@article{CaliendoFedoretsPreussetal.2022, author = {Caliendo, Marco and Fedorets, Alexandra and Preuss, Malte and Schr{\"o}der, Carsten and Wittbrodt, Linda}, title = {The short- and medium-term distributional effects of the German minimum wage reform}, series = {Empirical economics}, volume = {64}, journal = {Empirical economics}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Berlin}, issn = {0377-7332}, doi = {10.1007/s00181-022-02288-4}, pages = {1149 -- 1175}, year = {2022}, abstract = {This study quantifies the distributional effects of the minimum wage introduced in Germany in 2015. Using detailed Socio-Economic Panel survey data, we assess changes in the hourly wages, working hours, and monthly wages of employees who were entitled to be paid the minimum wage. We employ a difference-in-differences analysis, exploiting regional variation in the "bite" of the minimum wage. At the bottom of the hourly wage distribution, we document wage growth of 9\% in the short term and 21\% in the medium term. At the same time, we find a reduction in working hours, such that the increase in hourly wages does not lead to a subortionate increase in monthly wages. We conclude that working hours adjustments play an important role in the distributional effects of minimum wages.}, language = {en} } @article{BurauelCaliendoGrabkaetal.2020, author = {Burauel, Patrick F. and Caliendo, Marco and Grabka, Markus M. and Obst, Cosima and Preuss, Malte and Schr{\"o}der, Carsten and Shupe, Cortnie}, title = {The impact of the German minimum wage on individual wages and monthly warnings}, series = {Jahrb{\"u}cher f{\"u}r National{\"o}konomie und Statistik = Journal of economics and statistics}, volume = {240}, journal = {Jahrb{\"u}cher f{\"u}r National{\"o}konomie und Statistik = Journal of economics and statistics}, number = {2-3}, publisher = {De Gruyter}, address = {Berlin}, issn = {0021-4027}, doi = {10.1515/jbnst-2018-0077}, pages = {201 -- 231}, year = {2020}, abstract = {This paper evaluates the short-run impact of the introduction of a statutory minimum wage in Germany on the hourly wages and monthly earnings of workers targeted by the reform. We first provide detailed descriptive evidence of changes to the wage structure in particular at the bottom of the distribution and distinguish between trends for regularly employed and marginally employed workers. In the causal analysis, we then employ a differential trend adjusted difference-in-differences (DTADD) strategy to identify the extent to which these changes in wages and earnings can be attributed to the minimum wage introduction. We find that the minimum wage introduction can account for hourly wage growth in the order of roughly 6.5 \% or (sic)0.45/hour and an increase in monthly earnings of 6.6 \% or (sic)53/month. Despite finding wage growth at the bottom of the distribution, the paper documents widespread non-compliance with the mandated wage floor of (sic)8.50/hour.}, language = {en} } @article{IpsenNowakSzczepanskaGomulaetal.2016, author = {Ipsen, Marie Josephin and Nowak-Szczepanska, Natalia and Gomula, A. and Assmann, Christian and Hermanussen, Michael}, title = {The association of body height, height variability and inequality}, series = {Journal of biological and clinical anthropology : Anthropologischer Anzeiger ; Mitteilungsorgan der Gesellschaft f{\~A}¼r Anthropologie}, volume = {73}, journal = {Journal of biological and clinical anthropology : Anthropologischer Anzeiger ; Mitteilungsorgan der Gesellschaft f{\~A}¼r Anthropologie}, publisher = {Schweizerbart}, address = {Stuttgart}, issn = {0003-5548}, doi = {10.1127/anthranz/2015/0623}, pages = {1 -- 6}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Body height is associated with environmental conditions. It has been suggested that under poor conditions when inequality within a population increases, also the variability in height tends to increase. We studied the association of body height, within-country variability in height and geographic and historic origin in 767 growth studies carried out in 80 countries, published between 1794 and 2013, with data on N = 78,184 infants age 2 years, and N = 2,130,729 juveniles age 7 years. The studies represent almost the whole spectrum of economic diversity in human societies since the end-18 th century. 207 studies contained data for both infants and juveniles with 50,819 subjects (age 2), and 123,078 subjects (age 7). Multiple linear regressions showed significant interactions between height, sex, historic year of the study, geographic origin, and within-study standard deviation for height with multiple R-squared = 0.527, p < 0.001, at age 2, and multiple R-squared = 0.436, p < 0.001, at age 7. Yet, the two age groups differed in respect to within-study standard deviation for height. We found a significant association between body height and within-study standard deviation for height only at age 2: tall infant populations are less variable in height (r = -0.27, p < 0.01). There was no such association in children aged 7 years. Tall children from affluent and short children from less affluent countries do not differ in the variability of body height. The data suggest that the 'environmental adversity' hypothesis for variation in growth: small mean values for height go along with large standard deviations for height, does not apply for children at age 7.}, language = {en} } @article{BorckWrede2018, author = {Borck, Rainald and Wrede, Matthias}, title = {Spatial and social mobility}, series = {Journal of Regional Science}, volume = {58}, journal = {Journal of Regional Science}, number = {4}, publisher = {Wiley}, address = {Hoboken}, issn = {0022-4146}, doi = {10.1111/jors.12382}, pages = {688 -- 704}, year = {2018}, abstract = {This paper analyzes the relationship between spatial mobility and social mobility. It develops a two-skill-type spatial equilibrium model of two regions with location preferences where each region consists of an urban area that is home to workplaces and residences and an exclusively residential suburban area. The paper demonstrates that relative regional social mobility is negatively correlated with segregation and inequality. In the model, segregation, income inequality, and social mobility are driven by differences between urban and residential areas in commuting cost differences between high-skilled and low-skilled workers, and also by the magnitude of taste heterogeneity.}, language = {en} } @incollection{MishraVladova2021, author = {Mishra, Vidisha and Vladova, Gergana}, title = {It's personal}, series = {The fourth industrial revolution and its impact on ethics}, booktitle = {The fourth industrial revolution and its impact on ethics}, editor = {Miller, Katharina and Wendt, Karen}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Cham}, isbn = {978-3-030-57019-4}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-57020-0_12}, pages = {151 -- 158}, year = {2021}, abstract = {The new technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) are disrupting traditional models of work and learning. While the impact of digitalization on education was already a point of serious deliberation, the COVID-19 pandemic has expedited ongoing transitions. With 90\% of the world's student population having been impacted by national lockdowns—online learning has gone from being a luxury to a necessity, in a context where around 3.6 billion people are offline. As the impacts of the 4IR unfold alongside the current crisis, it is not enough for future policy pathways to prioritize educational attainment in the traditional sense; it is essential to reimagine education itself as well as its delivery entirely. Future policy narratives will need to evaluate the very process of learning and identify the ways in which technology can help reduce existing disparities and enhance digital access, literacy and fluency in a scalable manner. In this context, this chapter analyses the status quo of online learning in India and Germany. Drawing on the experiences of these two economies with distinct trajectories of digitalization, the chapter explores how new technologies intersect with traditional education and local sociocultural conditions. Further, the limitations and opportunities presented by dominant ed-tech models is critically analyzed against the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.}, language = {en} } @article{HippKonrad2022, author = {Hipp, Lena and Konrad, Markus}, title = {Has Covid-19 increased gender inequalities in professional advancement?}, series = {Journal of family research}, volume = {34}, journal = {Journal of family research}, number = {1}, publisher = {University of Bamberg Press}, address = {Bamberg}, issn = {2699-2337}, doi = {10.20377/jfr-697}, pages = {134 -- 160}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Objective: This article analyzed gender differences in professional advancement following the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic based on data from open-source software developers in 37 countries. Background: Men and women may have been affected differently from the social distancing measures implemented to contain the Covid-19 pandemic. Given that men and women tend to work in different jobs and that they have been unequally involved in childcare duties, school and workplace closings may have impacted men's and women's professional lives unequally. Method: We analyzed original data from the world's largest social coding community, GitHub. We first estimated a Holt-Winters forecast model to compare the predicted and the observed average weekly productivity of a random sample of male and female developers (N=177,480) during the first lockdown period in 2020. To explain the crosscountry variation in the gendered effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on software developers' productivity, we estimated two-way fixed effects models with different lockdown measures as predictors - school and workplace closures, in particular. Results: In most countries, both male and female developers were, on average, more productive than predicted, and productivity increased for both genders with increasing lockdown stringency. When examining the effects of the most relevant types of lockdown measures separately, we found that stay-at-home restrictions increased both men's and women's productivity and that workplace closures also increased the number of weekly contributions on average - but for women, only when schools were open. Conclusion: Having found gender differences in the effect of workplace closures contingent on school and daycare closures within a population that is relatively young and unlikely to have children (software developers), we conclude that the Covid-19 pandemic may indeed have contributed to increased gender inequalities in professional advancement.}, language = {en} } @article{BruttelStolley2020, author = {Bruttel, Lisa Verena and Stolley, Florian}, title = {Getting a yes}, series = {Journal of behavioral and experimental economics}, volume = {86}, journal = {Journal of behavioral and experimental economics}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {New York}, issn = {2214-8043}, doi = {10.1016/j.socec.2020.101550}, pages = {10}, year = {2020}, abstract = {This paper studies how the request for a favor has to be devised in order to maximize its chance of success. We present results from a mini-dictator game, in which the recipient can send a free-form text message to the dictator before the latter decides. We find that putting effort into the message, writing in a humorous way and mentioning reasons why the money is needed pays off. Additionally, we find differences in the behavior of male and female dictators. Only men react positively to efficiency arguments, while only women react to messages that emphasize the dictators power and responsibility.}, language = {en} } @article{SedovaKalkuhlMendelsohn2020, author = {Sedova, Barbora and Kalkuhl, Matthias and Mendelsohn, Robert}, title = {Distributional impacts of weather and climate in rural India}, series = {Economics of disasters and climate change}, volume = {4}, journal = {Economics of disasters and climate change}, number = {1}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Cham}, issn = {2511-1280}, doi = {10.1007/s41885-019-00051-1}, pages = {5 -- 44}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Climate-related costs and benefits may not be evenly distributed across the population. We study distributional implications of seasonal weather and climate on within-country inequality in rural India. Utilizing a first difference approach, we find that the poor are more sensitive to weather variations than the non-poor. The poor respond more strongly to (seasonal) temperature changes: negatively in the (warm) spring season, more positively in the (cold) rabi season. Less precipitation is harmful to the poor in the monsoon kharif season and beneficial in the winter and spring seasons. We show that adverse weather aggravates inequality by reducing consumption of the poor farming households. Future global warming predicted under RCP8.5 is likely to exacerbate these effects, reducing consumption of poor farming households by one third until the year 2100. We also find inequality in consumption across seasons with higher consumption during the harvest and lower consumption during the sowing seasons.}, language = {en} }