@article{ZieglerEhrlenspielBrand2009,
  author    = {Ziegler, Matthias and Ehrlenspiel, Felix and Brand, Ralf},
  title     = {Latent state-trait theory : an application in sport psychology},
  issn      = {1469-0292},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.psychsport.2008.12.004},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Objective: Questionnaires are often applied in sports psychology to measure a person's trait or state. However, the extent to which the questionnaire captures differences because of trait or state influences is often unclear. The latent state-trait (LST) theory offers the opportunity to separate both variance sources. This separation allows estimating specific reliability coefficients. Design: The present paper gives a theoretical introduction to LST and its basic ideas. Using a real data set with N = 156 athletes we exemplify the steps necessary to derive the LST coefficients. All athletes filled out a comprehensive inventory assessing competitive anxiety on two occasions. Method: The data are analysed with structural equation models based on LST principles. Results: The results confirm the questionnaire's trait saturation. Conclusion: Finally, results are discussed in light of practical and theoretical implications.},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{WenholdMeierBeckmannetal.2008,
  author    = {Wenhold, Franziska and Meier, Caroline and Beckmann, J{\"u}rgen and Elbe, Anne-Marie and Ehrlenspiel, Felix},
  title     = {Sportpsychologische Eingangsdiagnostik - sportbezogene Motivation},
  isbn      = {978-3-86884-480-1},
  year      = {2008},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{WenholdBeckmannElbeetal.2008,
  author    = {Wenhold, Franziska and Beckmann, J{\"u}rgen and Elbe, Anne-Marie and Ehrlenspiel, Felix},
  title     = {Testing achievement motivation and volition in sport},
  year      = {2008},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{StrahlerEhrlenspielHeeneetal.2010,
  author    = {Strahler, Katharina and Ehrlenspiel, Felix and Heene, Moritz and Brand, Ralf},
  title     = {Competitive anxiety and cortisol awakening response in the week leading up to a competition},
  issn      = {1469-0292},
  year      = {2010},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{StrahlerEhrlenspielHeeneetal.2010,
  author    = {Strahler, Katharina and Ehrlenspiel, Felix and Heene, Moritz and Brand, Ralf},
  title     = {Competitive anxiety and cortisol awakening response in the week leading up to a competition},
  issn      = {1469-0292},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.10.003},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Objectives: This study investigated the psychological as well as neuroendocrine stress response across one week before an important sport competition, introducing the cortisol awakening response (CAR) to sport psychological research. Methods: On three days in the week before the German Nationals, martial artists (N = 17) reported their competitive state anxiety and collected five samples of salivary cortisol during the first hour after awakening. Results: Hierarchic-linear models and multiple regressions were conducted. Despite a significant rise in "somatic anxiety" (p < .05), the increment of CAR across the week remained non-significant. A moderator function of competitive anxiety on the released amount of cortisol in the morning was not found significant. Results did not show any significant regression of changes in the neuroendocrine response on changes in state anxiety. Conclusion: Non- significant increments of CAR with a closer proximity to the competition may be interpreted as a possible habituation of basal hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal activity. Moreover, athletes appear to have a lower CAR than found in norm studies, which points to further investigation of interindividual and situational effects on the temporal pattern of the neuroendocrine response to sport competitions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HossnerHegeleErlacheretal.2006,
  author    = {Hossner, Ernst-Joachim and Hegele, Matthias C. and Erlacher, Daniel and Ehrlenspiel, Felix},
  title     = {Dimensions of distality : Spatial, temporal, and perceptual features of attentional control},
  issn      = {0895-2779},
  year      = {2006},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HossnerEhrlenspiel2006,
  author    = {Hossner, Ernst-Joachim and Ehrlenspiel, Felix},
  title     = {Paralysis by analysis and nodal-point motor control},
  issn      = {0895-2779},
  year      = {2006},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{EhrlenspielSternad2006,
  author    = {Ehrlenspiel, Felix and Sternad, D},
  title     = {Not a joke : no choking under pressure in a ball bouncing task},
  issn      = {0895-2779},
  year      = {2006},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{EhrlenspielLieskeRuebner2004,
  author    = {Ehrlenspiel, Felix and Lieske, Jascha and R{\"u}bner, Anne},
  title     = {Interaction between preferences for and instructions for a focus of attention in billiards},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {The present study evaluated the interaction between preference for a focus of attention and instructions for focusing attention. N = 42 experienced billiard players had to shoot a billiard ball into a target area and received a focus instruction either corresponding or opposite to their preferred focus of attention. Two-dimensional error scores of accuracy and consistency were obtained. Accuracy of performance increased between the first test phase without instructions and the second test phase with focus instructions, independent of preference or instruction. However, participants with a preference for an external focus receiving an internal focus instruction showed less consistent performance.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{EhrlenspielGrafKuehnetal.2011,
  author    = {Ehrlenspiel, Felix and Graf, Karla and K{\"u}hn, Christian and Brand, Ralf},
  title     = {Stability and variability of competitive anxiety},
  series = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Sportpsychologie},
  volume    = {18},
  journal   = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Sportpsychologie},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Hogrefe},
  address   = {G{\"o}ttingen},
  issn      = {1612-5010},
  doi       = {10.1026/1612-5010/a000034},
  pages     = {31 -- 43},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Spielberger's (1972) Trait-State-Anxiety theory distinguishes between anxiety as a trait (A-trait) - involving a stable characteristic of a person to react with anxiety in response to varying situations and anxiety as a state (A-state), a situation-dependent reaction to a stimulus perceived as threatening. Using a general instead of a sport-specific measure, a previous study provided only mixed support for core predictions of the theory as related to sports (Schwenkmezger, 1985). With the aid of enhanced instruments and statistical methods, we tested these predictions again. The multidimensional and competition-specific assessment of anxiety results in support for the assumption of a stable A-trait and a fluctuating A-state, whereby the A-trait not only predicts the intensity of A-states but also the A-state variability. The repeated assessment of A-states prior to two competitions reveals a rather low relative consistency (i.e., interindividual differences across measurements were only moderately stable). Especially this latter finding suggests that, in order to gain a full understanding of the experience of competitive anxiety in athletes, sport psychologists should not only assess competitive A-traits, but also repeatedly measure competitive A-states.},
  language  = {de}
}