@article{KraheBerger2005, author = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Berger, Anja}, title = {Sex differences in relationship aggression among young adults in Germany}, issn = {0360-0025}, year = {2005}, abstract = {The study examined the prevalence of physical aggression in the relationships of young adults in Germany. A convenience sample of 248 women and 400 men aged between 17 and 29 years provided reports of physical aggression shown toward and experienced by a partner using the revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2). Sex differences were found for several physically aggressive behaviors measured by the CTS2, mostly for minor forms of physical aggression. All sex differences were in the direction of women scoring higher than men on the perpetration of aggressive acts, and men scoring higher than women on being the targets of partner aggression. The findings are discussed in the context of the current debate on sex differences in relationship aggression}, language = {en} } @article{KraheMoellerBergeretal.2011, author = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and M{\"o}ller, Ingrid and Berger, Anja and Felber, Juliane}, title = {Repression versus sensitization in response to media violence as predictors of cognitive avoidance and vigilance}, series = {Journal of personality}, volume = {79}, journal = {Journal of personality}, number = {1}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, address = {Malden}, issn = {0022-3506}, doi = {10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00674.x}, pages = {165 -- 190}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Repression and sensitization as situational modes of coping with anxiety were examined as predictors of trait measures of cognitive avoidance and vigilance. In this study, 303 undergraduates saw a violent film clip to elicit anxiety. Increases in skin conductance level (SCL) and state anxiety (STA) from baseline were measured to identify repressors (high SCL, low STA) and contrast them with sensitizers (low SCL, high STA) and genuinely low anxious individuals (low SCL, low STA). State anger was also recorded. Trait measures of vigilance and cognitive avoidance were collected 2 weeks earlier. Significant SCL x STA interactions indicated that repressors scored higher on cognitive avoidance and lower on vigilance compared to sensitizers and low anxious participants. Repressors were less likely than sensitizers to report gaze avoidance during the clip. The anger by SCL interaction was nonsignificant, suggesting that repressors and sensitizers differ specifically in the processing of anxiety rather than negative affect in general.}, language = {en} } @article{KraheBergerVanwesenbeecketal.2015, author = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Berger, Anja and Vanwesenbeeck, Ine and Bianchi, Gabriel and Chliaoutakis, Joannes and Fernandez-Fuertes, Andres A. and Fuertes, Antonio and de Matos, Margarida Gaspar and Hadjigeorgiou, Eleni and Haller, Birgitt and Hellemans, Sabine and Izdebski, Zbigniew and Kouta, Christiana and Meijnckens, Dwayne and Murauskiene, Liubove and Papadakaki, Maria and Ramiro, Lucia and Reis, Marta and Symons, Katrien and Tomaszewska, Paulina and Vicario-Molina, Isabel and Zygadlo, Andrzej}, title = {Prevalence and correlates of young people's sexual aggression perpetration and victimisation in 10 European countries: a multi-level analysis}, series = {Culture, health \& sexuality : a journal for research, intervention and care}, volume = {17}, journal = {Culture, health \& sexuality : a journal for research, intervention and care}, number = {6}, publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group}, address = {Abingdon}, issn = {1369-1058}, doi = {10.1080/13691058.2014.989265}, pages = {682 -- 699}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Data are presented on young people's sexual victimisation and perpetration from 10 European countries (Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Greece, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia and Spain) using a shared measurement tool (N = 3480 participants, aged between 18 and 27 years). Between 19.7 and 52.2\% of female and between 10.1 and 55.8\% of male respondents reported having experienced at least one incident of sexual victimisation since the age of consent. In two countries, victimisation rates were significantly higher for men than for women. Between 5.5 and 48.7\% of male and 2.6 and 14.8\% of female participants reported having engaged in a least one act of sexual aggression perpetration, with higher rates for men than for women in all countries. Victimisation rates correlated negatively with sexual assertiveness and positively with alcohol use in sexual encounters. Perpetration rates correlated positively with attitudes condoning physical dating violence and with alcohol use in men, and negatively with sexual assertiveness in women. At the country level, lower gender equality in economic power and in the work domain was related to higher male perpetration rates. Lower gender equality in political power and higher sexual assertiveness in women relative to men were linked to higher male victimisation rates.}, language = {en} } @article{KraheBerger2021, author = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Berger, Anja}, title = {Pathways from college students' cognitive scripts for consensual sex to sexual victimization}, series = {The journal of sex research : the publication of the Society for the Scientific Study of Sex}, volume = {58}, journal = {The journal of sex research : the publication of the Society for the Scientific Study of Sex}, number = {9}, publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group}, address = {New York}, issn = {0022-4499}, doi = {10.1080/00224499.2021.1972922}, pages = {1130 -- 1139}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Sexual scripts serve as cognitive representations of typical elements of sexual interactions that guide sexual behavior. To the extent that cognitive scripts for consensual sex comprise elements associated with a risk of experiencing nonconsensual sex, they may be indirectly linked to sexual victimization via risky sexual behavior. A longitudinal study with 2,425 college students in Germany (58\% female) examined pathways from sexual scripts for consensual sex, sexual behavior, and sexual victimization over three data waves separated by 12-month intervals. Sexual scripts and behavior were defined as risky to the extent that they include known vulnerability factors for sexual victimization (casual sex, alcohol consumption, ambiguous communication of sexual intentions). Path analyses confirmed that more risky sexual scripts prospectively predicted more risky sexual behavior, which predicted higher odds of sexual victimization. The findings held for men and women and participants with exclusively opposite-sex and both same- and opposite-sex contacts. Moreover, reciprocal influences between risky scripts and risky sexual behavior were found over time, confirming the proposed mutual reinforcement of scripts and behavior. The findings have implications for conceptualizing the role of scripts for consensual sex as vulnerability factors for sexual victimization among women and men and may inform intervention efforts.}, language = {en} } @article{BergerKrahe2013, author = {Berger, Anja and Krah{\´e}, Barbara}, title = {Negative attributes are gendered too - conceptualizing and measuring positive and negative facets of sex-role identity}, series = {European journal of social psychology}, volume = {43}, journal = {European journal of social psychology}, number = {6}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, address = {Hoboken}, issn = {0046-2772}, doi = {10.1002/ejsp.1970}, pages = {516 -- 531}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Measures of gender identity have almost exclusively relied on positive aspects of masculinity and femininity, although conceptually the self-concept is not limited to positive attributes. A theoretical argument is made for considering negative attributes of gender identity, followed by five studies developing the Positive-Negative Sex-Role Inventory (PN-SRI) as a new measure of gender identity. Study 1 demonstrated that many of the attributes of a German version of the Bem Sex-Role Inventory are no longer considered to differ in desirability for men and women. For the PN-SRI, Study 2 elicited attributes characterizing men and women in today's society, for which ratings of typicality and desirability as well as self-ratings by men and women were obtained in Study 3. Study 4 examined the reliability and factorial structure of the four subscales of positive and negative masculinity and femininity and demonstrated the construct and discriminant validity of the PN-SRI by showing that the negative masculinity and femininity scales were unique predictors of select validation constructs. Study 5 showed that the new instrument explained variance in the validation constructs beyond earlier measures of gender identity. Key message: Even in the construction of negative aspects of gender identity, individuals prefer gender-congruent attributes. Negative masculinity and femininity make a unique contribution to understanding gender-related differences in psychological outcome variables.}, language = {en} } @article{KraheBerger2013, author = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Berger, Anja}, title = {Men and women as perpetrators and victims of sexual aggression in heterosexual and same-sex encounters : a study of first-year college students in Germany}, series = {Aggressive behavior : a multidisciplinary journal devoted to the experimental and observational analysis of conflict in humans and animals}, volume = {39}, journal = {Aggressive behavior : a multidisciplinary journal devoted to the experimental and observational analysis of conflict in humans and animals}, number = {5}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, address = {Hoboken}, issn = {0096-140X}, doi = {10.1002/ab.21482}, pages = {391 -- 404}, year = {2013}, abstract = {This study examined the prevalence of sexual aggression and victimization in a large convenience sample of N=2,149 first-year college students from different universities in Germany. Participants were asked about both victimization by, and perpetration of, sexual aggression since the age of 14. Both same-sex and heterosexual victim-perpetrator constellations were examined. Prevalence rates were established for different victim-perpetrator relationships (partners, acquaintances, strangers) and for incidents involving alcohol consumption by one or both partners. The overall perpetration rate was 13.2\%, for men and 7.6\% for women. The overall victimization rate was 35.9\% for women and 19.4\% for men. A disparity between victimization and perpetration reports was found for both men and women. Perpetration and victimization rates were highest among participants who had sexual contacts with both opposite-sex and same-sex partners. Sexual aggression and victimization rates were higher between current or former partners and acquaintances than between strangers. Alcohol consumption by one or both partners was involved in almost 75\% of all victimization and almost 70\% of all perpetration incidents. The findings portray a comprehensive picture of the scale of sexual aggression and victimization in college students with different sexual lifestyles.}, language = {en} } @article{KraheBerger2017, author = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Berger, Anja}, title = {Longitudinal pathways of sexual victimization, sexual self-esteem, and depression in women and men}, series = {Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy}, volume = {9}, journal = {Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy}, number = {2}, publisher = {American Psychological Association}, address = {Washington}, issn = {1942-9681}, doi = {10.1037/tra0000198}, pages = {147 -- 155}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Objective: This article presents a longitudinal analysis of the links between sexual assault victimization, depression, and sexual self-esteem by examining their cross-lagged paths among both men and women. Method: Male and female college students (N = 2,425) in Germany participated in the study that comprised 3 data waves in their first, second, and third year of university, separated by 12-month intervals. Sexual assault victimization was assessed at Time 1 (T1) since the age of 14 and at Time 2 (T2) and Time 3 (T3) for the last 12 months. Depression and sexual self-esteem were measured at each wave. Results: Random-intercept cross-lagged panel analyses, controlling for individual differences in depression and sexual self-esteem, showed that sexual assault at T1 predicted depression and lower sexual self-esteem at T2, and depression and lower self-esteem at T2 predicted sexual assault victimization at T3. In addition, significant paths were found from T1 depression to T2 sexual assault victimization and from T2 sexual assault victimization to depression at T3. Sexual victimization at T1 was indirectly linked to sexual victimization at T3 via depression at T2. Both depression and sexual self-esteem at T1 were indirectly linked to sexual victimization at T3. The paths did not differ significantly between men and women. Conclusion: Sexual assault victimization was shown to be a risk factor for both depression as a general mental health indicator and lowered sexual self-esteem as a specific outcome in the domain of sexuality. Moreover, depression and sexual self-esteem increased the vulnerability for sexual assault victimization, which has implications for prevention and intervention efforts. This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers. This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly.}, language = {en} } @article{WendlandBergerRheinberg2003, author = {Wendland, Mirko and Berger, Anja and Rheinberg, Falko}, title = {Flow-Erleben und Leistung in einem Onlinespiel}, isbn = {3-89967-035-3}, year = {2003}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Berger2010, author = {Berger, Anja}, title = {Entwicklung und Validierung eines Inventars zur Erfassung positiver und negativer Attribute des Geschlechtsrollenselbstkonzepts}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-51215}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Das Geschlechtsrollenselbstkonzept, das sich im Laufe der Sozialisation in Auseinandersetzung mit den vorherrschenden Vorstellungen der umgebenden Kultur entwickelt, steht in Beziehung zu Affekten, Kognitionen und Verhaltensweisen in einer Vielzahl von Bereichen. Bisherige GSK-Instrumente messen jedoch nahezu ausschließlich den positiven Aspekt von Maskulinit{\"a}t und Femininit{\"a}t. Die Definition des allgemeinen Selbstkonzepts gibt diese Limitierung auf positive Valenz nicht vor, und aus gesundheitspsychologischer Sicht sowie der Gruppenforschung ist die Bedeutung negativer Eigenschaften zur Selbstbeschreibung bekannt. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurden sieben aufeinander aufbauende Studien durchgef{\"u}hrt mit dem Ziel ein neues Instrument zu entwickeln, deren Items zum einen kulturell aktuellen Eigenschaften zur Selbstbeschreibung entsprechen und zum anderen die Valenzunterschiede dieser Merkmalsbeschreibungen ber{\"u}cksichtigen. Nach einer kritischen empirischen {\"U}berpr{\"u}fung des deutschen BSRI, um Schw{\"a}chen der Items ausschließlich positiver Valenz aufzudecken, wurde eine neue Skala entwickelt, die von Beginn an auch negative Selbstbeschreibungen ber{\"u}cksichtigte um der Komplexit{\"a}t des geschlechtlichen Selbst gerecht zu werden. Aufgrund der Einsch{\"a}tzungen zur Typizit{\"a}t und sozialen Erw{\"u}nschtheit sowie mit ersten Resultaten aus der Selbstbeschreibung wurde die Auswahl der Items f{\"u}r die Teilskalen vorgenommen. In zwei weiteren Studien wurden schließlich die vier neu entwickelten Teilskalen des neuen GSK-Inventars einer Validierung unterzogen. Jeder der Teilskalen wurden theoriegeleitet spezifische Konstrukte zugeordnet und es konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass alle Teilskalen ihren eigenen Beitrag zur Vorhersage psychologischer Konzepte leisten k{\"o}nnen. So standen beispielsweise die negativen maskulinen Eigenschaften in engerer Beziehung zu Aggressivit{\"a}t und machtbezogenen Werten als die positiven Aspekte der Maskulinit{\"a}t. Als Ergebnis dieser Entwicklung stehen am Ende vier kurze, unabh{\"a}ngige, reliable Teilskalen, die positive als auch negative Aspekte von Maskulinit{\"a}t und Femininit{\"a}t abbilden und mittels sehr unterschiedlicher psychologischer Erlebens- und Verhaltenskonstrukte validiert wurden, die die Unabh{\"a}ngigkeit der Skalen belegen und diese f{\"u}r einen Einsatz in der Forschung empfehlen. Die Einf{\"u}hrung einer individuellen Wertkomponente im Zuge der Selbstbeschreibung, angelehnt an das bekannte Erwartungs-mal-Wert Modell der Motivations- und Einstellungsforschung, und die daraus m{\"o}gliche multiplikative Verkn{\"u}pfung von Selbsteinsch{\"a}tzung und pers{\"o}nlicher Wichtigkeit der Eigenschaften konnten den Aufkl{\"a}rungswert in Bezug auf unterschiedliche Validierungskonstrukte dagegen nicht verbessern und wurden daher nicht ins das Instrument integriert.}, language = {de} } @article{KraheBergerMoeller2007, author = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Berger, Anja and Moeller, Ingrid}, title = {Entwicklung und Validierung eines Inventars zur Erfassung des Geschlechtsrollenselbstkonzepts im Jugendalter}, year = {2007}, language = {de} }