@article{BondueScheithauer2014,
  author    = {Bond{\"u}, Rebecca and Scheithauer, Herbert},
  title     = {Leaking and death-threats by students: A study in German schools},
  series = {School psychology international},
  volume    = {35},
  journal   = {School psychology international},
  number    = {6},
  publisher = {Sage Publ.},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {0143-0343},
  doi       = {10.1177/0143034314552346},
  pages     = {592 -- 608},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Leaking comprises observable behavior or statements that signal intentions of committing a violent offense and is considered an important warning sign for school shootings. School staff who are confronted with leaking have to assess its seriousness and react appropriately - a difficult task, because knowledge about leaking is sparse. The present study, therefore, examined how frequently leaking occurs in schools and how teachers identify leaking and respond to it. To achieve this aim, we informed teachers from eight schools in Germany about the definition of leaking and other warning signs and risk factors for school shootings in a one-hour information session. Teachers were then asked to report cases of leaking over a six- to nine-month period and to answer a questionnaire on leaking and its treatment after the information session and six to nine months later. Our results suggest that leaking is a relevant problem in German schools. Teachers mostly rated the information session positively and benefited in several aspects (e.g. reported more perceived courses of action or improved knowledge about leaking), but also expressed a constant need for support. Our findings highlight teachers' needs for further support and training and may be used in the planning of prevention measures for school shootings.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{BondueScheithauer2014,
  author    = {Bond{\"u}, Rebecca and Scheithauer, Herbert},
  title     = {Leaking and death-threats by students},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {388},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-404121},
  pages     = {17},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Leaking comprises observable behavior or statements that signal intentions of committing a violent offense and is considered an important warning sign for school shootings. School staff who are confronted with leaking have to assess its seriousness and react appropriately - a difficult task, because knowledge about leaking is sparse. The present study, therefore, examined how frequently leaking occurs in schools and how teachers identify leaking and respond to it. To achieve this aim, we informed teachers from eight schools in Germany about the definition of leaking and other warning signs and risk factors for school shootings in a one-hour information session. Teachers were then asked to report cases of leaking over a six- to nine-month period and to answer a questionnaire on leaking and its treatment after the information session and six to nine months later. Our results suggest that leaking is a relevant problem in German schools. Teachers mostly rated the information session positively and benefited in several aspects (e.g. reported more perceived courses of action or improved knowledge about leaking), but also expressed a constant need for support. Our findings highlight teachers' needs for further support and training and may be used in the planning of prevention measures for school shootings.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BondueScheithauer2015,
  author    = {Bond{\"u}, Rebecca and Scheithauer, Herbert},
  title     = {Narcissistic Symptoms in German School Shooters},
  series = {International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology},
  volume    = {59},
  journal   = {International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology},
  number    = {14},
  publisher = {Sage Publ.},
  address   = {Thousand Oaks},
  issn      = {0306-624X},
  doi       = {10.1177/0306624X14544155},
  pages     = {1520 -- 1535},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {School shooters are often described as narcissistic, but empirical evidence is scant. To provide more reliable and detailed information, we conducted an exploratory study, analyzing police investigation files on seven school shootings in Germany, looking for symptoms of narcissistic personality disorder as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV) in witnesses' and offenders' reports and expert psychological evaluations. Three out of four offenders who had been treated for mental disorders prior to the offenses displayed detached symptoms of narcissism, but none was diagnosed with narcissistic personality disorder. Of the other three, two displayed narcissistic traits. In one case, the number of symptoms would have justified a diagnosis of narcissistic personality disorder. Offenders showed low and high self-esteem and a range of other mental disorders. Thus, narcissism is not a common characteristic of school shooters, but possibly more frequent than in the general population. This should be considered in developing adequate preventive and intervention measures.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{BondueScheithauer2016,
  author    = {Bond{\"u}, Rebecca and Scheithauer, Herbert},
  title     = {Narcissistic symptoms in German school shooters},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {392},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-404452},
  pages     = {16},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {School shooters are often described as narcissistic, but empirical evidence is scant. To provide more reliable and detailed information, we conducted an exploratory study, analyzing police investigation files on seven school shootings in Germany, looking for symptoms of narcissistic personality disorder as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV) in witnesses' and offenders' reports and expert psychological evaluations. Three out of four offenders who had been treated for mental disorders prior to the offenses displayed detached symptoms of narcissism, but none was diagnosed with narcissistic personality disorder. Of the other three, two displayed narcissistic traits. In one case, the number of symptoms would have justified a diagnosis of narcissistic personality disorder. Offenders showed low and high self-esteem and a range of other mental disorders. Thus, narcissism is not a common characteristic of school shooters, but possibly more frequent than in the general population. This should be considered in developing adequate preventive and intervention measures.},
  language  = {en}
}