@article{YanPanKliegl2019,
  author    = {Yan, Ming and Pan, Jinger and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Eye Movement Control in Chinese Reading: A Cross-Sectional Study},
  series = {Developmental psychology},
  volume    = {55},
  journal   = {Developmental psychology},
  number    = {11},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {0012-1649},
  doi       = {10.1037/dev0000819},
  pages     = {2275 -- 2285},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The present study explored the age-related changes of eye movement control in reading-that is, where to send the eyes and when to move them. Different orthographies present readers with somewhat different problems to solve, and this might, in turn, be reflected in different patterns of development of reading skill. Participants of different developmental levels (Grade 3, N = 30; Grade 5, N = 27 and adults, N = 27) were instructed to read sentences for comprehension while their eye movements were recorded. Contrary to previous findings that have been well documented indicating early maturation of saccade generation in English, current results showed that saccade generation among Chinese readers was still under development at Grade 5, although immediate lexical processing was relatively well-established. The distinct age-related changes in eye movements are attributable to certain linguistic properties of Chinese including the lack of interword spaces and word boundary uncertainty. The present study offers an example of how human eye movement adapts to the orthographic environment.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ClahsenGerthHeyeretal.2015,
  author    = {Clahsen, Harald and Gerth, Sabrina and Heyer, Vera and Schott, Esther},
  title     = {Morphology constrains native and non-native word formation in different ways Evidence from plurals inside compounds},
  series = {The mental lexicon},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {The mental lexicon},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Benjamins},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {1871-1340},
  doi       = {10.1075/ml.10.1.03cla},
  pages     = {53 -- 87},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {The role of morphological and syntactic information in non-native second language (L2) comprehension is controversial. Some have argued that late bilinguals rapidly integrate grammatical cues with other information sources during reading or listening in the same way as native speakers. Others claim that structural cues are underused in L2 processing. We examined different kinds of modifiers inside compounds (e.g. singulars vs. plurals, *rat eater vs. rats eater) with respect to this controversy which are subject to both structural and nonstructural constraints. Two offline and two online (eye-movement) experiments were performed examining the role of these constraints in spoken language comprehension of English and German, testing 77 advanced L2 learners. We also compared the L2 groups to corresponding groups of native speakers. Our results suggest that despite native-like sensitivity to the compounding constraints, late bilinguals rely more on non-structural constraints and are less able to revise their initial interpretations than L1 comprehenders.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HenrichsElsnerElsneretal.2014,
  author    = {Henrichs, Ivanina and Elsner, Claudia and Elsner, Birgit and Wilkinson, Nick and Gredeback, Gustaf},
  title     = {Goal certainty modulates infants' goal-directed gaze shifts},
  series = {Developmental psychology},
  volume    = {50},
  journal   = {Developmental psychology},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {0012-1649},
  doi       = {10.1037/a0032664},
  pages     = {100 -- 107},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {We investigated whether 12-month-old infants rely on information about the certainty of goal selection in order to predict observed reaching actions. Infants' goal-directed gaze shifts were recorded as they observed action sequences in a multiple-goals design. We found that 12-month-old infants exhibited gaze shifts significantly earlier when the observed hand reached for the same goal object in all trials (frequent condition) compared with when the observed hand reached for different goal objects across trials (nonfrequent condition). Infants in the frequent condition were significantly more accurate at predicting the action goal than infants in the nonfrequent condition. In addition, findings revealed rapid learning in the case of certainty and no learning in the case of uncertainty of goal selection over the course of trials. Together, our data indicate that by the end of their first year of life, infants rely on information about the certainty of goal selection to make inferences about others' action goals.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HenrichsElsnerElsneretal.2012,
  author    = {Henrichs, Ivanina and Elsner, Claudia and Elsner, Birgit and Gredeback, Gustaf},
  title     = {Goal salience affects infants' goal-directed gaze shifts},
  series = {Frontiers in psychology},
  volume    = {3},
  journal   = {Frontiers in psychology},
  publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation},
  address   = {Lausanne},
  issn      = {1664-1078},
  doi       = {10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00391},
  pages     = {7},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Around their first year of life, infants are able to anticipate the goal of others' ongoing actions. For instance, 12-month-olds anticipate the goal of everyday feeding actions and manual actions such as reaching and grasping. However, little is known whether the salience of the goal influences infants' online assessment of others' actions. The aim of the current eye-tracking study was to elucidate infants' ability to anticipate reaching actions depending on the visual salience of the goal object. In Experiment 1, 12-month-old infants' goal-directed gaze shifts were recorded as they observed a hand reaching for and grasping either a large (high-salience condition) or a small (low-salience condition) goal object. Infants exhibited predictive gaze shifts significantly earlier when the observed hand reached for the large goal object compared to when it reached for the small goal object. In addition, findings revealed rapid learning over the course of trials in the high-salience condition and no learning in the low-salience condition. Experiment 2 demonstrated that the results could not be simply attributed to the different grip aperture of the hand used when reaching for small and large objects. Together, our data indicate that by the end of their first year of life, infants rely on information about the goal salience to make inferences about the action goal.},
  language  = {en}
}