@article{Krahe2011,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Pornography use, sexual scripts, and sexual aggression in adolescence},
  series = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Entwicklungspsychologie und p{\"a}dagogische Psychologie},
  volume    = {43},
  journal   = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Entwicklungspsychologie und p{\"a}dagogische Psychologie},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Hogrefe},
  address   = {G{\"o}ttingen},
  issn      = {0049-8637},
  doi       = {10.1026/0049-8637/a000044},
  pages     = {133 -- 141},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {The link between pornography use, normative acceptance of sexual aggression, and the presence of risk factors of sexual aggression in sexual scripts for consensual sexual interactions was studied in a sample of 197 adolescents in Germany. Risk factors included sex after only a short acquaintanceship, alcohol and drug use in sexual interactions, and ambiguous communication of sexual intentions. In addition to a measure of overall pornography use, exposure to portrayals of consensual sex, coerced sex and degrading sex was measured. Almost all participants had seen pornografic material at least once, just under half had seen depictions of coerced sex. Significant correlations were found between all measures of pornography use and the presence of risk factors of sexual aggression in consensual sexual scripts. Violent pornography usage showed a positive correlation with the normative acceptance of sexual aggression that was partly accounted for by sexual scripts. The findings are discussed with regard to the significance of pornografic media contents in the process of adolescents' sexual socialization.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{KraheTomaszewska2011,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Tomaszewska, Paulina},
  title     = {Sexual scripts and the acceptance of sexual aggression in Polish adolescents},
  series = {European journal of developmental psychology},
  volume    = {8},
  journal   = {European journal of developmental psychology},
  number    = {6},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  address   = {Hove},
  issn      = {1740-5629},
  doi       = {10.1080/17405629.2011.611034},
  pages     = {697 -- 712},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {A study with 199 Polish adolescents explored the prominence of risk factors of sexual aggression as part of the sexual scripts for consensual sexual encounters and as predictors of the acceptance of sexual aggression. Distinguishing between general scripts, attributed to the age group as a whole, and individual scripts, reflecting personal standards, sexual scripts were linked to the normative endorsement of the risk factors and to the acceptance of sexual aggression. Individual scripts contained fewer risk factors of sexual aggression than general scripts. The more prominently the risk elements featured in the individual (but not in the general) scripts, the more they were seen as acceptable. For boys, risk scores in individual scripts were correlated with sexual behaviour and linked to the acceptance of sexual aggression via their normative endorsement. The distinction between individual and general scripts as guidelines for behaviour is discussed in terms of its significance for the understanding of sexual aggression.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KraheMoellerBergeretal.2011,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and M{\"o}ller, Ingrid and Berger, Anja and Felber, Juliane},
  title     = {Repression versus sensitization in response to media violence as predictors of cognitive avoidance and vigilance},
  series = {Journal of personality},
  volume    = {79},
  journal   = {Journal of personality},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  address   = {Malden},
  issn      = {0022-3506},
  doi       = {10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00674.x},
  pages     = {165 -- 190},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Repression and sensitization as situational modes of coping with anxiety were examined as predictors of trait measures of cognitive avoidance and vigilance. In this study, 303 undergraduates saw a violent film clip to elicit anxiety. Increases in skin conductance level (SCL) and state anxiety (STA) from baseline were measured to identify repressors (high SCL, low STA) and contrast them with sensitizers (low SCL, high STA) and genuinely low anxious individuals (low SCL, low STA). State anger was also recorded. Trait measures of vigilance and cognitive avoidance were collected 2 weeks earlier. Significant SCL x STA interactions indicated that repressors scored higher on cognitive avoidance and lower on vigilance compared to sensitizers and low anxious participants. Repressors were less likely than sensitizers to report gaze avoidance during the clip. The anger by SCL interaction was nonsignificant, suggesting that repressors and sensitizers differ specifically in the processing of anxiety rather than negative affect in general.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KraheMoellerKirwiletal.2011,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Moeller, Ingrid and Kirwil, Lucyna and Huesmann, L. Rowell and Felber, Juliane and Berger, Anja},
  title     = {Desensitization to media violence links with habitual media violence exposure, aggressive cognitions, and aggressive behavior},
  series = {Journal of personality and social psychology},
  volume    = {100},
  journal   = {Journal of personality and social psychology},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {0022-3514},
  doi       = {10.1037/a0021711},
  pages     = {630 -- 646},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {This study examined the links between desensitization to violent media stimuli and habitual media violence exposure as a predictor and aggressive cognitions and behavior as outcome variables. Two weeks after completing measures of habitual media violence exposure, trait aggression, trait arousability, and normative beliefs about aggression, undergraduates (N = 303) saw a violent film clip and a sad or a funny comparison clip. Skin conductance level (SCL) was measured continuously, and ratings of anxious and pleasant arousal were obtained after each clip. Following the clips, participants completed a lexical decision task to measure accessibility of aggressive cognitions and a competitive reaction time task to measure aggressive behavior. Habitual media violence exposure correlated negatively with SCL during violent clips and positively with pleasant arousal, response times for aggressive words, and trait aggression, but it was unrelated to anxious arousal and aggressive responding during the reaction time task. In path analyses controlling for trait aggression, normative beliefs, and trait arousability, habitual media violence exposure predicted faster accessibility of aggressive cognitions, partly mediated by higher pleasant arousal. Unprovoked aggression during the reaction time task was predicted by lower anxious arousal. Neither habitual media violence usage nor anxious or pleasant arousal predicted provoked aggression during the laboratory task, and SCL was unrelated to aggressive cognitions and behavior. No relations were found between habitual media violence viewing and arousal in response to the sad and funny film clips, and arousal in response to the sad and funny clips did not predict aggressive cognitions or aggressive behavior on the laboratory task. This suggests that the observed desensitization effects are specific to violent content.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KraheMoeller2011,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and M{\"o}ller, Ingrid},
  title     = {Links between self-reported media violence exposure and teacher ratings of aggression and prosocial behavior among German adolescents},
  series = {Journal of adolescence},
  volume    = {34},
  journal   = {Journal of adolescence},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {0140-1971},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.05.003},
  pages     = {279 -- 287},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {The relations between adolescents' habitual usage of media violence and their tendency to engage in aggressive and prosocial behavior in a school setting were examined in a cross-sectional study with 1688 7th and 8th graders in Germany who completed measures of violent media exposure and normative acceptance of aggression. For each participant, ratings of prosocial and aggressive behavior were obtained from their class teacher. Media violence exposure was a unique predictor of teacher-rated aggression even when relevant covariates were considered, and it predicted prosocial behavior over and above gender. Path analyses confirmed a direct positive link from media violence usage to teacher-rated aggression for girls and boys, but no direct negative link to prosocial behavior was found. Indirect pathways were identified to higher aggressive and lower prosocial behavior via the acceptance of aggression as normative. Although there were significant gender differences in media violence exposure, aggression, and prosocial behavior, similar path models were identified for boys and girls.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BieneckKrahe2011,
  author    = {Bieneck, Steffen and Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Blaming the victim and exonerating the perpetrator in cases of rape and robbery is there a double standard?},
  series = {Journal of interpersonal violence : concerned with the study and treatment of victims and perpetrators of physical and sexual violence},
  volume    = {26},
  journal   = {Journal of interpersonal violence : concerned with the study and treatment of victims and perpetrators of physical and sexual violence},
  number    = {9},
  publisher = {Sage Publ.},
  address   = {Thousand Oaks},
  issn      = {0886-2605},
  doi       = {10.1177/0886260510372945},
  pages     = {1785 -- 1797},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Research in legal decision making has demonstrated the tendency to blame the victim and exonerate the perpetrator of sexual assault. This study examined the hypothesis of a special leniency bias in rape cases by comparing them to cases of robbery. N = 288 participants received descriptions of rape and robbery of a female victim by a male perpetrator and made ratings of victim and perpetrator blame. Case scenarios varied with respect to the prior relationship (strangers, acquaintances, ex-partners) and coercive strategy (force vs. exploiting victim intoxication). More blame was attributed to the victim and less blame was attributed to the perpetrator for rape than for robbery. Information about a prior relationship between victim and perpetrator increased ratings of victim blame and decreased perceptions of perpetrator blame in the rape cases, but not in the robbery cases. The findings support the notion of a special leniency bias in sexual assault cases.},
  language  = {en}
}