@misc{Heinken2008,
  author    = {Heinken, Thilo},
  title     = {Die nat{\"u}rlichen Kiefernstandorte Deutschlands und ihre Gef{\"a}hrdung},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-46506},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {Nat{\"u}rliche Standorte der Waldkiefer gibt es in Deutschland nur kleinfl{\"a}chig. W{\"a}hrend Kiefernforste anstelle nat{\"u}rlicher Laubw{\"a}lder heute oft landschaftspr{\"a}gend sind, bildet die konkurrenzschwache und lichtbed{\"u}rftige Kiefer ausschließlich auf extrem trockenen oder nassen, n{\"a}hrstoffarmen Standorten naturnahe Schlusswaldgesellschaften. Regionale Schwerpunkte liegen in subkontinentalen Regionen wie dem nordostdeutschen Tiefland und Bayern, ein „nat{\"u}rliches Kiefernareal" l{\"a}sst sich aber kaum abgrenzen. An der Trockengrenze des Waldes finden sich auf Kalk- und Dolomitgesteinen artenreiche Karbonat-Trockenkiefernw{\"a}lder mit Elementen der alpinen Rasen und Kalkmagerrasen in der Bodenvegetation. Diese W{\"a}lder besiedeln steile, s{\"u}dexponierte Felsen und morphodynamisch aktive Bereiche wie Rutschh{\"a}nge und FlussSchotterb{\"o}den im Umkreis der Alpen, kommen aber auch in den Mittelgebirgen vor. Ihr Gegenst{\"u}ck auf sauren Standorten sind die Sand- und Silikat-Kiefernw{\"a}lder der Quarzsande und Sandstein-Verwitterungsb{\"o}den, deren Bodenvegetation durch Zwergstr{\"a}ucher, Moose und Strauchflechten gepr{\"a}gt ist. Hier siedelt die Kiefer in den Tieflagen besonders auf Binnend{\"u}nen und Sandern, aber auch auf K{\"u}stend{\"u}nen der Ostsee, in den Mittelgebirgen z. B. auf den Sandsteinriffen der S{\"a}chsischen Schweiz. Der dritte Wuchsbereich nat{\"u}rlicher Kiefernw{\"a}lder sind saure, n{\"a}hrstoffarme Moore, die ganz {\"u}berwiegend von Regenwasser gespeist werden. Auch die Kiefern-Moorw{\"a}lder sind in Nordostdeutschland und Bayern am h{\"a}ufigsten. Von diesen Standorten ausgehend, wo ihr Platz kaum von anderen Baumarten streitig gemacht wird, tritt die Waldkiefer immer wieder als Pionier auf weniger extremen Standorten auf. In der Naturlandschaft kam dies etwa nach Waldbr{\"a}nden oder St{\"u}rmen vor, doch der Mensch f{\"o}rderte die Kiefer durch Auflichtung der W{\"a}lder, Waldweide und Streunutzung stark. Auch die damit verbundene N{\"a}hrstoffverarmung macht eine exakte Abgrenzung nat{\"u}rlicher Kiefernstandorte unm{\"o}glich. Die schlechtw{\"u}chsigen und forstwirtschaftlich nicht interessanten, {\"a}sthetisch aber sehr ansprechenden nat{\"u}rlichen Kiefernbest{\"a}nde sind heute vor allem durch Stickstoff-Immissionen gef{\"a}hrdet. Trotz ihrer oft kargen Erscheinung besitzen sie einen hohen Wert f{\"u}r die Biodiversit{\"a}t und den Artenschutz. Neben bodenbewohnenden Flechten und regionalen Relikt-Endemiten ist vor allem die in den letzten Jahrzehnten zunehmend gef{\"a}hrdete Vielfalt an Mykorrhiza-Pilzen hervorzuheben, die der Kiefer das Leben auf extrem n{\"a}hrstoffarmen Standorten {\"u}berhaupt erm{\"o}glichen. Abschließend werden m{\"o}gliche Schutz- bzw. Regenerationsmaßnahmen wie das Abplaggen flechtenreicher Kiefernstandorte vorgestellt.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{StieglervonHoermannMuelleretal.2020,
  author    = {Stiegler, Jonas and von Hoermann, Christian and M{\"u}ller, J{\"o}rg and Benbow, Mark Eric and Heurich, Marco},
  title     = {Carcass provisioning for scavenger conservation in a temperate forest ecosystem},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {955},
  issn      = {1866-8372},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-47109},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-471099},
  pages     = {15},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Carrion plays an essential role in shaping the structure and functioning of ecosystems and has far-reaching implications for biodiversity conservation. The change in availability and type of carcasses throughout ecosystems can involve negative effects for scavenging communities. To address this issue, there have been recent conservation management measures of carrion provision in natural systems. However, the optimal conditions under which exposing carcasses to optimize conservation outcomes are still limited. Here, we used camera traps throughout elevational and vegetational gradients to monitor the consumption of 48 deer carcasses over a study period of six years by evaluating 270,279 photographs resulting out of 15,373 trap nights. We detected 17 species visiting carcass deployments, including five endangered species. Our results show that large carcasses, the winter season, and a heterogeneous surrounding habitat enhanced the frequency of carcass visits and the species richness of scavenger assemblages. Contrary to our expectations, carcass species, condition (fresh/frozen), and provision schedule (continuous vs single exposure) did not influence scavenging frequency or diversity. The carcass visitation frequency increased with carcass mass and lower temperatures. The effect of large carcasses was especially pronounced for mesopredators and the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx ). Lynx were not too influenced in its carrion acquisition by the season, but exclusively preferred remote habitats containing higher forest cover. Birds of prey, mesopredators, and top predators were also positively influenced by the visiting rate of ravens (Corvus corax ), whereas no biotic or abiotic preferences were found for wild boars (Sus scrofa ). This study provides evidence that any ungulate species of carrion, either in a fresh or in previously frozen condition, attracts a high diversity of scavengers especially during winter, thereby supporting earlier work that carcass provisions may support scavenger communities and endangered species.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{StieglervonHoermannMuelleretal.2020,
  author    = {Stiegler, Jonas and von Hoermann, Christian and M{\"u}ller, J{\"o}rg and Benbow, Mark Eric and Heurich, Marco},
  title     = {Carcass provisioning for scavenger conservation in a temperate forest ecosystem},
  series = {Ecosphere},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Ecosphere},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {ESA},
  address   = {Ithaca, NY},
  issn      = {2150-8925},
  doi       = {10.1002/ecs2.3063},
  pages     = {13},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Carrion plays an essential role in shaping the structure and functioning of ecosystems and has far-reaching implications for biodiversity conservation. The change in availability and type of carcasses throughout ecosystems can involve negative effects for scavenging communities. To address this issue, there have been recent conservation management measures of carrion provision in natural systems. However, the optimal conditions under which exposing carcasses to optimize conservation outcomes are still limited. Here, we used camera traps throughout elevational and vegetational gradients to monitor the consumption of 48 deer carcasses over a study period of six years by evaluating 270,279 photographs resulting out of 15,373 trap nights. We detected 17 species visiting carcass deployments, including five endangered species. Our results show that large carcasses, the winter season, and a heterogeneous surrounding habitat enhanced the frequency of carcass visits and the species richness of scavenger assemblages. Contrary to our expectations, carcass species, condition (fresh/frozen), and provision schedule (continuous vs single exposure) did not influence scavenging frequency or diversity. The carcass visitation frequency increased with carcass mass and lower temperatures. The effect of large carcasses was especially pronounced for mesopredators and the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx ). Lynx were not too influenced in its carrion acquisition by the season, but exclusively preferred remote habitats containing higher forest cover. Birds of prey, mesopredators, and top predators were also positively influenced by the visiting rate of ravens (Corvus corax ), whereas no biotic or abiotic preferences were found for wild boars (Sus scrofa ). This study provides evidence that any ungulate species of carrion, either in a fresh or in previously frozen condition, attracts a high diversity of scavengers especially during winter, thereby supporting earlier work that carcass provisions may support scavenger communities and endangered species.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WendeWojtkiewiczMarschalletal.2012,
  author    = {Wende, Wolfgang and Wojtkiewicz, Wera and Marschall, Ilke and Heiland, Stefan and Lipp, Torsten and Reinke, Markus and Schaal, Peter and Schmidt, Catrin},
  title     = {Putting the plan into practice implementation of proposals for measures of local landscape plans},
  series = {Landscape research},
  volume    = {37},
  journal   = {Landscape research},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group},
  address   = {Abingdon},
  issn      = {0142-6397},
  doi       = {10.1080/01426397.2011.592575},
  pages     = {483 -- 500},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {The knowledge of the effectiveness of local landscape planning in Germany is in the main limited to particular cases and derives mostly from qualitative single case studies. This applies especially to the implementation of measures defined by landscape plans. To fill that gap, the paper focuses on the implementation of those measures. Furthermore, it discusses the factors and framework conditions which are crucial for this implementation. The potential factors and conditions of influence were derived from theory and compiled in 20 investigation hypotheses. In order to gain information on the execution of the measures, 28 randomly selected plans were first analysed, then interviews were carried out with administration representatives. It can be stated that landscape planning has positively influenced the development of nature and landscape in the investigated municipalities. A considerable number of measures had been implemented, although landscape planning as a supply-side instrument proposes generally a very large number of measures. Factors with a positive effect on the implementation of landscape planning measures are pointed out.},
  language  = {en}
}