@article{RabbiShantKarmakaretal.2021,
  author    = {Rabbi, Sifat E. and Shant, Reza and Karmakar, Sourav and Habib, Azhar and Kropp, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {Regional mapping of climate variability index and identifying},
  series = {Environment, development and sustainability : a multidisciplinary approach to the theory and practice of sustainable development},
  volume    = {23},
  journal   = {Environment, development and sustainability : a multidisciplinary approach to the theory and practice of sustainable development},
  number    = {7},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Dordrecht},
  issn      = {1387-585X},
  doi       = {10.1007/s10668-020-01104-2},
  pages     = {11050 -- 11066},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Studies conducted in Bangladesh so far did not unequivocally identify the modus operandi of local farmers to perceive and experience the climate variability at a national scale. Hence, this study aims to decipher local farmer's perception on climate variability for the last 10 years, by constructing climate variability index (CVI). Additionally, this study demystified the socio-economic determinants for influencing farmer perception regarding climate variability as well as its impact on their livelihoods. The study was designed on a cross-sectional data through a country-wide primary survey of 16,053 households who were largely dependent on agriculture. A weighted index was constructed for mapping the regional climate variability using model-builder programming in ArcGIS. Also, a multivariable probit model was employed to identify the factors influencing farmers' perception and resulting impact of climate variability on their livelihoods. According to local farmer's perception, the CVI mapping identified that Bangladesh experienced variegated climatic variability since last 10 years. However, local farmer's perception varied with different socio-economic factors like gender, education, farmer's category, credit, monthly income and access to media. Moreover, landless, small and medium farm holders were more aware of the local climate variability and eventually, they also experienced the higher influence of climate variability on their livelihoods. Since an effective mapping of regional climate variability is a sine qua non to devise region specific policies, this study will facilitate the government to determine its priorities, formulate efficacious strategies and thereby help to adapt with future climate-induced risks and vulnerabilities.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WarcholdPradhanThapaetal.2022,
  author    = {Warchold, Anne and Pradhan, Prajal and Thapa, Pratibha and Putra, Muhammad Panji Islam Fajar and Kropp, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {Building a unified sustainable development goal database},
  series = {Sustainable development},
  journal   = {Sustainable development},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {0968-0802},
  doi       = {10.1002/sd.2316},
  pages     = {16},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {The 2020s are an essential decade for achieving the 2030 Agenda and its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). For this, SDG research needs to provide evidence that can be translated into concrete actions. However, studies use different SDG data, resulting in incomparable findings. Researchers primarily use SDG databases provided by the United Nations (UN), the World Bank Group (WBG), and the Bertelsmann Stiftung \& Sustainable Development Solutions Network (BE-SDSN). We compile these databases into one unified SDG database and examine the effects of the data selection on our understanding of SDG interactions. Among the databases, we observed more different than similar SDG interactions. Differences in synergies and trade-offs mainly occur for SDGs that are environmentally oriented. Due to the increased data availability, the unified SDG database offers a more nuanced and reliable view of SDG interactions. Thus, the SDG data selection may lead to diverse findings, fostering actions that might neglect or exacerbate trade-offs.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AtharePradhanSinghetal.2022,
  author    = {Athare, Tushar Ramchandra and Pradhan, Prajal and Singh, S. R. K. and Kropp, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {India consists of multiple food systems with scoioeconomic and environmental variations},
  series = {PLOS ONE / Public Library of Science},
  volume    = {17},
  journal   = {PLOS ONE / Public Library of Science},
  number    = {8},
  publisher = {PLoS},
  address   = {San Fransisco},
  issn      = {1932-6203},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0270342},
  pages     = {18},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Agriculture in India accounts for 18\% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and uses significant land and water. Various socioeconomic factors and food subsidies influence diets in India. Indian food systems face the challenge of sustainably nourishing the 1.3 billion population. However, existing studies focus on a few food system components, and holistic analysis is still missing. We identify Indian food systems covering six food system components: food consumption, production, processing, policy, environmental footprints, and socioeconomic factors from the latest Indian household consumer expenditure survey. We identify 10 Indian food systems using k-means cluster analysis on 15 food system indicators belonging to the six components. Based on the major source of calorie intake, we classify the ten food systems into production-based (3), subsidy-based (3), and market-based (4) food systems. Home-produced and subsidized food contribute up to 2000 kcal/consumer unit (CU)/day and 1651 kcal/CU/day, respectively, in these food systems. The calorie intake of 2158 to 3530 kcal/CU/day in the food systems reveals issues of malnutrition in India. Environmental footprints are commensurate with calorie intake in the food systems. Embodied GHG, land footprint, and water footprint estimates range from 1.30 to 2.19 kg CO(2)eq/CU/day, 3.89 to 6.04 m(2)/CU/day, and 2.02 to 3.16 m(3)/CU/day, respectively. Our study provides a holistic understanding of Indian food systems for targeted nutritional interventions on household malnutrition in India while also protecting planetary health.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RybskiDawsonKropp2020,
  author    = {Rybski, Diego and Dawson, Richard J. and Kropp, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {Comparing generic and case study damage functions},
  series = {Natural hazards review},
  volume    = {21},
  journal   = {Natural hazards review},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {American Society of Civil Engineers},
  address   = {Reston},
  issn      = {1527-6988},
  doi       = {10.1061/(ASCE)NH.1527-6996.0000336},
  pages     = {6},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Two different approaches are used to assess the impacts associated with natural hazards and climate change in cities. A bottom-up approach uses high resolution data on constituent assets within the urban area. In contrast, a top-down approach uses less detailed information but is consequently more readily transferable. Here, we compare damage curves generated by each approach for coastal flooding in London. To compare them, we fit a log-logistic regression with three parameters to the calculated damage curves. We find that the functions are remarkably similar in their shape, albeit with different inflection points and a maximum damage that differs by 13\%-25\%. If rescaled, the curves agree almost exactly, which enables damage assessment to be undertaken following the calculation of the three parameters.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PradhanKriewaldCostaetal.2020,
  author    = {Pradhan, Prajal and Kriewald, Steffen and Costa, Lu{\´i}s F{\´i}l{\´i}pe Carvalho da and Rybski, Diego and Benton, Tim G. and Fischer, G{\"u}nther and Kropp, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {Urban food systems: how regionalization can contribute to climate change mitigation},
  series = {Environmental science \& technology},
  volume    = {54},
  journal   = {Environmental science \& technology},
  number    = {17},
  publisher = {American Chemical Society},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {0013-936X},
  doi       = {10.1021/acs.est.0c02739},
  pages     = {10551 -- 10560},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Cities will play a key role in the grand challenge of nourishing a growing global population, because, due to their population density, they set the demand. To ensure that food systems are sustainable, as well as nourishing, one solution often suggested is to shorten their supply chains toward a regional rather than a global basis. While such regional systems may have a range of costs and benefits, we investigate the mitigation potential of regionalized urban food systems by examining the greenhouse gas emissions associated with food transport. Using data on food consumption for 7108 urban administrative units (UAUs), we simulate total transport emissions for both regionalized and globalized supply chains. In regionalized systems, the UAUs' demands are fulfilled by peripheral food production, whereas to simulate global supply chains, food demand is met from an international pool (where the origin can be any location globally). We estimate that regionalized systems could reduce current emissions from food transport. However, because longer supply chains benefit from maximizing comparative advantage, this emission reduction would require closing yield gaps, reducing food waste, shifting toward diversified farming, and consuming seasonal produce. Regionalization of food systems will be an essential component to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees C in the future.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KrummenauerCostaPrahletal.2021,
  author    = {Krummenauer, Linda and Costa, Lu{\´i}s F{\´i}l{\´i}pe Carvalho da and Prahl, Boris F. and Kropp, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {Future heat adaptation and exposure among urban populations and why a prospering economy alone won't save us},
  series = {Scientific reports},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Scientific reports},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature},
  address   = {Berlin},
  issn      = {2045-2322},
  doi       = {10.1038/s41598-021-99757-0},
  pages     = {14},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {When inferring on the magnitude of future heat-related mortality due to climate change, human adaptation to heat should be accounted for. We model long-term changes in minimum mortality temperatures (MMT), a well-established metric denoting the lowest risk of heat-related mortality, as a function of climate change and socio-economic progress across 3820 cities. Depending on the combination of climate trajectories and socio-economic pathways evaluated, by 2100 the risk to human health is expected to decline in 60\% to 80\% of the cities against contemporary conditions. This is caused by an average global increase in MMTs driven by long-term human acclimatisation to future climatic conditions and economic development of countries. While our adaptation model suggests that negative effects on health from global warming can broadly be kept in check, the trade-offs are highly contingent to the scenario path and location-specific. For high-forcing climate scenarios (e.g. RCP8.5) the maintenance of uninterrupted high economic growth by 2100 is a hard requirement to increase MMTs and level-off the negative health effects from additional scenario-driven heat exposure. Choosing a 2 degrees C-compatible climate trajectory alleviates the dependence on fast growth, leaving room for a sustainable economy, and leads to higher reductions of mortality risk.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LiRybskiKropp2021,
  author    = {Li, Yunfei and Rybski, Diego and Kropp, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {Singularity cities},
  series = {Environment and planning. B, Urban analytics and city science},
  volume    = {48},
  journal   = {Environment and planning. B, Urban analytics and city science},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Sage Publ.},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {2399-8083},
  doi       = {10.1177/2399808319843534},
  pages     = {43 -- 59},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {We propose an upgraded gravitational model which provides population counts beyond the binary (urban/non-urban) city simulations. Numerically studying the model output, we find that the radial population density gradients follow power-laws where the exponent is related to the preset gravity exponent gamma. Similarly, the urban fraction decays exponentially, again determined by gamma. The population density gradient can be related to radial fractality and it turns out that the typical exponents imply that cities are basically zero-dimensional. Increasing the gravity exponent leads to extreme compactness and the loss of radial symmetry. We study the shape of the major central cluster by means of another three fractal dimensions and find that overall its fractality is dominated by the size and the influence of gamma is minor. The fundamental allometry, between population and area of the major central cluster, is related to the gravity exponent but restricted to the case of higher densities in large cities. We argue that cities are shaped by power-law proximity. We complement the numerical analysis by economics arguments employing travel costs as well as housing rent determined by supply and demand. Our work contributes to the understanding of gravitational effects, radial gradients, and urban morphology. The model allows to generate and investigate city structures under laboratory conditions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PutraPradhanKropp2020,
  author    = {Putra, Muhammad Panji Islam Fajar and Pradhan, Prajal and Kropp, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {A systematic analysis of Water-Energy-Food security nexus},
  series = {The science of the total environment : an international journal for scientific research into the environment and its relationship with man},
  volume    = {728},
  journal   = {The science of the total environment : an international journal for scientific research into the environment and its relationship with man},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0048-9697},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138451},
  pages     = {9},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Most South Asian countries have challenges in ensuring water, energy, and food (WEF) security, which are often interacting positively or negatively. To address these challenges, the nexus approach provides a framework to identify the interactions of the WEF sectors as an integrated system. However, most nexus studies only qualitatively discuss the interactions between these sectors. This study conducts a systematic analysis of the WEF security nexus in South Asia by using open data sources at the country scale. We analyze interactions between the WEF sectors statistically, defining positive and negative correlations between the WEF security indicators as synergies and trade-offs, respectively. By creating networks of the synergies and trade-offs, we further identify most positively and negatively influencing indicators in the WEF security nexus. We observe a larger share of trade-offs than synergies within the water and energy sectors and a larger share of synergies than trade-offs among the WEF sectors for South Asia. However, these observations vary across the South Asian countries. Our analysis highlights that strategies on promoting sustainable energy and discouraging fossil fuel use could have overall positive effects on the WEF security nexus in the countries. This study provides evidence for considering the WEF security nexus as an integrated system rather than just a combination of three different sectors or securities.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AtharePradhanKropp2020,
  author    = {Athare, Tushar Ramchandra and Pradhan, Prajal and Kropp, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {Environmental implications and socioeconomic characterisation of Indian diets},
  series = {The science of the total environment},
  volume    = {737},
  journal   = {The science of the total environment},
  publisher = {Elsevier Science},
  address   = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
  issn      = {0048-9697},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139881},
  pages     = {9},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {India is facing a double burden of malnourishment with co-existences of under- and over-nourishment. Various socioeconomic factors play an essential role in determining dietary choices. Agriculture is one of the major emitters of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in India, contributing 18\% of total emissions. It also consumes freshwater and uses land significantly. We identify eleven Indian diets by applying k-means cluster analysis on latest data from the Indian household consumer expenditure survey. The diets vary in calorie intake [2289-3218 kcal/Consumer Unit (CU)/day] and dietary composition. Estimated embodied GHG emissions in the diets range from 1.36 to 3.62 kg CO2eq./CU/day, land footprint from 4 to 5.45 m(2)/CU/day, whereas water footprint varies from 2.13 to 2.97m(3)/CU/day. Indian diets deviate from a healthy reference diet either with too much or too little consumption of certain food groups. Overall, cereals, sugar, and dairy products intake are higher. In contrast, the consumption of fruits and vegetables, pulses, and nuts is lower than recommended. Our study contributes to deriving required polices for the sustainable transformation of food systems in India to eliminate malnourishment and to reduce the environmental implications of the food systems. (c) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PradhanKropp2020,
  author    = {Pradhan, Prajal and Kropp, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {Interplay between diets, health, and climate change},
  series = {Sustainability},
  volume    = {12},
  journal   = {Sustainability},
  number    = {9},
  publisher = {MDPI},
  address   = {Basel},
  issn      = {2071-1050},
  doi       = {10.3390/su12093878},
  pages     = {14},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {The world is facing a triple burden of undernourishment, obesity, and environmental impacts from agriculture while nourishing its population. This burden makes sustainable nourishment of the growing population a global challenge. Addressing this challenge requires an understanding of the interplay between diets, health, and associated environmental impacts (e.g., climate change). For this, we identify 11 typical diets that represent dietary habits worldwide for the last five decades. Plant-source foods provide most of all three macronutrients (carbohydrates, protein, and fat) in developing countries. In contrast, animal-source foods provide a majority of protein and fat in developed ones. The identified diets deviate from the recommended healthy diet with either too much (e.g., red meat) or too little (e.g., fruits and vegetables) food and nutrition supply. The total calorie supplies are lower than required for two diets. Sugar consumption is higher than recommended for five diets. Three and five diets consist of larger-than-recommended carbohydrate and fat shares, respectively. Four diets with a large share of animal-source foods exceed the recommended value of red meat. Only two diets consist of at least 400 gm/cap/day of fruits and vegetables while accounting for food waste. Prevalence of undernourishment and underweight dominates in the diets with lower calories. In comparison, a higher prevalence of obesity is observed for diets with higher calories with high shares of sugar, fat, and animal-source foods. However, embodied emissions in the diets do not show a clear relation with calorie supplies and compositions. Two high-calorie diets embody more than 1.5 t CO<mml:semantics>2</mml:semantics>eq/cap/yr, and two low-calorie diets embody around 1 t CO<mml:semantics>2</mml:semantics>eq/cap/yr. Our analysis highlights that sustainable and healthy diets can serve the purposes of both nourishing the population and, at the same time, reducing the environmental impacts of agriculture.},
  language  = {en}
}