@article{BiemannKearneyMarggraf2015,
  author    = {Biemann, Torsten and Kearney, Eric and Marggraf, Kathrin},
  title     = {Empowering leadership and managers' career perceptions: Examining effects at both the individual and the team level},
  series = {The leadership quarterly : an international journal of political, social and behavioral science},
  volume    = {26},
  journal   = {The leadership quarterly : an international journal of political, social and behavioral science},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {1048-9843},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.03.003},
  pages     = {775 -- 789},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {In a multilevel model of leadership behavior, we investigated whether and how empowering leadership affects individuals' career perceptions. We developed a conceptual model that links empowering leadership at the individual level and at the group level (mean as well as dispersion) to individuals' career self-efficacy and career satisfaction. To test our model, we used questionnaire data from a multilevel data set of 2493 employees in leadership positions nested in 704 teams from a large German corporation. Hierarchical linear regression analyses showed that empowering leadership at the individual level was positively related to career self-efficacy, which in turn mediated the relationship between empowering leadership and career satisfaction. Empowering leadership at the group level was positively related to career self-efficacy when it was conceptualized as leadership differentiation (i.e., the standard deviation of empowering leadership ratings), but not when it was conceptualized as leadership climate (i.e., mean empowering leadership ratings). Career self-efficacy in turn mediated the relationship between empowering leadership differentiation and career satisfaction. Finally, we found a negative relationship between empowering leadership. differentiation and career satisfaction. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}