@article{CamargodosReisRiccardiTeixeiraRibeiroetal.2015, author = {Camargo, Rodolfo Gonzalez and dos Reis Riccardi, Daniela Mendes and Teixeira Ribeiro, Henrique Quintas and Carnevali Junior, Luiz Carlos and de Matos-Neto, Emidio Marques and Enjiu, Lucas and Neves, Rodrigo Xavier and Carola Correia Lima, Joanna Darck and Figueredo, Raquel Galvao and Martins de Alcantara, Paulo Sergio and Maximiano, Linda and Otoch, Jose and Batista Jr., Miguel Luiz and P{\"u}schel, Gerhard Paul and Seelaender, Marilia}, title = {NF-kappa Bp65 and Expression of Its Pro-Inflammatory Target Genes Are Upregulated in the Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue of Cachectic Cancer Patients}, series = {Nutrients}, volume = {7}, journal = {Nutrients}, number = {6}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2072-6643}, doi = {10.3390/nu7064465}, pages = {4465 -- 4479}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Cancer cachexia, of which the most notable symptom is severe and rapid weight loss, is present in the majority of patients with advanced cancer. Inflammatory mediators play an important role in the development of cachexia, envisaged as a chronic inflammatory syndrome. The white adipose tissue (WAT) is one of the first compartments affected in cancer cachexia and suffers a high rate of lipolysis. It secretes several cytokines capable of directly regulating intermediate metabolism. A common pathway in the regulation of the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in WAT is the activation of the nuclear transcription factor kappa-B (NF-B). We have examined the gene expression of the subunits NF-Bp65 and NF-Bp50, as well as NF-Bp65 and NF-Bp50 binding, the gene expression of pro-inflammatory mediators under NF-B control (IL-1, IL-6, INF-, TNF-, MCP-1), and its inhibitory protein, nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IB-). The observational study involved 35 patients (control group, n = 12 and cancer group, n = 23, further divided into cachectic and non-cachectic). NF-Bp65 and its target genes expression (TNF-, IL-1, MCP-1 and IB-) were significantly higher in cachectic cancer patients. Moreover, NF-Bp65 gene expression correlated positively with the expression of its target genes. The results strongly suggest that the NF-B pathway plays a role in the promotion of WAT inflammation during cachexia.}, language = {en} } @article{DanquahDobruckyFranketal.2015, author = {Danquah, Ina and Dobrucky, C. Lydia and Frank, Laura K. and Henze, Andrea and Amoako, Yaw A. and Bedu-Addo, George and Raila, Jens and Schulze, Matthias Bernd and Mockenhaupt, Frank P. and Schweigert, Florian J.}, title = {Vitamin A: potential misclassification of vitamin A status among patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension in urban Ghana}, series = {The American journal of clinical nutrition : a publication of the American Society for Nutrition, Inc.}, volume = {102}, journal = {The American journal of clinical nutrition : a publication of the American Society for Nutrition, Inc.}, number = {1}, publisher = {American Society for Nutrition, Inc.}, address = {Bethesda}, issn = {0002-9165}, doi = {10.3945/ajcn.114.101345}, pages = {207 -- 214}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Background: Sub-Saharan Africa is facing a double burden of malnutrition: vitamin A deficiency (VAD) prevails, whereas the nutrition-related chronic conditions type 2 diabetes (T2D) and hypertension are emerging. Serum retinol a VAD marker increases in kidney disease and decreases in inflammation, which can partly be attributed to alterations in the vitamin A transport proteins retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) and prealbumin. Kidney dysfunction and inflammation commonly accompany T2D and hypertension. Objective: Among urban Ghanaians, we investigated the associations of T2D and hypertension with serum retinol as well as the importance of kidney function and inflammation in this regard. Design: A hospital-based, case-control study in individuals for risk factors of T2D, hypertension, or both was conducted in Kumasi, Ghana (328 controls, 197 with T2D, 354 with hypertension, and 340 with T2D plus hypertension). In 1219 blood samples, serum retinol, RBP4, and prealbumin were measured. Urinary albumin and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) defined kidney function. C-reactive protein (CRP) >5 mg/L indicated inflammation. We identified associations of T2D and hypertension with retinol by linear regression and calculated the contribution of RBP4, prealbumin, urinary albumin, eGFR, and CRP to these associations as the percentages of the explained variance of retinol. Results: VAD (retinol <1.05 mu mol/L) was present in 10\% of this predominantly female, middle-aged, overweight, and deprived population. Hypertension, but not T2D, was positively associated with retinol (beta: 0.12; 95\% CI: 0.08, 0,17), adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic factors, anthropometric measurements, and lifestyle. In addition to RBP4 (72\%) and prealbumin (22\%), the effect of increased retinol on individuals with hypertension was mainly attributed to impaired kidney function (eGFR: 30\%; urinary albumin: 5\%) but not to inflammation. Conclusions: In patients with hypertension, VAD might be underestimated because of increased serum retinol in the context of kidney dysfunction. Thus, the interpretation of serum retinol in sub-Saharan Africa should account for hypertension status.}, language = {en} } @article{EngelSchraplauWochatzetal.2021, author = {Engel, Tilman and Schraplau, Anne and Wochatz, Monique and Kopinski, Stephan and Sonnenburg, Dominik and Schom{\"o}ller, Anne and Risch, Lucie and Kaplick, Hannes and Mayer, Frank}, title = {Feasability of An Eccentric Isokinetic Protocol to Induce Trunk Muscle Damage: A Pilot Study}, series = {Sports Medicine International Open}, volume = {6}, journal = {Sports Medicine International Open}, edition = {1}, publisher = {Thieme}, address = {Stuttgart}, issn = {2367-1890}, doi = {10.1055/a-1757-6724}, pages = {E9 -- E17}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Eccentric exercise is discussed as a treatment option for clinical populations, but specific responses in terms of muscle damage and systemic inflammation after repeated loading of large muscle groups have not been conclusively characterized. Therefore, this study tested the feasibility of an isokinetic protocol for repeated maximum eccentric loading of the trunk muscles. Nine asymptomatic participants (5 f/4 m; 34±6 yrs; 175±13 cm; 76±17 kg) performed three isokinetic 2-minute all-out trunk strength tests (1x concentric (CON), 2x eccentric (ECC1, ECC2), 2 weeks apart; flexion/extension, 60°/s, ROM 55°). Outcomes were peak torque, torque decline, total work, and indicators of muscle damage and inflammation (over 168 h). Statistics were done using the Friedman test (Dunn's post-test). For ECC1 and ECC2, peak torque and total work were increased and torque decline reduced compared to CON. Repeated ECC bouts yielded unaltered torque and work outcomes. Muscle damage markers were highest after ECC1 (soreness 48 h, creatine kinase 72 h; p<0.05). Their overall responses (area under the curve) were abolished post-ECC2 compared to post-ECC1 (p<0.05). Interleukin-6 was higher post-ECC1 than CON, and attenuated post-ECC2 (p>0.05). Interleukin-10 and tumor necrosis factor-α were not detectable. All markers showed high inter-individual variability. The protocol was feasible to induce muscle damage indicators after exercising a large muscle group, but the pilot results indicated only weak systemic inflammatory responses in asymptomatic adults.}, language = {en} } @article{HarmsScalbertZamoraRosetal.2019, author = {Harms, Laura M. and Scalbert, Augustin and Zamora-Ros, Raul and Rinaldi, Sabina and Jenab, Mazda and Murphy, Neil and Achaintre, David and Tj{\o}nneland, Anne and Olsen, Anja and Overvad, Kim and Aleksandrova, Krasimira}, title = {Plasma polyphenols associated with lower high-sensitivity C-reactive protein concentrations}, series = {British Journal of Nutrition}, volume = {123}, journal = {British Journal of Nutrition}, number = {2}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, address = {Cambridge}, issn = {0007-1145}, doi = {10.1017/S0007114519002538}, pages = {198 -- 208}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Experimental studies have reported on the anti-inflammatory properties of polyphenols. However, results from epidemiological investigations have been inconsistent and especially studies using biomarkers for assessment of polyphenol intake have been scant. We aimed to characterise the association between plasma concentrations of thirty-five polyphenol compounds and low-grade systemic inflammation state as measured by high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP). A cross-sectional data analysis was performed based on 315 participants in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort with available measurements of plasma polyphenols and hsCRP. In logistic regression analysis, the OR and 95 \% CI of elevated serum hsCRP (>3 mg/l) were calculated within quartiles and per standard deviation higher level of plasma polyphenol concentrations. In a multivariable-adjusted model, the sum of plasma concentrations of all polyphenols measured (per standard deviation) was associated with 29 (95 \% CI 50, 1) \% lower odds of elevated hsCRP. In the class of flavonoids, daidzein was inversely associated with elevated hsCRP (OR 0 center dot 66, 95 \% CI 0 center dot 46, 0 center dot 96). Among phenolic acids, statistically significant associations were observed for 3,5-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid (OR 0 center dot 58, 95 \% CI 0 center dot 39, 0 center dot 86), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid (OR 0 center dot 63, 95 \% CI 0 center dot 46, 0 center dot 87), ferulic acid (OR 0 center dot 65, 95 \% CI 0 center dot 44, 0 center dot 96) and caffeic acid (OR 0 center dot 69, 95 \% CI 0 center dot 51, 0 center dot 93). The odds of elevated hsCRP were significantly reduced for hydroxytyrosol (OR 0 center dot 67, 95 \% CI 0 center dot 48, 0 center dot 93). The present study showed that polyphenol biomarkers are associated with lower odds of elevated hsCRP. Whether diet rich in bioactive polyphenol compounds could be an effective strategy to prevent or modulate deleterious health effects of inflammation should be addressed by further well-powered longitudinal studies.}, language = {en} } @article{HassHerpichNorman2019, author = {Haß, Ulrike and Herpich, Catrin and Norman, Kristina}, title = {Anti-Inflammatory Diets and Fatigue}, series = {Nutrients}, volume = {11}, journal = {Nutrients}, number = {10}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2072-6643}, doi = {10.3390/nu11102315}, pages = {24}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Accumulating data indicates a link between a pro-inflammatory status and occurrence of chronic disease-related fatigue. The questions are whether the observed inflammatory profile can be (a) improved by anti-inflammatory diets, and (b) if this improvement can in turn be translated into a significant fatigue reduction. The aim of this narrative review was to investigate the effect of anti-inflammatory nutrients, foods, and diets on inflammatory markers and fatigue in various patient populations. Next to observational and epidemiological studies, a total of 21 human trials have been evaluated in this work. Current available research is indicative, rather than evident, regarding the effectiveness of individuals' use of single nutrients with anti-inflammatory and fatigue-reducing effects. In contrast, clinical studies demonstrate that a balanced diet with whole grains high in fibers, polyphenol-rich vegetables, and omega-3 fatty acid-rich foods might be able to improve disease-related fatigue symptoms. Nonetheless, further research is needed to clarify conflicting results in the literature and substantiate the promising results from human trials on fatigue.}, language = {en} } @article{HenkelAlfineSainetal.2018, author = {Henkel, Janin and Alfine, Eugenia and Sa{\´i}n, Juliana and J{\"o}hrens, Korinna and Weber, Daniela and Castro, Jos{\´e} Pedro and K{\"o}nig, Jeannette and Stuhlmann, Christin and Vahrenbrink, Madita and Jonas, Wenke and Kleinridders, Andr{\´e} and P{\"u}schel, Gerhard Paul}, title = {Soybean Oil-Derived Poly-Unsaturated Fatty Acids Enhance Liver Damage in NAFLD Induced by Dietary Cholesterol}, series = {Nutrients}, volume = {10}, journal = {Nutrients}, number = {9}, publisher = {Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2072-6643}, doi = {10.3390/nu10091326}, pages = {1 -- 17}, year = {2018}, abstract = {While the impact of dietary cholesterol on the progression of atherosclerosis has probably been overestimated, increasing evidence suggests that dietary cholesterol might favor the transition from blunt steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), especially in combination with high fat diets. It is poorly understood how cholesterol alone or in combination with other dietary lipid components contributes to the development of lipotoxicity. The current study demonstrated that liver damage caused by dietary cholesterol in mice was strongly enhanced by a high fat diet containing soybean oil-derived ω6-poly-unsaturated fatty acids (ω6-PUFA), but not by a lard-based high fat diet containing mainly saturated fatty acids. In contrast to the lard-based diet the soybean oil-based diet augmented cholesterol accumulation in hepatocytes, presumably by impairing cholesterol-eliminating pathways. The soybean oil-based diet enhanced cholesterol-induced mitochondrial damage and amplified the ensuing oxidative stress, probably by peroxidation of poly-unsaturated fatty acids. This resulted in hepatocyte death, recruitment of inflammatory cells, and fibrosis, and caused a transition from steatosis to NASH, doubling the NASH activity score. Thus, the recommendation to reduce cholesterol intake, in particular in diets rich in ω6-PUFA, although not necessary to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis, might be sensible for patients suffering from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.}, language = {en} } @article{HenkelKlauderStatzetal.2021, author = {Henkel, Janin and Klauder, Julia and Statz, Meike and Wohlenberg, Anne-Sophie and Kuipers, Sonja and Vahrenbrink, Madita and P{\"u}schel, Gerhard Paul}, title = {Enhanced Palmitate-Induced Interleukin-8 Formation in Human Macrophages by Insulin or Prostaglandin E-2}, series = {Biomedicines}, volume = {9}, journal = {Biomedicines}, number = {5}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2227-9059}, doi = {10.3390/biomedicines9050449}, pages = {10}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Macrophages in pathologically expanded dysfunctional white adipose tissue are exposed to a mix of potential modulators of inflammatory response, including fatty acids released from insulin-resistant adipocytes, increased levels of insulin produced to compensate insulin resistance, and prostaglandin E-2 (PGE(2)) released from activated macrophages. The current study addressed the question of how palmitate might interact with insulin or PGE(2) to induce the formation of the chemotactic pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-8 (IL-8). Human THP-1 cells were differentiated into macrophages. In these macrophages, palmitate induced IL-8 formation. Insulin enhanced the induction of IL-8 formation by palmitate as well as the palmitate-dependent stimulation of PGE(2) synthesis. PGE(2) in turn elicited IL-8 formation on its own and enhanced the induction of IL-8 release by palmitate, most likely by activating the EP4 receptor. Since IL-8 causes insulin resistance and fosters inflammation, the increase in palmitate-induced IL-8 formation that is caused by hyperinsulinemia and locally produced PGE(2) in chronically inflamed adipose tissue might favor disease progression in a vicious feed-forward cycle.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{HenkelOberlaender2020, author = {Henkel-Oberl{\"a}nder, Janin}, title = {Einfluss von Prostaglandin E2 auf die Entstehung von Insulinresistenz und die Regulation der Entz{\"u}ndungsantwort bei der Di{\"a}t-induzierten nicht-alkoholischen Fettlebererkrankung}, pages = {171}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Weltweit sind fast 40 \% der Bev{\"o}lkerung {\"u}bergewichtig und die Pr{\"a}valenz von Adipositas, Insulinresistenz und den resultierenden Folgeerkrankungen wie dem Metabolischen Syndrom und Typ-2-Diabetes steigt rapide an. Als h{\"a}ufigste Ursachen werden di{\"a}tetisches Fehlverhalten und mangelnde Bewegung angesehen. Die nicht-alkoholische Fettlebererkrankung (NAFLD), deren Hauptcharakteristikum die exzessive Akkumulation von Lipiden in der Leber ist, korreliert mit dem Body Mass Index (BMI). NAFLD wird als hepatische Manifestation des Metabolischen Syndroms angesehen und ist inzwischen die h{\"a}ufigste Ursache f{\"u}r Leberfunktionsst{\"o}rungen. Die Erkrankung umfasst sowohl die benigne hepatische Steatose (Fettleber) als auch die progressive Form der nicht-alkoholischen Steatohepatitis (NASH), bei der die Steatose von Entz{\"u}ndung und Fibrose begleitet ist. Die Ausbildung einer NASH erh{\"o}ht das Risiko, ein hepatozellul{\"a}res Karzinom (HCC) zu entwickeln und kann zu irreversibler Leberzirrhose und terminalem Organversagen f{\"u}hren. Nahrungsbestandteile wie Cholesterol und Fett-reiche Di{\"a}ten werden als m{\"o}gliche Faktoren diskutiert, die den {\"U}bergang einer einfachen Fettleber zur schweren Verlaufsform der Steatohepatitis / NASH beg{\"u}nstigen. Eine Ausdehnung des Fettgewebes wird von Insulinresistenz und einer niedrig-gradigen chronischen Entz{\"u}ndung des Fettgewebes begleitet. Neben Endotoxinen aus dem Darm gelangen Entz{\"u}ndungsmediatoren aus dem Fettgewebe zur Leber. Als Folge werden residente Makrophagen der Leber, die Kupfferzellen, aktiviert, die eine Entz{\"u}ndungsantwort initiieren und weitere pro-inflammatorische Mediatoren freisetzen, zu denen Chemokine, Cytokine und Prostanoide wie Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) geh{\"o}ren. In dieser Arbeit soll aufgekl{\"a}rt werden, welchen Beitrag PGE2 an der Ausbildung von Insulinresistenz, hepatischer Steatose und Entz{\"u}ndung im Rahmen von Di{\"a}t-induzierter NASH im komplexen Zusammenspiel mit der Regulation der Cytokin-Produktion und anderen Co-Faktoren wie Hyperinsulin{\"a}mie und Hyperlipid{\"a}mie hat. In murinen und humanen Makrophagen-Populationen wurde untersucht, welche Faktoren die Bildung von PGE2 f{\"o}rdern und wie PGE2 die Entz{\"u}ndungsantwort aktivierter Makrophagen reguliert. In prim{\"a}ren Hepatozyten der Ratte sowie in isolierten humanen Hepatozyten und Zelllinien wurde der Einfluss von PGE2 allein und in Kombination mit Cytokinen, deren Bildung durch PGE2 beeinflusst werden kann, auf die Insulin-abh{\"a}ngige Regulation des Glucose- und Lipid-stoffwechsels untersucht. Um den Einfluss von PGE2 im komplexen Zusammenspiel der Zelltypen in der Leber und im Gesamtorganismus zu erfassen, wurden M{\"a}use, in denen die PGE2-Synthese durch die Deletion der mikrosomalen PGE-Synthase 1 (mPGES1) vermindert war, mit einer NASH-induzierenden Di{\"a}t gef{\"u}ttert. In Lebern von Patienten mit NASH oder in M{\"a}usen mit Di{\"a}t-induzierter NASH war die Expression der PGE2-synthetisierenden Enzyme Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) und mPGES1 sowie die Bildung von PGE2 im Vergleich zu gesunden Kontrollen gesteigert und korrelierte mit dem Schweregrad der Lebererkrankung. In prim{\"a}ren Makrophagen aus den Spezies Mensch, Maus und Ratte sowie in humanen Makrophagen-Zelllinien war die Bildung pro-inflammatorischer Mediatoren wie Chemokinen, Cytokinen und Prostaglandinen wie PGE2 verst{\"a}rkt, wenn die Zellen mit Endotoxinen wie Lipopolysaccharid (LPS), Fetts{\"a}uren wie Palmitins{\"a}ure, Cholesterol und Cholesterol-Kristallen oder Insulin, das als Folge der kompensatorischen Hyperinsulin{\"a}mie bei Insulinresistenz verst{\"a}rkt freigesetzt wird, inkubiert wurden. Insulin steigerte dabei synergistisch mit LPS oder Palmitins{\"a}ure die Synthese von PGE2 sowie der anderen Entz{\"u}ndungsmediatoren wie Interleukin (IL) 8 und IL-1β. PGE2 reguliert die Entz{\"u}ndungsantwort: Neben der Induktion der eigenen Synthese-Enzyme verst{\"a}rkte PGE2 die Expression der Immunzell-rekrutierenden Chemokine IL-8 und (C-C-Motiv)-Ligand 2 (CCL2) sowie die der pro-inflammatorischen Cytokine IL-1β und IL-6 in Makrophagen und kann so zur Verst{\"a}rkung der Entz{\"u}ndungsreaktion beitragen. Außerdem f{\"o}rderte PGE2 die Bildung von Oncostatin M (OSM) und OSM induzierte in einer positiven R{\"u}ckkopplungsschleife die Expression der PGE2-synthetisierenden Enzyme. Andererseits hemmte PGE2 die basale und LPS-vermittelte Bildung des potenten pro-inflammatorischen Cytokins Tumornekrosefaktor α (TNFα) und kann so die Entz{\"u}ndungsreaktion abschw{\"a}chen. In prim{\"a}ren Hepatozyten der Ratte und humanen Hepatozyten beeintr{\"a}chtigte PGE2 direkt die Insulin-abh{\"a}ngige Aktivierung der Insulinrezeptor-Signalkette zur Steigerung der Glucose-Verwertung, in dem es durch Signalketten, die den verschiedenen PGE2-Rezeptoren nachgeschaltet sind, Kinasen wie ERK1/2 und IKKβ aktivierte und eine inhibierende Serin-Phosphorylierung der Insulinrezeptorsubstrate bewirkte. PGE2 verst{\"a}rkte außerdem die IL-6- oder OSM-vermittelte Insulinresistenz und Steatose in prim{\"a}ren Hepatozyten der Ratte. Die Wirkung von PGE2 im Gesamtorganismus sollte in M{\"a}usen mit Di{\"a}t-induzierter NASH untersucht werden. Die F{\"u}tterung einer Hochfett-Di{\"a}t mit Schmalz als Fettquelle, das vor allem ges{\"a}ttigte Fetts{\"a}uren enth{\"a}lt, verursachte Fettleibigkeit, Insulinresistenz und eine hepatische Steatose in Wildtyp-M{\"a}usen. In Tieren, die eine Hochfett-Di{\"a}t mit Soja{\"o}l als Fettquelle, das vor allem (ω-6)-mehrfach-unges{\"a}ttigte Fetts{\"a}uren (PUFAs) enth{\"a}lt, oder eine Niedrigfett-Di{\"a}t mit Cholesterol erhielten, war lediglich eine hepatische Steatose nachweisbar, jedoch keine verst{\"a}rkte Gewichtszunahme im Vergleich zu Geschwistertieren, die eine Standard-Di{\"a}t bekamen. Im Gegensatz dazu verursachte die F{\"u}tterung einer Hochfett-Di{\"a}t mit PUFA-reichem Soja{\"o}l als Fettquelle in Kombination mit Cholesterol sowohl Fettleibigkeit und Insulinresistenz als auch hepatische Steatose mit Hepatozyten-Hypertrophie, lobul{\"a}rer Entz{\"u}ndung und beginnender Fibrose in Wildtyp-M{\"a}usen. Diese Tiere spiegelten alle klinischen und histologischen Parameter der humanen NASH im Metabolischen Syndrom wider. Nur die Kombination von hohen Mengen unges{\"a}ttigter Fetts{\"a}uren aus Soja{\"o}l und Cholesterol in der Nahrung f{\"u}hrte zu einer exzessiven Akkumulation des Cholesterols und der Bildung von Cholesterol-Kristallen in den Hepatozyten, die zur Sch{\"a}digung der Mitochondrien, schwerem oxidativem Stress und schließlich zum Absterben der Zellen f{\"u}hrten. Als Konsequenz phagozytieren Kupfferzellen die Zelltr{\"u}mmer der Cholesterol-{\"u}berladenen Hepatozyten, werden dadurch aktiviert, setzen Chemokine, Cytokine und PGE2 frei, die die Entz{\"u}ndungsreaktion verst{\"a}rken und die Infiltration von weiteren Immunzellen initiieren k{\"o}nnen und verursachen so eine Progression zur Steatohepatitis (NASH). Die Deletion der mikrosomalen PGE-Synthase 1 (mPGES1), dem induzierbaren Enzym der PGE2-Synthese aus Cyclooxygenase-abh{\"a}ngigen Vorstufen, reduzierte die Di{\"a}t-abh{\"a}ngige Bildung von PGE2 in der Leber. Die F{\"u}tterung der NASH-induzierenden Di{\"a}t verursachte in Wildtyp- und mPGES1-defizienten M{\"a}usen eine {\"a}hnliche Fettleibigkeit und Zunahme der Fettmasse sowie die Ausbildung von hepatischer Steatose mit Entz{\"u}ndung und Fibrose (NASH) im histologischen Bild. In mPGES1-defizienten M{\"a}usen waren jedoch Parameter f{\"u}r die Infiltration von Entz{\"u}ndungszellen und die Di{\"a}t-abh{\"a}ngige Sch{\"a}digung der Leber im Vergleich zu Wildtyp-Tieren erh{\"o}ht, was sich auch in einer st{\"a}rkeren Di{\"a}t-induzierten systemischen Insulinresistenz widerspiegelte. Die Bildung des pro-inflammatorischen und pro-apoptotischen Cytokins TNFα war in mPGES1-defizienten M{\"a}usen durch die Aufhebung der negativen R{\"u}ckkopplungshemmung verst{\"a}rkt, was einen gesteigerten Di{\"a}t-induzierten Zelluntergang gestresster Lipid-{\"u}berladener Hepatozyten und eine nach-geschaltete Entz{\"u}ndungsantwort zur Folge hatte. Zusammenfassend wurde unter den gew{\"a}hlten Versuchsbedingungen in vivo eine anti-inflammatorische Rolle von PGE2 verifiziert, da das Prostanoid vor allem indirekt durch die Hemmung der TNFα-vermittelten Entz{\"u}ndungsreaktion die Sch{\"a}digung der Leber, die Verst{\"a}rkung der Entz{\"u}ndung und die Ausbildung von Insulinresistenz im Rahmen der Di{\"a}t-abh{\"a}ngigen Fettlebererkrankung abschw{\"a}chte.}, language = {de} } @article{HenkelOberlaenderKlauderStatzetal.2021, author = {Henkel-Oberl{\"a}nder, Janin and Klauder, Julia and Statz, Meike and Wohlenberg, Anne-Sophie and Kuipers, Sonja and Vahrenbrink, Madita and P{\"u}schel, Gerhard}, title = {Enhanced Palmitate-Induced Interleukin-8 Formation in Human Macrophages by Insulin or Prostaglandin E₂}, series = {Biomedicines : open access journal}, volume = {9}, journal = {Biomedicines : open access journal}, number = {5}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2227-9059}, doi = {10.3390/biomedicines9050449}, pages = {10}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Macrophages in pathologically expanded dysfunctional white adipose tissue are exposed to a mix of potential modulators of inflammatory response, including fatty acids released from insulin-resistant adipocytes, increased levels of insulin produced to compensate insulin resistance, and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) released from activated macrophages. The current study addressed the question of how palmitate might interact with insulin or PGE₂ to induce the formation of the chemotactic pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-8 (IL-8). Human THP-1 cells were differentiated into macrophages. In these macrophages, palmitate induced IL-8 formation. Insulin enhanced the induction of IL-8 formation by palmitate as well as the palmitate-dependent stimulation of PGE₂ synthesis. PGE₂ in turn elicited IL-8 formation on its own and enhanced the induction of IL-8 release by palmitate, most likely by activating the EP4 receptor. Since IL-8 causes insulin resistance and fosters inflammation, the increase in palmitate-induced IL-8 formation that is caused by hyperinsulinemia and locally produced PGE₂ in chronically inflamed adipose tissue might favor disease progression in a vicious feed-forward cycle.}, language = {en} } @article{JbeilySuckertGonnertetal.2013, author = {Jbeily, Nayla and Suckert, Iris and Gonnert, Falk A. and Acht, Benedikt and Bockmeyer, Clemens L. and Grossmann, Sascha D. and Blaess, Markus F. and L{\"u}th, Anja and Deigner, Hans-Peter and Bauer, Michael and Claus, Ralf A.}, title = {Hyperresponsiveness of mice deficient in plasma-secreted sphingomyelinase reveals its pivotal role in early phase of host response}, series = {Journal of lipid research}, volume = {54}, journal = {Journal of lipid research}, number = {2}, publisher = {American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology}, address = {Bethesda}, issn = {0022-2275}, doi = {10.1194/jlr.M031625}, pages = {410 -- 424}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Plasma secretion of acid sphingomyelinase is a hallmark of cellular stress response resulting in the formation of membrane embedded ceramide-enriched lipid rafts and the reorganization of receptor complexes. Consistently, decompartmentalization of ceramide formation from inert sphingomyelin has been associated with signaling events and regulation of the cellular phenotype. Herein, we addressed the question of whether the secretion of acid sphingomyelinase is involved in host response during sepsis. We found an exaggerated clinical course in mice genetically deficient in acid sphingomyelinase characterized by an increased bacterial burden, an increased phagocytotic activity, and a more pronounced cytokine storm. Moreover, on a functional level, leukocyte-endothelial interaction was found diminished in sphingomyelinase-deficient animals corresponding to a distinct leukocytes' phenotype with respect to rolling and sticking as well as expression of cellular surface proteins.(jlr) We conclude that hydrolysis of membrane-embedded sphingomyelin, triggered by circulating sphingomyelinase, plays a pivotal role in the first line of defense against invading microorganisms. This function might be essential during the early phase of infection leading to an adaptive response of remote cells and tissues.-Jbeily, N., I. Suckert, F. A. Gonnert, B. Acht, C. L. Bockmeyer, S. D. Grossmann, M. F. Blaess, A. Lueth, H.-P. Deigner, M. Bauer, and R. A. Claus. Hyperresponsiveness of mice deficient in plasma-secreted sphingomyelinase reveals its pivotal role in early phase of host response. J. Lipid Res. 2013. 54: 410-424.}, language = {en} }