@misc{MilewskiChabrillatBookhagen2020, author = {Milewski, Robert and Chabrillat, Sabine and Bookhagen, Bodo}, title = {Analyses of Namibian Seasonal Salt Pan Crust Dynamics and Climatic Drivers Using Landsat 8 Time-Series and Ground Data}, series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe}, journal = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe}, number = {988}, issn = {1866-8372}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-47568}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-475685}, pages = {26}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Salt pans are highly dynamic environments that are difficult to study by in situ methods because of their harsh climatic conditions and large spatial areas. Remote sensing can help to elucidate their environmental dynamics and provide important constraints regarding their sedimentological, mineralogical, and hydrological evolution. This study utilizes spaceborne multitemporal multispectral optical data combined with spectral endmembers to document spatial distribution of surface crust types over time on the Omongwa pan located in the Namibian Kalahari. For this purpose, 49 surface samples were collected for spectral and mineralogical characterization during three field campaigns (2014-2016) reflecting different seasons and surface conditions of the salt pan. An approach was developed to allow the spatiotemporal analysis of the salt pan crust dynamics in a dense time-series consisting of 77 Landsat 8 cloud-free scenes between 2014 and 2017, covering at least three major wet-dry cycles. The established spectral analysis technique Sequential Maximum Angle Convex Cone (SMACC) extraction method was used to derive image endmembers from the Landsat time-series stack. Evaluation of the extracted endmember set revealed that the multispectral data allowed the differentiation of four endmembers associated with mineralogical mixtures of the crust's composition in dry conditions and three endmembers associated with flooded or muddy pan conditions. The dry crust endmember spectra have been identified in relation to visible, near infrared, and short-wave infrared (VNIR-SWIR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses of the collected surface samples. According these results, the spectral endmembers are interpreted as efflorescent halite crust, mixed halite-gypsum crust, mixed calcite quartz sepiolite crust, and gypsum crust. For each Landsat scene the spatial distribution of these crust types was mapped with the Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) method and significant spatiotemporal dynamics of the major surface crust types were observed. Further, the surface crust dynamics were analyzed in comparison with the pan's moisture regime and other climatic parameters. The results show that the crust dynamics are mainly driven by flooding events in the wet season, but are also influenced by temperature and aeolian activity in the dry season. The approach utilized in this study combines the advantages of multitemporal satellite data for temporal event characterization with advantages from hyperspectral methods for the image and ground data analyses that allow improved mineralogical differentiation and characterization.}, language = {en} } @article{MilewskiChabrillatBookhagen2020, author = {Milewski, Robert and Chabrillat, Sabine and Bookhagen, Bodo}, title = {Analyses of Namibian Seasonal Salt Pan Crust Dynamics and Climatic Drivers Using Landsat 8 Time-Series and Ground Data}, series = {Remote Sensing}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {3}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2072-4292}, doi = {10.3390/rs12030474}, pages = {24}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Salt pans are highly dynamic environments that are difficult to study by in situ methods because of their harsh climatic conditions and large spatial areas. Remote sensing can help to elucidate their environmental dynamics and provide important constraints regarding their sedimentological, mineralogical, and hydrological evolution. This study utilizes spaceborne multitemporal multispectral optical data combined with spectral endmembers to document spatial distribution of surface crust types over time on the Omongwa pan located in the Namibian Kalahari. For this purpose, 49 surface samples were collected for spectral and mineralogical characterization during three field campaigns (2014-2016) reflecting different seasons and surface conditions of the salt pan. An approach was developed to allow the spatiotemporal analysis of the salt pan crust dynamics in a dense time-series consisting of 77 Landsat 8 cloud-free scenes between 2014 and 2017, covering at least three major wet-dry cycles. The established spectral analysis technique Sequential Maximum Angle Convex Cone (SMACC) extraction method was used to derive image endmembers from the Landsat time-series stack. Evaluation of the extracted endmember set revealed that the multispectral data allowed the differentiation of four endmembers associated with mineralogical mixtures of the crust's composition in dry conditions and three endmembers associated with flooded or muddy pan conditions. The dry crust endmember spectra have been identified in relation to visible, near infrared, and short-wave infrared (VNIR-SWIR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses of the collected surface samples. According these results, the spectral endmembers are interpreted as efflorescent halite crust, mixed halite-gypsum crust, mixed calcite quartz sepiolite crust, and gypsum crust. For each Landsat scene the spatial distribution of these crust types was mapped with the Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) method and significant spatiotemporal dynamics of the major surface crust types were observed. Further, the surface crust dynamics were analyzed in comparison with the pan's moisture regime and other climatic parameters. The results show that the crust dynamics are mainly driven by flooding events in the wet season, but are also influenced by temperature and aeolian activity in the dry season. The approach utilized in this study combines the advantages of multitemporal satellite data for temporal event characterization with advantages from hyperspectral methods for the image and ground data analyses that allow improved mineralogical differentiation and characterization.}, language = {en} } @article{VinnikSilveiraKiselevetal.2012, author = {Vinnik, Lev and Silveira, Graca and Kiselev, Sergei and Farra, Veronique and Weber, Michael H. and Stutzmann, Eleonore}, title = {Cape verde hotspot from the upper crust to the top of the lower mantle}, series = {Earth \& planetary science letters}, volume = {319}, journal = {Earth \& planetary science letters}, number = {4}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {0012-821X}, doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2011.12.017}, pages = {259 -- 268}, year = {2012}, abstract = {We investigate the crust, upper mantle and mantle transition zone of the Cape Verde hotspot by using seismic P and S receiver functions from several tens of local seismograph stations. We find a strong discontinuity at a depth of similar to 10 km underlain by a similar to 15-km thick layer with a high (similar to 1.9) Vp/Vs velocity ratio. We interpret this discontinuity and the underlying layer as the fossil Moho, inherited from the pre-hotspot era, and the plume-related magmatic underplate. Our uppermost-mantle models are very different from those previously obtained for this region: our S velocity is much lower and there are no indications of low densities. Contrary to previously published arguments for the standard transition zone thickness our data indicate that this thickness under the Cape Verde islands is up to similar to 30 km less than in the ambient mantle. This reduction is a combined effect of a depression of the 410-km discontinuity and an uplift of the 660-km discontinuity. The uplift is in contrast to laboratory data and some seismic data on a negligible dependence of depth of the 660-km discontinuity on temperature in hotspots. A large negative pressure-temperature slope which is suggested by our data implies that the 660-km discontinuity may resist passage of the plume. Our data reveal beneath the islands a reduction of S velocity of a few percent between 470-km and 510-km depths. The low velocity layer in the upper transition zone under the Cape Verde archipelago is very similar to that previously found under the Azores and a few other hotspots. In the literature there are reports on a regional 520-km discontinuity, the impedance of which is too large to be explained by the known phase transitions. Our observations suggest that the 520-km discontinuity may present the base of the low-velocity layer in the transition zone.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Wiersberg2001, author = {Wiersberg, Thomas}, title = {Edelgase als Tracer f{\"u}r Wechselwirkungen von Krusten- und Mantelfluiden mit diamantf{\"u}hrenden Gesteinen des {\"o}stlichen Baltischen Schildes}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0000218}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2001}, abstract = {In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden anhand der Edelgaszusammensetzung von Kimberliten und Lamproiten sowie ihrer gesteinsbildenden Minerale die Wechselwirkungen dieser Gesteine mit Fluiden diskutiert. Die untersuchten Proben stammen vom {\"o}stlichen Baltischen Schild, vom Kola-Kraton (Poria Guba und Kandalaksha) und vom karelischen Kraton (Kostamuksha). Edelgasanalysen nach thermischer oder mechanischer Gasextraktion von 23 Gesamtgesteinsproben und 15 Mineralseparaten ergeben folgendes Bild: Helium- und Neon-Isotopendaten der Fluideinschl{\"u}sse von Lamproiten aus Kostamuksha lassen auf den Einfluss einer fluiden Phase krustaler Herkunft schliessen. Diese Wechselwirkungen fanden wahrscheinlich schon w{\"a}hrend des Magmenaufstiegs statt, denn sp{\"a}tere Einfl{\"u}sse krustaler Fluide auf die Lamproite und ihr Nebengestein (Quarzit) sind gering, wie anhand der C/36Ar-Zusammensetzung gezeigt wird. Auch sind die mit verschiedenen Datierungsmethoden (Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, K-Ar) an Mineralseparaten und teilweise an Gesamtgestein ermittelten Alter konsistent und machen eine metamorphe {\"U}berpr{\"a}gung unwahrscheinlich. Aufgrund der Verteilung der primordialen Edelgasisotope zwischen Fluideinschl{\"u}ssen und Gesteinsmatrix ist ein langsamer Magmenaufstieg anzunehmen, was die M{\"o}glichkeit der Kontamination mit einem krustalen Fluid w{\"a}hrend des Magmenaufstiegs erh{\"o}ht. Die Gasextraktion aus Mineralseparaten erfolgte thermisch, wodurch eine Freisetzung der Gase ausschließlich aus Fluideinschl{\"u}ssen nicht m{\"o}glich ist. Hierbei zeigen Amphibol und Klinopyroxen, separiert aus Kostamuksha-Lamproiten, in ihrer Neon-Isotopenzusammensetzung im Vergleich zur krustalen Zusammensetzung (Kennedy et al., 1990) ein leicht erh{\"o}htes Verh{\"a}ltnis von 20Ne/22Ne, was ein Hinweis auf Mantel-Neon sein k{\"o}nnte. Kalifeldsp{\"a}te, Quarz und Karbonate enthalten dagegen nur Neon krustaler Zusammensetzung. Phlogopite haben sehr kleine Verh{\"a}ltnisse von 20Ne/22Ne und 21Ne/22Ne, zur{\"u}ckzuf{\"u}hren auf in-situ-Produktion von 22Ne in Folge von U- und Th-Zerfallsprozessen. Wie unterschiedliche thermische Entgasungsmuster f{\"u}r 40Ar und 36Ar zeigen, ist 36Ar in Fluideinschl{\"u}ssen konzentriert. Das 40Ar/36Ar-Isotopenverh{\"a}ltnis der Fluideinschl{\"u}sse von Lamproiten aus Kostamuksha ist antikorreliert mit der durch thermische Extraktion bestimmten Gesamtmenge an 36Ar. Argon aus Fluideinschl{\"u}ssen setzt sich daher aus zwei Komponenten zusammen: Einer Komponente mit atmosph{\"a}rischer Argon-Isotopenzusammensetzung und einer krustalen Komponente mit einem Isotopenverh{\"a}ltnis 40Ar/36Ar > 6000. Diffusion von radiogenem 40Ar aus der Kristallmatrix in die Fluideinschl{\"u}sse spielt keine wesentliche Rolle. Kimberlite aus Poria Guba und Kandalaksha zeigen anhand der Helium- und z. T. auch der Neon-Isotopenzusammensetzung eine Mantelkomponente in den Fluideinschl{\"u}ssen an. Bei einem angenommenen 20Ne/22Ne-Isotopenverh{\"a}ltnis von 12,5 in der Mantelquelle ergibt sich ein 21Ne/22Ne-Isotopenverh{\"a}ltnis von 0,073 ± 0,011 sowie ein 3He/4He-Isotopenverh{\"a}ltnis, welches im Vergleich zum subkontinentalem Mantel (Dunai und Baur, 1995) st{\"a}rker radiogen gepr{\"a}gt ist. Solche Isotopensignaturen sind mit h{\"o}heren Konzentrationen an Uran und Thorium in der Mantelquelle der Kimberlite zu erkl{\"a}ren. Rb-Sr- und Sm-Nd-Altersbestimmungen erfolgten von russischer Seite (Belyatskii et al., 1997; Nikitina et al., 1999) und ergeben ein Alter von 1,23 Ga f{\"u}r den Lamproitvulkanismus in Kostamuksha. Eigene K-Ar-Datierungen an Phlogopiten und Kalifeldsp{\"a}ten stimmen mit einem Alter von 1193 ± 20 Ma fast mit den Rb-Sr- und Sm-Nd-Altern {\"u}berein. Die K-Ar-Datierung an einem Phlogopit aus Poria Guba, separiert aus dem Kimberlit PGK 12a, ergibt ein Alter von 396 Ma, ebenfalls in guter {\"U}bereinstimmung mit Rb-Sr-und Sm-Nd-Altern (ca. 400 Ma, Lokhov, pers. Mitteilung). K-Ar-Altersbestimmungen an Gesamtgestein aus Poria Guba erbrachten kein schl{\"u}ssiges Alter. Die Rb-Sr- und Sm-Nd-Alter des Lamproitmagmatismus in Poria Guba betragen 1,72 Ga (Nikitina et al., 1999). Vergleiche von gemessenen mit berechneten Edelgaskonzentrationen aus in-situ-Produktion zeigen weiterhin, dass in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit vom Alter der Probe Diffusionsprozesse stattgefunden haben, die zu unterschiedlichen und z. T. erheblichen Verlusten an Helium und Neon f{\"u}hrten. Diffusionsverluste an Argon sind dagegen kaum signifikant. Unterschiedliche Diffusionsverluste in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit von Alter und betrachtetem Edelgas zeigen auch die primordialen Edelgase.}, language = {de} }