@article{KopinskiEngelCasseletal.2015,
  author    = {Kopinski, Stephan and Engel, Tilman and Cassel, Michael and Fr{\"o}hlich, Katja and Mayer, Frank and Carlsohn, Anja},
  title     = {Ultrasound Applied to Subcutaneous Fat Tissue Measurements in International Elite Canoeists},
  series = {International journal of sports medicine},
  volume    = {36},
  journal   = {International journal of sports medicine},
  number    = {14},
  publisher = {Thieme},
  address   = {Stuttgart},
  issn      = {0172-4622},
  doi       = {10.1055/s-0035-1555857},
  pages     = {1134 -- 1141},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) measurements with ultrasound have recently been introduced to assess body fat in elite athletes. However, appropriate protocols and data on various groups of athletes are missing. We investigated intra-rater reliability of SAT measurements using ultrasound in elite canoe athletes. 25 international level canoeists (18 male, 7 female; 23 +/- 4 years; 81 +/- 11 kg; 1.83 +/- 0.09 m; 20 +/- 3 training h/wk) were measured on 2 consecutive days. SAT was assessed with B-mode ultrasound at 8 sites (ISAK): triceps, subscapular, biceps, iliac crest, supraspinal, abdominal, front thigh, medial calf, and quantified using image analysis software. Data was analyzed descriptively (mean +/- SD, [range]). Coefficient of variation (CV \%), intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC, 2.1) and absolute (LoA) and ratio limits of agreement (RLoA) were calculated for day-to-day reliability. Mean sum of SAT thickness was 30.0 +/- 19.4 mm [8.0, 80.1 mm], with 3.9 +/- 1.8 mm [1.2 mm subscapular, 8.0 mm abdominal] for individual sites. CV for the sum of sites was 4.7 \%, ICC 0.99, LoA 1.7 +/- 3.6 mm, RLoA 0.940 (*/divided by 1.155). Measuring SAT with ultrasound has proved to have excellent day-to-day reliability in elite canoe athletes. Recommendations for standardization of the method will further increase accuracy and reproducibility.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{RebekkaMummReimannScheffler2021,
  author    = {Rebekka Mumm, and Reimann, Anna and Scheffler, Christiane},
  title     = {Estimation of percentage of body fat in field studies - a method based on relative elbow breadth (Frame Index) and BMI},
  series = {Human Biology and Public Health},
  volume    = {2021},
  journal   = {Human Biology and Public Health},
  number    = {1},
  editor    = {Scheffler, Christiane and Koziel, Slawomir and Hermanussen, Michael and Bogin, Barry},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {2748-9957},
  doi       = {10.52905/hbph.v1.3},
  pages     = {1 -- 12},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Background Over the last 20 years, a decreasing trend in external skeletal robusticity and an increasing trend in overweight and obesity was observed worldwide in adults and children as modern lifestyles in nutritional and activity behavior have changed. However, body mass index (BMI) as a measure for overweight is not an ideal predictor of \% body fat (\%BF) either in children and adolescents or in adults. On the contrary, it disguises a phenomenon called "hidden obesity". Objectives We aim to approximate \%BF by combining skeletal robusticity and BMI and develop an estimation-based tool to identify normal weight obese children and adolescents. Sample and Methods We analyzed cross-sectional data on height, weight, elbow breadth, and skinfold thickness (triceps and subscapular) of German children aged 6 to 18 years (N=15,034). We used modified Hattori charts and multiple linear regression to develop a tool, the "\%BF estimator", to estimate \%BF by using BMI and skeletal robusticity measured as Frame Index. Results Independent of sex and age an increase in BMI is associated with an increase in \%BF, an increase in Frame Index is associated with a decrease in \%BF. The developed tool "\%BF estimator" allows the estimation of \%BF per sex and age group after calculation of BMI and Frame Index. Conclusion The "\%BF estimator" is an easily applicable tool for the estimation of \%BF in respect of body composition for clinical practice, screening, and public health research. It is non-invasive and has high accuracy. Further, it allows the identification of normal weight obese children and adolescents.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Scheffler2011,
  author    = {Scheffler, Christiane},
  title     = {The change of skeletal robustness of 6-12 years old children in Brandenburg (Germany) - Comparison of body composition 1999-2009},
  series = {Journal of biological and clinical anthropology : Anthropologischer Anzeiger ; Mitteilungsorgan der Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Anthropologie},
  volume    = {68},
  journal   = {Journal of biological and clinical anthropology : Anthropologischer Anzeiger ; Mitteilungsorgan der Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Anthropologie},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Schweizerbart},
  address   = {Stuttgart},
  issn      = {0003-5548},
  doi       = {10.1127/0003-5548/2011/0095},
  pages     = {153 -- 165},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Overweight as a global problem is a challenge to the health systems today and in the future. Detailed information about the development of body composition in children can help to design preventive measures to stop this trend. In the present study 1397 German children aged 6-12 complete years were investigated with anthropometric methods (i.e. height, weight, BMI, skeleton robustness, and percentage of body fat) in 2008/09. The results were compared with a 10 years old identical study. Today, the investigated children are a little bit smaller and the range of BMI and percentage of body fat is increasing. The large decrease of the skeletal robustness especially in the 10(th) and 3(rd) percentile is important. Decrease of physical activity as the most important reason for shrinking skeletal robustness is discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}