@article{PutraNeuberReichetzederetal.2014,
  author    = {Putra, Sulistyo Emantoko Dwi and Neuber, Corinna and Reichetzeder, Christoph and Hocher, Berthold and Kleuser, Burkhard},
  title     = {Analysis of genomic DNA methylation levels in human placenta using liquid Chromatography-Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry},
  series = {Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry and pharmacology},
  volume    = {33},
  journal   = {Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry and pharmacology},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Karger},
  address   = {Basel},
  issn      = {1015-8987},
  doi       = {10.1159/000358666},
  pages     = {945 -- 952},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Background: DNA-methylation is a common epigenetic tool which plays a crucial role in gene regulation and is essential for cell differentiation and embryonic development. The placenta is an important organ where gene activity can be regulated by epigenetic DNA modifications, including DNA methylation. This is of interest as, the placenta is the interface between the fetus and its environment, the mother. Exposure to environmental toxins and nutrition during pregnancy may alter DNA methylation of the placenta and subsequently placental function and as a result the phenotype of the offspring. The aim of this study was to develop a reliable method to quantify DNA methylation in large clinical studies. This will be a tool to analyze the degree of DNA methylation in the human placenta in relationship to clinical readouts. Methods: Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/multi-stage mass spectrometry (LC-ESI/MS/MS) technique was used for the quantification of the 5dmC/dG ratio in placentas from 248 healthy pregnancies. We were able to demonstrate that this method is a reliable and stable way to determine global placental DNA methylation in large clinical trials. Results/Conclusion: The degree of placental DNA methylation seen in our pilot study varies substantially from 2\% to 5\%. The clinical implications of this variation need to be demonstrated in adequately powered large studies.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HeinrichBuchmannZohseletal.2015,
  author    = {Heinrich, Angela and Buchmann, Arlette F. and Zohsel, Katrin and Dukal, Helene and Frank, Josef and Treutlein, Jens and Nieratschker, Vanessa and Witt, Stephanie H. and Brandeis, Daniel and Schmidt, Martin H. and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Banaschewski, Tobias and Laucht, Manfred and Rietschel, Marcella},
  title     = {Alterations of Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene Methylation in Externalizing Disorders During Childhood and Adolescence},
  series = {Behavior genetics : an international journal devoted to research in the inheritance of behavior in animals and man},
  volume    = {45},
  journal   = {Behavior genetics : an international journal devoted to research in the inheritance of behavior in animals and man},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {0001-8244},
  doi       = {10.1007/s10519-015-9721-y},
  pages     = {529 -- 536},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Epigenetic modulations are a hypothesized link between environmental factors and the development of psychiatric disorders. Research has suggested that patients with depression or bipolar disorder exhibit higher methylation levels in the glucocorticoid receptor gene NR3C1. We aimed to investigate whether NR3C1 methylation changes are similarly associated with externalizing disorders such as aggressive behavior and conduct disorder. NR3C1 exon 1F methylation was analyzed in young adults with a lifetime diagnosis of an externalizing disorder (N = 68) or a depressive disorder (N = 27) and healthy controls (N = 124) from the Mannheim Study of Children at Risk. The externalizing disorders group had significantly lower NR3C1 methylation levels than the lifetime depressive disorder group (p = 0.009) and healthy controls (p = 0.001) This report of lower methylation levels in NR3C1 in externalizing disorders may indicate a mechanism through which the differential development of externalizing disorders as opposed to depressive disorders might occur.},
  language  = {en}
}