@article{PilzIskenFlemingetal.2021,
  author    = {Pilz, Marco and Isken, Marius Paul and Fleming, Kevin and Orunbaev, Sagynbek and Moldobekov, Bolot},
  title     = {Long- and short-term monitoring of a dam in response to seasonal changes and ground motion loading},
  series = {Pure and applied geophysics : PAGEOPH ; continuation of Geofisica pura e applicata},
  volume    = {178},
  journal   = {Pure and applied geophysics : PAGEOPH ; continuation of Geofisica pura e applicata},
  number    = {10},
  publisher = {Birkh{\"a}user},
  address   = {Basel},
  issn      = {0033-4553},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00024-021-02861-5},
  pages     = {4001 -- 4020},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {An experimental multi-parameter structural monitoring system has been installed on the Kurpsai dam, western Kyrgyz Republic. This system consists of equipment for seismic and strain measurements for making longer- (days, weeks, months) and shorter- (minutes, hours) term observations, dealing with, for example seasonal (longer) effects or the response of the dam to ground motion from noise or seismic events. Fibre-optic strain sensors allow the seasonal and daily opening and closing of the spaces between the dam's segments to be tracked. For the seismic data, both amplitude (in terms of using differences in amplitudes in the Fourier spectra for mapping the modes of vibration of the dam) and their time-frequency distribution for a set of small to moderate seismic events are investigated and the corresponding phase variabilities (in terms of lagged coherency) are evaluated. Even for moderate levels of seismic-induced ground motion, some influence on the structural response can be detected, which then sees the dam quickly return to its original state. A seasonal component was identified in the strain measurements, while levels of noise arising from the operation of the dam's generators and associated water flow have been provisionally identified.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RoulSchinnerKassner2011,
  author    = {Roul, Pradip and Schinner, Alexander and Kassner, Klaus},
  title     = {Simulation of the strain distribution under a two-dimensional sand pile},
  series = {Powder technology : an international journal on the science and technology of wet and dry particulate systems},
  volume    = {214},
  journal   = {Powder technology : an international journal on the science and technology of wet and dry particulate systems},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Lausanne},
  issn      = {0032-5910},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.powtec.2011.08.039},
  pages     = {406 -- 414},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {We study the averaged macroscopic strain tensor for a sand pile consisting of soft convex polygonal particles numerically, using the discrete-element method (DEM). First, we construct two types of "sand piles" by two different pouring protocols. Afterwards, we deform the sand piles, relaxing them under a 10\% reduction of gravity. Four different types of methods, three best-fit strains and a derivative strain, are adopted for determining the strain distribution under a sand pile. The results of four different versions of strains obtained from DEM simulation are compared with each other. Moreover, we compare the vertical normal strain tensor between two types of sand piles qualitatively and show how the construction history of the piles affects their strain distribution.},
  language  = {en}
}