren Kilometern, welcher sich unmittelbar auf die Sensitivit{\"a}t der Messungen auswirkt, c) die Ermittlung absoluter Absorberkonzentrationen, ohne die Notwendigkeit einer Kalibrierung oder den Vergleich mit einer Referenzzelle und d) die Vernachl{\"a}ssigbarkeit von Absorptionen außerhalb des Resonators. Als notwendiger Zwischenschritt auf dem Weg zu einem breitbandigen CRD-Spektrometer wurde zun{\"a}chst ein monochromatisches CRD-Spektrometer designt, aufgebaut und charakterisiert. F{\"u}r die effektive Einkopplung von Strahlungsenergie in einen Resonator ist die Anpassung der Strahlparameter an die Mode des Resonators notwendig. Voraussetzung dieser Anpassung ist die Kenntnis der Strahlparameter, welche experimentell ermittelt wurden. Im Laufe des Aufbaus des Spektrometers ergab sich, dass trotz der Modenanpassung die Einkopplung der Strahlungsenergie in den Resonator gest{\"o}rt wurde. Daraufhin wurden systematisch m{\"o}gliche Ursachen dieser St{\"o}rung untersucht und das Spektrometer optimiert. Mit diesem optimierten Spektrometer wurden Spektren gemessen, welche sowohl qualitativ als auch quantitativ gut mit den zu erwartenden Spektren {\"u}bereinstimmen. Als Nachweisgrenze dieses Spektrometers wurde ein Wert f{\"u}r den Absorptionskoeffizienten alpha von 10^-8 cm-1 bestimmt. Mit dem monochromatischen CRD-Spektrometer war es zudem m{\"o}glich, isotopenspezifische Messungen durchzuf{\"u}hren. F{\"u}r das breitbandige Spektrometer wurde als Strahlquelle eine ASE-Diode (amplified spontaneous emission) verwendet. Dabei handelt es sich um eine inkoh{\"a}rente Strahlquelle. Mittels Messungen nach dem Prinzip der Cavity-Enhanced-Absorptionsspektroskopie wurde die generelle Funktionalit{\"a}t des resonatorgest{\"u}tzten Spektrometers {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft. Anschließend wurden die wellenl{\"a}ngenabh{\"a}ngigen Abklingsignale des leeren und des mit einem CO2-Luft-Gemisch gef{\"u}llten Resonators gemessen und ebenfalls mit den zu erwartenden Spektren verglichen. Qualitativ stimmen die experimentellen Spektren gut mit den zu erwartenden Spektren {\"u}berein. F{\"u}r die quantitative Interpretation der Daten wurde ein spezieller Algorithmus entwickelt, der die spektrale Aufl{\"o}sung des Systems ber{\"u}cksichtigt. Mit dem vorgestellten Spektrometer ist so die qualitative und quantitative Interpretation der Spektren m{\"o}glich. Die Nachweisgrenze des breitbandigen Cavity-Ring-Down-Spektrometers wurde zu einem Wert von alpha = 8x10^-7 cm-1 bestimmt. Der systematischen und der zuf{\"a}llige Fehler der Messungen lagen bei Werten von ca. 1\%. Bei diesem Spektrometer handelt es sich um einen Prototyp. Mittels Optimierung des Systems lassen sich sowohl der Wert der Nachweisgrenze als auch die Fehler der Messungen verbessern.},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Kussmaul2013,
  author    = {Kussmaul, Bj{\"o}rn},
  title     = {Modifizierung von Silikonelastomeren mit organischen Dipolen f{\"u}r Dielektrische Elastomer Aktuatoren},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-65121},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Ein Dielektrischer Elastomer Aktuator (DEA) ist ein dehnbarer Kondensator, der aus einem Elastomerfilm besteht, der sich zwischen zwei flexiblen Elektroden befindet. Bei Anlegen einer elektrischen Spannung, ziehen sich die Elektroden aufgrund elektrostatischer Wechselwirkungen an, wodurch das Elastomer in z-Richtung zusammengepresst wird und sich dementsprechend in der x-,y-Ebene ausdehnt. Hierdurch werden Aktuationsbewegungen erreicht, welche sehr pr{\"a}zise {\"u}ber die Spannung gesteuert werden k{\"o}nnen. Zus{\"a}tzlich sind DEAs kosteng{\"u}nstig, leicht und aktuieren ger{\"a}uschlos. DEAs k{\"o}nnen beispielsweise f{\"u}r Produkte im medizinischen Bereich oder f{\"u}r optischer Komponenten genutzt werden. Ebenso kann aus diesen Bauteilen Strom erzeugt werden. Das gr{\"o}ßte Hindernis f{\"u}r eine weite Implementierung dieser Materialien liegt in den erforderlichen hohen Spannungen zum Erzeugen der Aktuationsbewegung, welche sich tendenziell im Kilovolt-Bereich befinden. Dies macht die Elektronik teuer und die Bauteile unsicher f{\"u}r Anwender. Um geringere Betriebsspannungen f{\"u}r die DEAs zu erreichen, sind signifikante Materialverbesserungen - insbesondere des verwendeten Elastomers - erforderlich. Um dies zu erreichen, k{\"o}nnen die dielektrischen Eigenschaften (Permittivit{\"a}t) der Elastomere gesteigert und/oder deren Steifigkeit (Young-Modul) gesenkt werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte die Aktuationsleistung von Silikonfilmen durch die Addition organischer Dipole erheblich verbessert werden. Hierf{\"u}r wurde ein Verfahren etabliert, um funktionalisierte Dipole kovalent an das Polymernetzwerk zu binden. Dieser als "One-Step-Verfahren" bezeichnete Ansatz ist einfach durchzuf{\"u}hren und es werden homogene Filme erhalten. Die Dipoladdition wurde anhand verschiedener Silikone erprobt, die sich hinsichtlich ihrer mechanischen Eigenschaften unterschieden. Bei maximalem Dipolgehalt verdoppelte sich die Permittivit{\"a}t aller untersuchten Silikone und die Filme wurden deutlich weicher. Hierbei war festzustellen, dass die Netzwerkstruktur der verwendeten Silikone einen erheblichen Einfluss auf die erreichte Aktuationsdehnung hat. Abh{\"a}ngig vom Netzwerk erfolgte eine enorme Steigerung der Aktuationsleistung im Bereich von 100 \% bis zu 4000 \%. Dadurch k{\"o}nnen die Betriebsspannungen in DEAs deutlich abgesenkt werden, so dass sie tendenziell bei Spannungen unterhalb von einem Kilovolt betrieben werden k{\"o}nnen.},
  language  = {de}
}