@misc{SchmollSchurrWinkeletal.2006,
  author    = {Schmoll, Tim and Schurr, Frank Martin and Winkel, W. and Lubjuhn, Thomas},
  title     = {Female extra-pair mating, fitness and genetic diversity: Expression in socially monogamous Coal Tits},
  series = {Journal of ornithology},
  volume    = {147},
  journal   = {Journal of ornithology},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {0021-8375},
  pages     = {248 -- 248},
  year      = {2006},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchmollSchurrWinkeletal.2009,
  author    = {Schmoll, Tim and Schurr, Frank Martin and Winkel, Wolfgang and Epplen, Joerg T. and Lubjuhn, Thomas},
  title     = {Lifespan, lifetime reproductive performance and paternity loss of within-pair and extra-pair offspring in the coal tit "Periparus ater"},
  issn      = {1471-2954},
  doi       = {10.1098/rspb.2008.1116},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {The hypothesis that females of socially monogamous species obtain indirect benefits (good or compatible genes) from extra-pair mating behaviour has received enormous attention but much less generally accepted support. Here we ask whether selection for adult survival and fecundity or sexual selection contribute to indirect selection of the extra- pair mating behaviour in socially monogamous coal tits (Periparus ater). We tracked locally recruited individuals with known paternity status through their lives predicting that the extra-pair offspring (EPO) would outperform the within- pair offspring (WPO). No differences between the WPO and EPO recruits were detected in lifespan or age of first reproduction. However, the male WPO had a higher lifetime number of broods and higher lifetime number of social offspring compared with male EPO recruits, while no such differences were evident for female recruits. Male EPO recruits did not compensate for their lower social reproductive success by higher fertilization success within their social pair bonds. Thus, our results do not support the idea that enhanced adult survival, fecundity or within-pair fertilization success are manifestations of the genetic benefits of extra-pair matings. But we emphasize that a crucial fitness component, the extra-pair fertilization success of male recruits, has yet to be taken into account to fully appreciate the fitness consequences of extra-pair matings.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchmollDietrichWinkeletal.2005,
  author    = {Schmoll, Tim and Dietrich, Volkmar and Winkel, Wolfgang and Epplen, J. T. and Schurr, Frank Martin and Lubjuhn, Thomas},
  title     = {Paternal genetic effects on offspring fitness are context dependent within the extrapair mating system of a socially monogamous passerine},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {Avian extrapair mating systems provide an interesting model to assess the role of genetic benefits in the evolution of female multiple mating behavior, as potentially confounding nongenetic benefits of extrapair mate choice are seen to be of minor importance. Genetic benefit models of extrapair mating behavior predict that females engage in extrapair copulations with males of higher genetic quality compared to their social mates, thereby improving offspring reproductive value. The most straightforward test of such good genes models of extrapair mating implies pail-wise comparisons of maternal half-siblings raised in the same environment, which permits direct assessment of Paternal genetic effects oil offspring traits. But genetic benefits of mate choice may be difficult to detect. Furthermore, the extent of genetic benefits (in terms of increased offspring viability or fecundity) may depend oil the environmental context Such that the proposed differences between extrapair offspring (EPO) and within-pair offspring (WPO) only appear under comparatively poor environmental conditions. We tested the hypothesis that genetic benefits of female extrapair mate choice are context dependent by analyzing offspring fitness-related traits in the coal tit (Parus ater) in relation to seasonal variation in environmental conditions. Paternal genetic effects on offspring fitness were context dependent. as shown by a significant interaction effect of differential paternal genetic contribution and offspring hatching date. EPO showed a higher local recruitment probability than their maternal half-siblings if born comparatively late in the season (i.e.. when overall performance had significantly declined), while WPO performed better early in the season. The same general pattern of context dependence was evident when using the number of grandchildren born to a cuckolding female via her female WPO or EPO progeny as the respective fitness measure. However, we were unable to demonstrate that cuckolding females obtained a general genetic fitness benefit from extrapair fertilizations in terms of offspring viability or fecundity. Thus, another type of benefit Could be responsible for maintaining female extrapair mating preferences in the study population. Our results suggest that more than a single selective pressure may have shaped the evolution of female extrapair mating behavior in socially monogamous passerines.},
  language  = {en}
}