@article{SchachnerGrossHasletal.2021,
  author    = {Schachner, Theresa and Gross, Christoph and Hasl, Andrea and Wangenheim, Florian von and Kowatsch, Tobias},
  title     = {Deliberative and paternalistic interaction styles for conversational agents in digital health},
  series = {Journal of medical internet research : international scientific journal for medical research, information and communication on the internet ; JMIR},
  volume    = {23},
  journal   = {Journal of medical internet research : international scientific journal for medical research, information and communication on the internet ; JMIR},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Healthcare World},
  address   = {Richmond, Va.},
  issn      = {1438-8871},
  doi       = {10.2196/22919},
  pages     = {13},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Background: Recent years have witnessed a constant increase in the number of people with chronic conditions requiring ongoing medical support in their everyday lives. However, global health systems are not adequately equipped for this extraordinarily time-consuming and cost-intensive development. Here, conversational agents (CAs) can offer easily scalable and ubiquitous support. Moreover, different aspects of CAs have not yet been sufficiently investigated to fully exploit their potential. One such trait is the interaction style between patients and CAs. In human-to-human settings, the interaction style is an imperative part of the interaction between patients and physicians. Patient-physician interaction is recognized as a critical success factor for patient satisfaction, treatment adherence, and subsequent treatment outcomes. However, so far, it remains effectively unknown how different interaction styles can be implemented into CA interactions and whether these styles are recognizable by users. Objective: The objective of this study was to develop an approach to reproducibly induce 2 specific interaction styles into CA-patient dialogs and subsequently test and validate them in a chronic health care context. Methods: On the basis of the Roter Interaction Analysis System and iterative evaluations by scientific experts and medical health care professionals, we identified 10 communication components that characterize the 2 developed interaction styles: deliberative and paternalistic interaction styles. These communication components were used to develop 2 CA variations, each representing one of the 2 interaction styles. We assessed them in a web-based between-subject experiment. The participants were asked to put themselves in the position of a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. These participants were randomly assigned to interact with one of the 2 CAs and subsequently asked to identify the respective interaction style. Chi-square test was used to assess the correct identification of the CA-patient interaction style. Results: A total of 88 individuals (42/88, 48\% female; mean age 31.5 years, SD 10.1 years) fulfilled the inclusion criteria and participated in the web-based experiment. The participants in both the paternalistic and deliberative conditions correctly identified the underlying interaction styles of the CAs in more than 80\% of the assessments (X-1(,8)8(2)=38.2; P<.001; phi coefficient r(phi)=0.68). The validation of the procedure was hence successful. Conclusions: We developed an approach that is tailored for a medical context to induce a paternalistic and deliberative interaction style into a written interaction between a patient and a CA. We successfully tested and validated the procedure in a web-based experiment involving 88 participants. Future research should implement and test this approach among actual patients with chronic diseases and compare the results in different medical conditions. This approach can further be used as a starting point to develop dynamic CAs that adapt their interaction styles to their users.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HofeditzMirbabaieOrtmann2023,
  author    = {Hofeditz, Lennart and Mirbabaie, Milad and Ortmann, Mara},
  title     = {Ethical challenges for human-agent interaction in virtual collaboration at work},
  series = {International journal of human computer interaction},
  journal   = {International journal of human computer interaction},
  publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
  address   = {New York, NY},
  issn      = {1044-7318},
  doi       = {10.1080/10447318.2023.2279400},
  pages     = {17},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {In virtual collaboration at the workplace, a growing number of teams apply supportive conversational agents (CAs). They take on different work-related tasks for teams and single users such as scheduling meetings or stimulating creativity. Previous research merely focused on these positive aspects of introducing CAs at the workplace, omitting ethical challenges faced by teams using these often artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled technologies. Thus, on the one hand, CAs can present themselves as benevolent teammates, but on the other hand, they can collect user data, reduce worker autonomy, or foster social isolation by their service. In this work, we conducted 15 expert interviews with senior researchers from the fields of ethics, collaboration, and computer science in order to derive ethical guidelines for introducing CAs in virtual team collaboration. We derived 14 guidelines and seven research questions to pave the way for future research on the dark sides of human-agent interaction in organizations.},
  language  = {en}
}