@article{EsslDawsonKreftetal.2019, author = {Essl, Franz and Dawson, Wayne and Kreft, Holger and Pergl, Jan and Pysek, Petr and van Kleunen, Mark and Weigelt, Patrick and Mang, Thomas and Dullinger, Stefan and Lenzner, Bernd and Moser, Dietmar and Maurel, Noelie and Seebens, Hanno and Stein, Anke and Weber, Ewald and Chatelain, Cyrille and Inderjit, and Genovesi, Piero and Kartesz, John and Morozova, Olga and Nishino, Misako and Nowak, Pauline M. and Pagad, Shyama and Shu, Wen-sheng and Winter, Marten}, title = {Drivers of the relative richness of naturalized and invasive plant species on Earth}, series = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {11}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, number = {5}, publisher = {Oxford Univ. Press}, address = {Oxford}, issn = {2041-2851}, doi = {10.1093/aobpla/plz051}, pages = {13}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Biological invasions are a defining feature of the Anthropocene, but the factors that determine the spatially uneven distribution of alien plant species are still poorly understood. Here, we present the first global analysis of the effects of biogeographic factors, the physical environment and socio-economy on the richness of naturalized and invasive alien plants. We used generalized linear mixed-effects models and variation partitioning to disentangle the relative importance of individual factors, and, more broadly, of biogeography, physical environment and socio-economy. As measures of the magnitude of permanent anthropogenic additions to the regional species pool and of species with negative environmental impacts, we calculated the relative richness of naturalized (= RRN) and invasive (= RRI) alien plant species numbers adjusted for the number of native species in 838 terrestrial regions. Socio-economic factors (per-capita gross domestic product (GDP), population density, proportion of agricultural land) were more important in explaining RRI (similar to 50 \% of the explained variation) than RRN (similar to 40 \%). Warm-temperate and (sub)tropical regions have higher RRN than tropical or cooler regions. We found that socio-economic pressures are more relevant for invasive than for naturalized species richness. The expectation that the southern hemisphere is more invaded than the northern hemisphere was confirmed only for RRN on islands, but not for mainland regions nor for RRI. On average, islands have similar to 6-fold RRN, and >3-fold RRI compared to mainland regions. Eighty-two islands (=26 \% of all islands) harbour more naturalized alien than native plants. Our findings challenge the widely held expectation that socio-economic pressures are more relevant for plant naturalization than for invasive plants. To meet international biodiversity targets and halt the detrimental consequences of plant invasions, it is essential to disrupt the connection between socio-economic development and plant invasions by improving pathway management, early detection and rapid response.}, language = {en} } @article{vanKleunenEsslPergletal.2018, author = {van Kleunen, Mark and Essl, Franz and Pergl, Jan and Brundu, Giuseppe and Carboni, Marta and Dullinger, Stefan and Early, Regan and Gonzalez-Moreno, Pablo and Groom, Quentin J. M. and Hulme, Philip E. and Kueffer, Christoph and K{\"u}hn, Ingolf and Maguas, Cristina and Maurel, Noelie and Novoa, Ana and Parepa, Madalin and Pysek, Petr and Seebens, Hanno and Tanner, Rob and Touza, Julia and Verbrugge, Laura and Weber, Ewald and Dawson, Wayne and Kreft, Holger and Weigelt, Patrick and Winter, Marten and Klonner, Guenther and Talluto, Matthew V. and Dehnen-Schmutz, Katharina}, title = {The changing role of ornamental horticulture in alien plant invasions}, series = {Biological reviews}, volume = {93}, journal = {Biological reviews}, number = {3}, publisher = {Wiley}, address = {Hoboken}, issn = {1464-7931}, doi = {10.1111/brv.12402}, pages = {1421 -- 1437}, year = {2018}, abstract = {The number of alien plants escaping from cultivation into native ecosystems is increasing steadily. We provide an overview of the historical, contemporary and potential future roles of ornamental horticulture in plant invasions. We show that currently at least 75\% and 93\% of the global naturalised alien flora is grown in domestic and botanical gardens, respectively. Species grown in gardens also have a larger naturalised range than those that are not. After the Middle Ages, particularly in the 18th and 19th centuries, a global trade network in plants emerged. Since then, cultivated alien species also started to appear in the wild more frequently than non-cultivated aliens globally, particularly during the 19th century. Horticulture still plays a prominent role in current plant introduction, and the monetary value of live-plant imports in different parts of the world is steadily increasing. Historically, botanical gardens - an important component of horticulture - played a major role in displaying, cultivating and distributing new plant discoveries. While the role of botanical gardens in the horticultural supply chain has declined, they are still a significant link, with one-third of institutions involved in retail-plant sales and horticultural research. However, botanical gardens have also become more dependent on commercial nurseries as plant sources, particularly in North America. Plants selected for ornamental purposes are not a random selection of the global flora, and some of the plant characteristics promoted through horticulture, such as fast growth, also promote invasion. Efforts to breed non-invasive plant cultivars are still rare. Socio-economical, technological, and environmental changes will lead to novel patterns of plant introductions and invasion opportunities for the species that are already cultivated. We describe the role that horticulture could play in mediating these changes. We identify current research challenges, and call for more research efforts on the past and current role of horticulture in plant invasions. This is required to develop science-based regulatory frameworks to prevent further plant invasions.}, language = {en} }