@article{RubertusNoiray2020,
  author    = {Rubertus, Elina and Noiray, Aude},
  title     = {Vocalic activation width decreases across childhood},
  series = {Laboratory Phonology},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Laboratory Phonology},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {de Gruyter Mouton},
  address   = {Berlin, New York},
  issn      = {1868-6346},
  doi       = {10.5334/labphon.228},
  pages     = {27},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {This study is the first to use kinematic data to assess lingual carryover coarticulation in children. We investigated whether the developmental decrease previously attested in anticipatory coarticulation, as well as the relation between coarticulatory degree and the consonantal context, also characterize carryover coarticulation. Sixty-two children and 13 adults, all native speakers of German, were recruited according to five age cohorts: three-year-olds, four-year-olds, five-year-olds, seven-year-olds, and adults. Tongue movements during the production of ə.CV.Cə utterances (C = /b, d, g/, V = /i, y, e, a, o, u/) were recorded with ultrasound. We measured vowel-induced horizontal displacement of the tongue dorsum within the last syllable and compared the resulting coarticulatory patterns between age cohorts and consonantal contexts. Results indicate that the degree of vocalic carryover coarticulation decreases with age. Vocalic prominence within an utterance as well as its change across childhood depended on the postvocalic consonant's articulatory demands for the tongue dorsum (i.e., its coarticulatory resistance): Low resistant /b/ and /g/ allowed for more vocalic perseveration and a continuous decrease, while the highly resistant /d/ displayed lower coarticulation degrees and discontinuous effects. These findings parallel those in anticipation suggesting a similar organization of anticipatory and carryover coarticulation. Implications for theories of speech production are discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{WilliamsEscuderoGafos2018,
  author    = {Williams, Daniel and Escudero, Paola and Gafos, Adamantios I.},
  title     = {Perceptual sensitivity to spectral change in Australian English close front vowels},
  series = {19 th annual conference of the international speech communicaton association (INTERSPEECH 2018), VOLS 1-6: Speech research for emerging marjets in multilingual societies},
  journal   = {19 th annual conference of the international speech communicaton association (INTERSPEECH 2018), VOLS 1-6: Speech research for emerging marjets in multilingual societies},
  publisher = {ISCA-International Speech Communication Association},
  address   = {Baixas},
  isbn      = {978-1-5108-7221-9},
  issn      = {2308-457X},
  doi       = {10.21437/Interspeech.2018-2505},
  pages     = {1442 -- 1446},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Speech scientists have long noted that the qualities of naturally-produced vowels do not remain constant over their durations regardless of being nominally "monophthongs" or "diphthongs". Recent acoustic corpora show that there are consistent patterns of first (F1) and second (F2) formant frequency change across different vowel categories. The three Australian English (AusE) close front vowels /i:, 1, i/ provide a striking example: while their midpoint or mean F1 and F2 frequencies are virtually identical, their spectral change patterns distinctly differ. The results indicate that, despite the distinct patterns of spectral change of AusE /i:, i, la/ in production, its perceptual relevance is not uniform, but rather vowel-category dependent.},
  language  = {en}
}