@article{SperfeldSchmidtkeGaedkeetal.2010,
  author    = {Sperfeld, Erik and Schmidtke, Andrea and Gaedke, Ursula and Weithoff, Guntram},
  title     = {Productivity, herbivory, and species traits rather than diversity influence invasibility of experimental phytoplankton communities},
  issn      = {0029-8549},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00442-010-1594-4},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Biological invasions are a major threat to natural biodiversity; hence, understanding the mechanisms underlying invasibility (i.e., the susceptibility of a community to invasions by new species) is crucial. Invasibility of a resident community may be affected by a complex but hitherto hardly understood interplay of (1) productivity of the habitat, (2) diversity, (3) herbivory, and (4) the characteristics of both invasive and resident species. Using experimental phytoplankton microcosms, we investigated the effect of nutrient supply and species diversity on the invasibility of resident communities for two functionally different invaders in the presence or absence of an herbivore. With increasing nutrient supply, increased herbivore abundance indicated enhanced phytoplankton biomass production, and the invasion success of both invaders showed a unimodal pattern. At low nutrient supply (i.e., low influence of herbivory), the invasibility depended mainly on the competitive abilities of the invaders, whereas at high nutrient supply, the susceptibility to herbivory dominated. This resulted in different optimum nutrient levels for invasion success of the two species due to their individual functional traits. To test the effect of diversity on invasibility, a species richness gradient was generated by random selection from a resident species pool at an intermediate nutrient level. Invasibility was not affected by species richness; instead, it was driven by the functional traits of the resident and/or invasive species mediated by herbivore density. Overall, herbivory was the driving factor for invasibility of phytoplankton communities, which implies that other factors affecting the intensity of herbivory (e.g., productivity or edibility of primary producers) indirectly influence invasions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchmidtkeRottstockGaedkeetal.2010,
  author    = {Schmidtke, Andrea and Rottstock, Tanja and Gaedke, Ursula and Fischer, Markus},
  title     = {Plant community diversity and composition affect individual plant performance},
  issn      = {0029-8549},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00442-010-1688-z},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Effects of plant community diversity on ecosystem processes have recently received major attention. In contrast, effects of species richness and functional richness on individual plant performance, and their magnitude relative to effects of community composition, have been largely neglected. Therefore, we examined height, aboveground biomass, and inflorescence production of individual plants of all species present in 82 large plots of the Jena Experiment, a large grassland biodiversity experiment in Germany. These plots differed in species richness (1-60), functional richness (1-4), and community composition. On average, in more species-rich communities, plant individuals grew taller, but weighed less, were less likely to flower, and had fewer inflorescences. In plots containing legumes, non-legumes were higher and weighed more than in plots without legumes. In plots containing grasses, non-grasses were less likely to flower than in plots without grasses. This indicates that legumes positively and grasses negatively affected the performance of other species. Species richness and functional richness effects differed systematically between functional groups. The magnitude of the increase in plant height with increasing species richness was greatest in grasses and was progressively smaller in legumes, small herbs, and tall herbs. Individual aboveground biomass responses to increasing species richness also differed among functional groups and were positive for legumes, less pronouncedly positive for grasses, negative for small herbs, and more pronouncedly negative for tall herbs. Moreover, these effects of species richness differed strongly between species within these functional groups. We conclude that individual plant performance largely depends on the diversity of the surrounding community, and that the direction and magnitude of the effects of species richness and functional richness differs largely between species. Our study suggests that diversity of the surrounding community needs to be taken into account when interpreting drivers of the performance of individual plants.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchmidtkeGaedkeWeithoff2010,
  author    = {Schmidtke, Andrea and Gaedke, Ursula and Weithoff, Guntram},
  title     = {A mechanistic basis for underyielding in phytoplankton communities},
  issn      = {0012-9658},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Species richness has been shown to increase biomass production of plant communities. Such overyielding occurs when a community performs better than its component monocultures due to the complementarity or dominance effect and is mostly detected in substrate-bound plant communities (terrestrial plants or submerged macrophytes) where resource use complementarity can be enhanced due to differences in rooting architecture and depth. Here, we investigated whether these findings arc generalizeable for free-floating phytoplankton with little potential for spatial differences in resource use. We performed aquatic microcosm experiments with eight phytoplankton species belonging to four functional groups to determine the manner in which species and community biovolume varies in relation to the number of functional groups and hypothesized that an increasing number of functional groups within a community promotes overyielding. Unexpectedly, we did not detect overyielding in any algal community. Instead. total community biovolume tended to decrease with all increasing, number of functional groups. This underyielding was mainly caused by the negative dominance effect that originated from a trade-off between growth rate and filial biovolume. In monoculture, slow-groing species built up higher biovolumes that fast-growing ones, whereas in mixture a fast-growing but low-productive species monopolized most of the nutrients and prevented competing species from developing high biovolumes expected from monocultures. Our results indicated that the Magnitude of the community biovolume was largely determined by the identify of one species. Functional diversity and resource use complementarity were of minor Importance among free-floating phytoplankton, possibly reflecting the lack of spatially heterogeneous resource distribution. As a consequence, biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships may not be easily generalizeable from substrate-bound plant to phytoplankton communities and vice versa.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchmidtkeBellWeithoff2006,
  author    = {Schmidtke, Andrea and Bell, Elanor M. and Weithoff, Guntram},
  title     = {Potential grazing impact of the mixotrophic flagellate Ochromonas sp. (Chrysophyceae) on bacteria in an extremely acidic lake},
  volume    = {28},
  number    = {11},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {0142-7873},
  doi       = {10.1093/plankt/fbl034},
  pages     = {991 -- 1001},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {Flagellates are important bacterial grazers in most planktonic food webs. The prey-size preference of the mixotrophic flagellate, Ochromonas sp. (Chrysophyceae), isolated from an extremely acidic lake, Lake 111 (pH 2.6), was determined using fluorescently labelled microspheres (beads). According to grazing experiments with cultured bacteria, also isolated from Lake 111, the potential grazing impact on Lake 111"s single-celled bacterial production was calculated. Ochromonas sp. ingested the smallest beads offered (0.5 µm diameter) at the highest rate. Ingestion rate declined with increasing bead size. The highest prey volume-specific ingestion was measured for Ochromonas sp. feeding on intermediate-sized beads (1.9 µm). Ingestion rates were low due in part to the large fraction of inactive flagellates observed. According to the bacterial ingestion rate, a mean of 88\% (epilimnion) and 68\% (hypolimnion) of in situ single- celled bacterial production is potentially grazed daily by Ochromonas sp. In the epilimnion of Lake 111, the heterotrophic carbon gain is three times higher than the autotrophic production. Alongside carbon uptake, Ochromonas sp. also benefits from ingesting bacteria through the uptake of phosphorus. A biovolume minimum corresponding to the prey size at which Ochromonas sp. feeds most efficiently occurred in the Lake 111 epilimnetic bacterial community, implying top-down control of the bacterial community by Ochromonas sp.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Schmidtke2009,
  author    = {Schmidtke, Andrea},
  title     = {Biodiversity effects on the performance of terrestrial plant and phytoplankton communities},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-38936},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Die {\"O}kosysteme unserer Erde sind durch das rasante Artensterben infolge von Umweltver{\"a}nderungen durch den Menschen und des globalen Klimawandels stark betroffen. Mit den Auswirkungen dieses Artenverlustes und der damit einhergehenden Ver{\"a}nderung der Diversit{\"a}t besch{\"a}ftigt sich die heutige Biodiversit{\"a}tsforschung. Spezieller wird der Effekt der Diversit{\"a}t auf {\"O}kosystemprozesse wie beispielsweise den Biomasseaufbau von Prim{\"a}rproduzenten oder der Resistenz einer Gemeinschaft gegen die Einwanderung neuer Arten untersucht. Die Quantifizierung des Einflusses der Diversit{\"a}t auf die Prim{\"a}rproduktion und das Verst{\"a}ndnis der zugrunde liegenden Mechanismen ist von besonderer Wichtigkeit. In terrestrischen Pflanzengemeinschaften wurde bereits ein positiver Diversit{\"a}tseffekt auf die Gemeinschaftsbiomasse beobachtet. Dies wird haupts{\"a}chlich durch den Komplementarit{\"a}ts- und/oder den Dominanzeffekt erkl{\"a}rt. Die Komplementarit{\"a}t zwischen Arten ist beispielsweise bei Unterschieden in der Ressourcenausnutzung gegeben (z.B. unterschiedliche Wurzeltiefen). Diese kann zu einer besseren N{\"a}hrstoffausnutzung in diverseren Gemeinschaften f{\"u}hren, die letztlich deren h{\"o}here Biomassen erkl{\"a}rt. Der Dominanzeffekt hingegen beruht auf der in diverseren Gemeinschaften h{\"o}heren Wahrscheinlichkeit, eine hochproduktive Art anzutreffen, was letztlich die h{\"o}here Biomasse der Gemeinschaft verursacht. Diversit{\"a}tseffekte auf {\"O}kosystemprozesse wurden bisher haupts{\"a}chlich auf der Gemeinschaftsebene untersucht. Analysen {\"u}ber die Reaktionen, die alle Arten einer Gemeinschaft einschließen, fehlen bisher. Daher wurde der Einfluss der Diversit{\"a}t auf die individuelle Performance von Pflanzenarten innerhalb des Biodiversit{\"a}tsprojektes „Das Jena Experiment" untersucht. Dieses Experiment umfasst 60 Arten, die charakteristisch f{\"u}r Mitteleurop{\"a}ische Graslandschaften sind. Die Arten wurden in die 4 funktionellen Gruppen Gr{\"a}ser, kleine Kr{\"a}uter, große Kr{\"a}uter und Leguminosen eingeteilt. Im Freilandversuch zeigte sich, dass mit steigender Artenzahl die individuelle Pflanzenh{\"o}he zunahm, w{\"a}hrend die individuelle oberirdische Biomasse sank. Der positive Diversit{\"a}tseffekt auf die pflanzliche Gemeinschaftsbiomasse kann folglich nicht auf der individuellen oberirdischen Biomassezunahme beruhen. {\"U}berdies reagierten die einzelnen funktionellen Gruppen und sogar die einzelnen Arten innerhalb einer funktionellen Gruppe unterschiedlich auf Diversit{\"a}tsver{\"a}nderungen. Folglich ist zu vermuten, dass einige {\"O}kosystemprozesse auf Gemeinschaftsebene durch die Reaktionen von bestimmten funktionellen Gruppen bzw. Arten hervorgerufen werden. Diversit{\"a}tseffekte auf Gemeinschaftsbiomassen wurden bislang haupts{\"a}chlich mit terrestrischen Pflanzen und weniger mit frei-schwebenden Algenarten (Phytoplankton) erforscht. Demzufolge wurde der Einfluss der Diversit{\"a}t auf die Biomasse von Phytoplankton-Gemeinschaften experimentell untersucht, wobei es sowohl zu negativen als auch positiven Diversit{\"a}tseffekten kam. Eine negative Beziehung zwischen Diversit{\"a}t und Gemeinschaftsbiomasse zeigte sich, wenn schnell-w{\"u}chsige Algenarten nur geringe Biomassen in Mono- und Mischkultur aufbauten. Die vorhandenen N{\"a}hrstoffe in der Mischkultur wurden von den schnell-w{\"u}chsigen Arten monopolisiert und folglich standen sie den langsam-w{\"u}chsigen Algenarten, welche viel Biomasse in Monokultur aufbauten, nicht mehr zur Verf{\"u}gung. Zu einem positiven Diversit{\"a}tseffekt auf die Gemeinschaftsbiomasse kam es, wenn die Artengemeinschaft eine positive Beziehung zwischen Wachstumsrate und Biomasse in Monokultur zeigte, sodass die schnell-w{\"u}chsige Algenarten viel Biomasse aufbauten. Da diese schnell-w{\"u}chsigen Algen in der Mischkultur dominant wurden, bestand die Gemeinschaft letztlich aus hoch-produktiven Algenarten, was zu einer erh{\"o}hten Gesamtbiomasse f{\"u}hrte. Diese beiden Versuchsans{\"a}tze verdeutlichen Mechanismen f{\"u}r die unterschiedlichen Reaktionen der Gemeinschaften auf Diversit{\"a}tsver{\"a}nderungen, welche auch f{\"u}r terrestrische Pflanzengemeinschaften gefunden wurden. Ein anderer wichtiger {\"O}kosystemprozess, der von der Diversit{\"a}t beeinflusst wird, ist die Anf{\"a}lligkeit von Gemeinschaften gegen{\"u}ber invasiven Arten (Invasibilit{\"a}t). Die Invasibilit{\"a}t wird von einer Vielzahl von Faktoren beeinflusst und demzufolge wurde der Effekt der Diversit{\"a}t und der Produktivit{\"a}t (N{\"a}hrstoffgehalt) auf die Invasibilit{\"a}t von Phytoplankton-Gemeinschaften in An- und Abwesenheit eines Herbivoren untersucht. Die zwei funktionell unterschiedlichen invasiven Arten waren die Blaualge Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (schlecht fressbar) und der Phytoflagellat Cryptomonas sp. (gut fressbar). Es zeigte sich, dass der Fraßdruck, welcher selber durch die Produktivit{\"a}t beeinflusst wurde, einen bedeutenden Effekt auf die Invasibilit{\"a}t von Phytoplankton-Gemeinschaften hat. Die funktionellen Eigenschaften der invasiven und residenten Arten waren zudem bedeutender als die Artenzahl.},
  language  = {en}
}