@article{KirkiciClahsen2013,
  author    = {Kirkici, Bilal and Clahsen, Harald},
  title     = {Inflection and derivation in native and non-native language processing - masked priming experiments on Turkish},
  series = {Bilingualism : language and cognition},
  volume    = {16},
  journal   = {Bilingualism : language and cognition},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Cambridge Univ. Press},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {1366-7289},
  doi       = {10.1017/S1366728912000648},
  pages     = {776 -- 791},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Much previous experimental research on morphological processing has focused on surface and meaning-level properties of morphologically complex words, without paying much attention to the morphological differences between inflectional and derivational processes. Realization-based theories of morphology, for example, assume specific morpholexical representations for derived words that distinguish them from the products of inflectional or paradigmatic processes. The present study reports results from a series of masked priming experiments investigating the processing of inflectional and derivational phenomena in native (L1) and non-native (L2) speakers in a non-Indo-European language, Turkish. We specifically compared regular (Aorist) verb inflection with deadjectival nominalization, both of which are highly frequent, productive and transparent in Turkish. The experiments demonstrated different priming patterns for inflection and derivation, specifically within the L2 group. Implications of these findings are discussed both for accounts of L2 morphological processing and for the controversial linguistic distinction between inflection and derivation.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{JacobFleischhauerClahsen2013,
  author    = {Jacob, Gunnar and Fleischhauer, Elisabeth and Clahsen, Harald},
  title     = {Allomorphy and affixation in morphological processing - a cross-modal priming study with late bilinguals},
  series = {Bilingualism : language and cognition.},
  volume    = {16},
  journal   = {Bilingualism : language and cognition.},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Cambridge Univ. Press},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {1366-7289},
  doi       = {10.1017/S1366728913000291},
  pages     = {924 -- 933},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {This study presents results from a cross-modal priming experiment investigating inflected verb forms of German. A group of late learners of German with Russian as their native language (L1) was compared to a control group of German L1 speakers. The experiment showed different priming patterns for the two participant groups. The L1 German data yielded a stem-priming effect for inflected forms involving regular affixation and a partial priming effect for irregular forms irrespective of stem allomorphy. By contrast, the data from the late bilinguals showed reduced priming effects for both regular and irregular forms. We argue that late learners rely more on lexically stored inflected word forms during word recognition and less on morphological parsing than native speakers.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ClahsenGerthHeyeretal.2015,
  author    = {Clahsen, Harald and Gerth, Sabrina and Heyer, Vera and Schott, Esther},
  title     = {Morphology constrains native and non-native word formation in different ways Evidence from plurals inside compounds},
  series = {The mental lexicon},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {The mental lexicon},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Benjamins},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {1871-1340},
  doi       = {10.1075/ml.10.1.03cla},
  pages     = {53 -- 87},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {The role of morphological and syntactic information in non-native second language (L2) comprehension is controversial. Some have argued that late bilinguals rapidly integrate grammatical cues with other information sources during reading or listening in the same way as native speakers. Others claim that structural cues are underused in L2 processing. We examined different kinds of modifiers inside compounds (e.g. singulars vs. plurals, *rat eater vs. rats eater) with respect to this controversy which are subject to both structural and nonstructural constraints. Two offline and two online (eye-movement) experiments were performed examining the role of these constraints in spoken language comprehension of English and German, testing 77 advanced L2 learners. We also compared the L2 groups to corresponding groups of native speakers. Our results suggest that despite native-like sensitivity to the compounding constraints, late bilinguals rely more on non-structural constraints and are less able to revise their initial interpretations than L1 comprehenders.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KuehneGianelli2019,
  author    = {K{\"u}hne, Katharina and Gianelli, Claudia},
  title     = {Is Embodied Cognition Bilingual?},
  series = {Frontiers in psychology},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {Frontiers in psychology},
  publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation},
  address   = {Lausanne},
  issn      = {1664-1078},
  doi       = {10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00108},
  pages     = {8},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Accumulating behavioral and neurophysiological evidence supports the idea of language being grounded in sensorimotor processes, with indications of a functional role of motor, sensory and emotional systems in processing both concrete and abstract linguistic concepts. However, most of the available studies focused on native language speakers (L1), with only a limited number of investigations testing embodied language processing in the case of a second language (L2). In this paper we review the available evidence on embodied effects in L2 and discuss their possible integration into existing models of linguistic processing in L1 and L2. Finally, we discuss possible avenues for future research towards an integrated model of L1 and L2 sensorimotor and emotional grounding.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Reifegerste2021,
  author    = {Reifegerste, Jana},
  title     = {The effects of aging on bilingual language},
  series = {Bilingualism : language and cognition},
  volume    = {24},
  journal   = {Bilingualism : language and cognition},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Cambridge Univ. Press},
  address   = {Cambridge},
  issn      = {1366-7289},
  doi       = {10.1017/S1366728920000413},
  pages     = {1 -- 17},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Substantial research has examined cognition in aging bilinguals. However, less work has investigated the effects of aging on language itself in bilingualism. In this article I comprehensively review prior research on this topic, and interpret the evidence in light of current theories of aging and theories of bilingualism. First, aging indeed appears to affect bilinguals' language performance, though there is considerable variability in the trajectory across adulthood (declines, age-invariance, and improvements) and in the extent to which these trajectories resemble those found in monolinguals. I argue that these age effects are likely explained by the key opposing forces of increasing experience and cognitive declines in aging. Second, consistent with some theoretical work on bilingual language processing, the grammatical processing mechanisms do not seem to change between younger and older bilingual adults, even after decades of immersion. I conclude by discussing how future research can further advance the field.},
  language  = {en}
}