@phdthesis{Antoniewicz2016, author = {Antoniewicz, Franziska}, title = {Automatic evaluations of exercising}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-92280}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Changing the perspective sometimes offers completely new insights to an already well-known phenomenon. Exercising behavior, defined as planned, structured and repeated bodily movements with the intention to maintain or increase the physical fitness (Caspersen, Powell, \& Christenson, 1985), can be thought of as such a well-known phenomenon that has been in the scientific focus for many decades (Dishman \& O'Connor, 2005). Within these decades a perspective that assumes rational and controlled evaluations as the basis for decision making, was predominantly used to understand why some people engage in physical activity and others do not (Ekkekakis \& Zenko, 2015). Dual-process theories (Ekkekakis \& Zenko, 2015; Payne \& Gawronski, 2010) provide another perspective, that is not exclusively influenced by rational reasoning. These theories differentiate two different processes that guide behavior "depending on whether they operate automatically or in a controlled fashion" (Gawronski \& Creighton, 2012, p. 282). Following this line of thought, exercise behavior is not solely influenced by thoughtful deliberations (e.g. concluding that exercising is healthy) but also by spontaneous affective reactions (e.g. disliking being sweaty while exercising). The theoretical frameworks of dual-process models are not new in psychology (Chaiken \& Trope, 1999) and have already been used for the explanation of numerous behaviors (e.g. Hofmann, Friese, \& Wiers, 2008; Huijding, de Jong, Wiers, \& Verkooijen, 2005). However, they have only rarely been used for the explanation of exercise behavior (e.g. Bluemke, Brand, Schweizer, \& Kahlert, 2010; Conroy, Hyde, Doerksen, \& Ribeiro, 2010; Hyde, Doerksen, Ribeiro, \& Conroy, 2010). The assumption of two dissimilar behavior influencing processes, differs fundamentally from previous theories and thus from the research that has been conducted in the last decades in exercise psychology. Research mainly concentrated on predictors of the controlled processes and addressed the identified predictors in exercise interventions (Ekkekakis \& Zenko, 2015; Hagger, Chatzisarantis, \& Biddle, 2002). Predictors arising from the described automatic processes, for example automatic evaluations for exercising (AEE), have been neglected in exercise psychology for many years. Until now, only a few researchers investigated the influence of these AEE for exercising behavior (Bluemke et al., 2010; Brand \& Schweizer, 2015; Markland, Hall, Duncan, \& Simatovic, 2015). Marginally more researchers focused on the impact of AEE for physical activity behavior (Calitri, Lowe, Eves, \& Bennett, 2009; Conroy et al., 2010; Hyde et al., 2010; Hyde, Elavsky, Doerksen, \& Conroy, 2012). The extant studies mainly focused on the quality of AEE and the associated quantity of exercise (exercise much or little; Bluemke et al., 2010; Calitri et al., 2009; Conroy et al., 2010; Hyde et al., 2012). In sum, there is still a dramatic lack of empirical knowledge, when applying dual-process theories to exercising behavior, even though these theories have proven to be successful in explaining behavior in many other health-relevant domains like eating, drinking or smoking behavior (e.g. Hofmann et al., 2008). The main goal of the present dissertation was to collect empirical evidence for the influence of AEE on exercise behavior and to expand the so far exclusively correlational studies by experimentally controlled studies. By doing so, the ongoing debate on a paradigm shift from controlled and deliberative influences of exercise behavior towards approaches that consider automatic and affective influences (Ekkekakis \& Zenko, 2015) should be encouraged. All three conducted publications are embedded in dual-process theorizing (Gawronski \& Bodenhausen, 2006, 2014; Strack \& Deutsch, 2004). These theories offer a theoretical framework that could integrate the established controlled variables of exercise behavior explanation and additionally consider automatic factors for exercise behavior like AEE. Taken together, the empirical findings collected suggest that AEE play an important and diverse role for exercise behavior. They represent exercise setting preferences, are a cause for short-term exercise decisions and are decisive for long-term exercise adherence. Adding to the few already present studies in this field, the influence of (positive) AEE for exercise behavior was confirmed in all three presented publications. Even though the available set of studies needs to be extended in prospectively studies, first steps towards a more complete picture have been taken. Closing with the beginning of the synopsis: I think that time is right for a change of perspectives! This means a careful extension of the present theories with controlled evaluations explaining exercise behavior. Dual-process theories including controlled and automatic evaluations could provide such a basis for future research endeavors in exercise psychology.}, language = {en} } @article{AntoniewiczBrand2014, author = {Antoniewicz, Franziska and Brand, Ralf}, title = {Automatic evaluations and exercise setting preference in frequent exercisers}, series = {Journal of sport \& exercise psychology}, volume = {36}, journal = {Journal of sport \& exercise psychology}, number = {6}, publisher = {Human Kinetics Publ.}, address = {Champaign}, issn = {0895-2779}, doi = {10.1123/jsep.2014-0033}, pages = {631 -- 636}, year = {2014}, abstract = {The goals of this study were to test whether exercise-related stimuli can elicit automatic evaluative responses and whether automatic evaluations reflect exercise setting preference in highly active exercisers. An adapted version of the Affect Misattribution Procedure was employed. Seventy-two highly active exercisers (26 years +/- 9.03; 43\% female) were subliminally primed (7 ms) with pictures depicting typical fitness center scenarios or gray rectangles (control primes). After each prime, participants consciously evaluated the "pleasantness" of a Chinese symbol. Controlled evaluations were measured with a questionnaire and were more positive in participants who regularly visited fitness centers than in those who reported avoiding this exercise setting. Only center exercisers gave automatic positive evaluations of the fitness center setting (partial eta squared = .08). It is proposed that a subliminal Affect Misattribution Procedure paradigm can detect automatic evaluations to exercising and that, in highly active exercisers, these evaluations play a role in decisions about the exercise setting rather than the amounts of physical exercise. Findings are interpreted in terms of a dual systems theory of social information processing and behavior.}, language = {en} } @article{BarschkettHuebenerLeibingetal.2023, author = {Barschkett, Mara and Huebener, Mathias and Leibing, Andreas and Marcus, Jan and Margaryan, Shushanik}, title = {The long-term effects of measles vaccination on earnings and employment}, series = {Journal of comments and replications in economics}, volume = {2}, journal = {Journal of comments and replications in economics}, number = {4}, publisher = {ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics}, address = {Hamburg}, issn = {2749-988X}, doi = {10.18718/81781.30}, pages = {15}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Atwood analyzes the effects of the 1963 U.S. measles vaccination on long-run labor market outcomes, using a generalized difference-in-differences approach. We reproduce the results of this paper and perform a battery of robustness checks. Overall, we confirm that the measles vaccination had positive labor market effects. While the negative effect on the likelihood of living in poverty and the positive effect on the probability of being employed are very robust across the different specifications, the headline estimate—the effect on earnings—is more sensitive to the exclusion of certain regions and survey years.}, language = {en} } @article{BrandTimmeNosrat2020, author = {Brand, Ralf and Timme, Sinika and Nosrat, Sanaz}, title = {When pandemic hits}, series = {Frontiers in psychology}, volume = {11}, journal = {Frontiers in psychology}, publisher = {Frontiers Media}, address = {Lausanne}, issn = {1664-1078}, doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2020.570567}, pages = {10}, year = {2020}, abstract = {The governmental lockdowns related to the COVID-19 pandemic have forced people to change their behavior in many ways including changes in exercise. We used the brief window of global lockdown in the months of March/April/May 2020 as an opportunity to investigate the effects of externally imposed restrictions on exercise-related routines and related changes in subjective well-being. Statistical analyses are based on data from 13,696 respondents in 18 countries using a cross-sectional online survey. A mixed effects modeling approach was used to analyze data. We tested whether exercise frequency before and during the pandemic would influence mood during the pandemic. Additionally, we used the COVID-19 pandemic data to build a prediction model, while controlling for national differences, to estimate changes in exercise frequency during similar future lockdown conditions depending on prelockdown exercise frequency. According to the prediction model, those who rarely exercise before a lockdown tend to increase their exercise frequency during it, and those who are frequent exercisers before a lockdown tend to maintain it. With regards to subjective well-being, the data show that those who exercised almost every day during this pandemic had the best mood, regardless of whether or not they exercised prepandemic. Those who were inactive prepandemic and slightly increased their exercise frequency during the pandemic, reported no change in mood compared to those who remained inactive during the pandemic. Those who reduced their exercise frequency during the pandemic reported worse mood compared to those who maintained or increased their prepandemic exercise frequency. This study suggests that under similar lockdown conditions, about two thirds of those who never or rarely exercise before a lockdown might adopt an exercise behavior or increase their exercise frequency. However, such changes do not always immediately result in improvement in subjective well-being. These results may inform national policies, as well as health behavior and exercise psychology research on the importance of exercise promotion, and prediction of changes in exercise behavior during future pandemics.}, language = {en} } @article{CaliendoMahlstedtvandenBergetal.2022, author = {Caliendo, Marco and Mahlstedt, Robert and van den Berg, Gerard J. and Vikstr{\"o}m, Johan}, title = {Side effects of labor market policies}, series = {The Scandinavian journal of economics}, volume = {125}, journal = {The Scandinavian journal of economics}, number = {2}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, address = {Oxford}, issn = {0347-0520}, doi = {10.1111/sjoe.12514}, pages = {339 -- 375}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Labor market policies, such as training and sanctions, are commonly used to bring workers back to work. By analogy to medical treatments, exposure to these tools can have side effects. We study the effects on health using individual-level population registers on labor market outcomes, drug prescriptions, and sickness absence, comparing outcomes before and after exposure to training and sanctions. Training improves cardiovascular and mental health, and lowers sickness absence. This is likely to be the result of the instantaneous features of participation, such as the adoption of a more rigorous daily routine, rather than improved employment prospects. Benefits sanctions cause a short-run deterioration of mental health.}, language = {en} } @techreport{CaliendoMahlstedtvandenBergetal.2020, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Caliendo, Marco and Mahlstedt, Robert and van den Berg, Gerard J. and Vikstr{\"o}m, Johan}, title = {Side Effects of Labor Market Policies}, series = {CEPA Discussion Papers}, journal = {CEPA Discussion Papers}, number = {22}, issn = {2628-653X}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-47883}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-478839}, pages = {33}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Labor market policy tools such as training and sanctions are commonly used to help bring workers back to work. By analogy to medical treatments, the individual exposure to these tools may have side effects. We study effects on health using individual-level population registers on labor market events outcomes, drug prescriptions and sickness absence, comparing outcomes before and after exposure to training and sanctions. We find that training improves cardiovascular and mental health and lowers sickness absence. The results suggest that this is not due to improved employment prospects but rather to instantaneous features of participation such as, perhaps, the adoption of a more rigorous daily routine. Unemployment benefits sanctions cause a short-run deterioration of mental health, possibly due higher stress levels, but this tapers out quickly.}, language = {en} } @article{FriebelHermanussenScheffler2019, author = {Friebel, Francis and Hermanussen, Michael and Scheffler, Christiane}, title = {Popular ideas and convictions about factors influencing the growth as well as the adult height of children}, series = {Journal of biological and clinical anthropology : Anthropologischer Anzeiger ; Mitteilungsorgan der Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Anthropologie}, volume = {76}, journal = {Journal of biological and clinical anthropology : Anthropologischer Anzeiger ; Mitteilungsorgan der Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Anthropologie}, number = {5}, publisher = {Schweizerbart}, address = {Stuttgart}, issn = {0003-5548}, doi = {10.1127/anthranz/2019/0972}, pages = {365 -- 370}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Common knowledge suggests that growth in height is influenced by nutrition, genetics, health, and environmental and general living conditions. In addition, modern studies showed that also social mobility and dominance within the social group, may significantly affect adolescent growth and final height. The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of popular ideas and beliefs about factors influencing the growth on the biology of child and adolescent growth. We hypothesized that these beliefs are culture-specific and age-dependent. We investigated 307 French and 315 German participants of all age-groups. We collected polarising statements by questionnaire that the participants had to agree or disagree on. French participants see a connection between nutrition and the body height of children. This is different in Germany and may be due to the fact that French food culture is more traditional. Genetic factors were generally overestimated and considered as the most important determinants of longitudinal-growth. The participants denied an influence of disease and social status. Participants over 35 years of age considered adult height to be independent of environmental factors. In conclusion, popular beliefs partly depend on culture and appear to change with age as a result of growing experience.}, language = {en} } @misc{GellertHaeuslerSuhretal.2018, author = {Gellert, Paul and H{\"a}usler, Andreas and Suhr, Ralf and Gholami, Maryam and Rapp, Michael Armin and Kuhlmey, Adelheid and Nordheim, Johanna}, title = {Testing the stress-buffering hypothesis of social support in couples coping with early-stage dementia}, series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe}, journal = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe}, number = {657}, issn = {1866-8364}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-44627}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-446270}, pages = {16}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Purpose To test whether the negative relationship between perceived stress and quality of life (Hypothesis 1) can be buffered by perceived social support in patients with dementia as well as in caregivers individually (Hypothesis 2: actor effects) and across partners (Hypothesis 3: partner effects and actor-partner effects). Method A total of 108 couples (N = 216 individuals) comprised of one individual with early-stage dementia and one caregiving partner were assessed at baseline and one month apart. Moderation effects were investigated by applying linear mixed models and actor-partner interdependence models. Results Although the stress-quality of life association was more pronounced in caregivers (beta = -.63, p<.001) compared to patients (beta= -.31, p<.001), this association was equally moderated by social support in patients (beta = .14, p<.05) and in the caregivers (beta =.13, p<.05). From one partner to his or her counterpart, the partner buffering and actor-partner-buffering effect were not present. Conclusion The stress-buffering effect has been replicated in individuals with dementia and caregivers but not across partners. Interventions to improve quality of life through perceived social support should not only focus on caregivers, but should incorporate both partners.}, language = {en} } @article{GmeinerWarschburger2022, author = {Gmeiner, Michaela Silvia and Warschburger, Petra}, title = {Simply too much}, series = {Eating and weight disorders : studies on anorexia, bulimia and obesity}, volume = {27}, journal = {Eating and weight disorders : studies on anorexia, bulimia and obesity}, number = {1}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Cham}, issn = {1590-1262}, doi = {10.1007/s40519-021-01170-z}, pages = {317 -- 324}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Purpose Weight bias internalization (WBI) is associated with negative health consequences such as eating disorders and psychosocial problems in children. To date, it is unknown to what extent WBI considerably raises the risk of negative outcomes. Methods Analyses are based on cross-sectional data of 1,061 children (9-13 years, M = 11, SD = 0.9; 52.1\% female) who filled in the WBI scale (WBIS-C). First, ROC analyses were run to identify critical cut-off values of WBI (WBIS-C score) that identify those who are at higher risk for psychosocial problems or eating disorder symptoms (as reported by parents). Second, it was examined whether WBI is more sensitive than the relative weight status in that respect. Third, to confirm that the cut-off value is also accompanied by higher psychological strain, high- and low-risk groups were compared in terms of their self-reported depressive symptoms, anxious symptoms, body dissatisfaction, and self-esteem. Results WBIS-C scores >= 1.55 were associated with a higher risk of disturbed eating behavior; for psychosocial problems, no cut-off score reached adequate sensitivity and specificity. Compared to relative weight status, WBI was better suited to detect disturbed eating behavior. Children with a WBIS-C score >= 1.55 also reported higher scores for both depressive and anxious symptoms, higher body dissatisfaction, and lower self-esteem. Conclusion The WBIS-C is suitable for identifying risk groups, and even low levels of WBI are accompanied by adverse mental health. Therefore, WBI is, beyond weight status, an important risk factor that should be considered in prevention and intervention.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Herold2023, author = {Herold, Fabian}, title = {Kraft und Kognition}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-61118}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-611181}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {187}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Die in den letzten Jahren aus Querschnittstudien gewonnenen empirischen Erkenntnisse deuten auf einen Zusammenhang zwischen muskul{\"a}rer Kraftleistungsf{\"a}higkeit und kognitiver Leistungsf{\"a}higkeit hin [10]. Diese Beobachtung wird von L{\"a}ngsschnittstudien gest{\"u}tzt, bei denen in Folge gezielter Krafttrainingsinterventionen, welche typischerweise zur Steigerung der muskul{\"a}ren Kraftleistungsf{\"a}higkeit f{\"u}hren, Verbesserungen der kognitiven Leistungsf{\"a}higkeit dokumentiert werden konnten [11]. Die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen, die den Zusammenhang zwischen muskul{\"a}rer Kraftleistungsf{\"a}higkeit und kognitiver Leistungsf{\"a}higkeit begr{\"u}nden, sind jedoch noch nicht vollst{\"a}ndig bekannt und bed{\"u}rfen weiterer Forschung [10,12]. Vor diesem Hintergrund hatten die im Rahmen dieser Dissertation durchgef{\"u}hrten Forschungsarbeiten das {\"u}bergeordnete Ziel, die Mechanismen zu untersuchen, welche den Zusammenhang zwischen der muskul{\"a}ren Kraftleistungsf{\"a}higkeit und der kognitiven Leistungsf{\"a}higkeit erkl{\"a}ren k{\"o}nnen. In dieser Arbeit wurden dazu unterschiedliche Populationen (junge Menschen und {\"a}ltere Menschen ohne und mit leichten kognitiven St{\"o}rungen) unter Anwendung verschiedener untersuchungsmethodischer Ans{\"a}tze (systematische Literaturrecherche, Doppelaufgabenparadigma und funktionelle Nahinfrarotspektroskopie) untersucht. Aufgrund der im Rahmen dieser Dissertation durchgef{\"u}hrten Forschungsarbeiten, die konsekutiv aufeinander aufbauen, konnten folgende Haupterkenntnisse gewonnen werden: • Um einen umfassenden {\"U}berblick {\"u}ber die aktuelle Evidenzlage zum Thema Kraftleistungsf{\"a}higkeit und kognitiver Leistungsf{\"a}higkeit sowie den zugrundeliegenden neuronalen Korrelaten zu erlangen, wurde eine systematische Literaturrecherche zu diesem Forschungsthema durchgef{\"u}hrt. Die Ergebnisse dieser systematischen Literaturrecherche dokumentieren, dass ein gezieltes Krafttraining neben der Steigerung der kognitiven Leistungsf{\"a}higkeit zu funktionellen und strukturellen Ver{\"a}nderungen des Gehirns, insbesondere in frontalen Gehirnregionen, f{\"u}hren kann [13]. Ferner zeigen die Ergebnisse dieser systematischen Literaturrecherche, bei der eine begrenzte Anzahl verf{\"u}gbarer Studien (n = 18) identifiziert wurde, den Bedarf weiterer Forschungsarbeiten zu diesem Themenfeld an [13]. • Zur {\"U}berpr{\"u}fung der Hypothese, dass zur Ausf{\"u}hrung von Krafttrainings{\"u}bungen h{\"o}here kognitive Prozesse ben{\"o}tigt werden, wurde in einer experimentellen Studie bei j{\"u}ngeren gesunden Erwachsenen das Doppelaufgabenparadigma bei der Krafttrainings{\"u}bung Knie-beuge angewendet. Die in dieser Studie beobachteten Doppelaufgabenkosten bei der Ausf{\"u}hrung der Krafttrainings{\"u}bung Kniebeuge (im Vergleich zur Kontrollbedingung Stehen) deuten auf die Beteiligung h{\"o}herer kognitiver Prozesse zur L{\"o}sung dieser Bewegungsaufgabe hin und best{\"a}tigen die aufgestellte Hypothese [14]. • Um die Hypothese zu untersuchen, dass spezifische neuronale Korrelate (funktionelle Gehirnaktivit{\"a}t) den Zusammenhang zwischen muskul{\"a}rer Kraftleistungsf{\"a}higkeit und kognitiver Leistungsf{\"a}higkeit vermitteln, wurde bei jungen gesunden Erwachsenen der Zusammenhang zwischen der Auspr{\"a}gung der maximalen Handgriffkraft (normalisiert auf den Body-Mass-Index) und der kortikalen h{\"a}modynamischen Antwortreaktion untersucht, die bei der Durchf{\"u}hrung eines standardisierten kognitiven Tests mittels funktioneller Nahinfrarotspektroskopie in pr{\"a}frontalen Gehirnarealen gemessen wurde. Im Rahmen dieser Querschnittsstudie konnte die initiale Hypothese nicht vollst{\"a}ndig best{\"a}tigt werden, da zwar Zusammenh{\"a}nge zwischen maximaler Handgriffkraft und kognitiver Leistungsf{\"a}higkeit mit Parametern der h{\"a}modynamischen Antwortreaktion beobachtet wurden, aber die Auspr{\"a}gung der maximalen Handgriffkraft nicht im Zusammenhang mit der Kurzeitged{\"a}chtnisleistung stand [16]. • Zur Untersuchung der Annahme, dass eine vorliegende neurologische Erkrankung (im Speziellen eine leichte kognitive St{\"o}rung), die typischerweise mit Ver{\"a}nderungen von spezifischen neuronalen Korrelaten (z.B. des Hippokampus' [17-19] und des pr{\"a}frontalen Kortex' [20,21]) einhergeht, einen Einfluss auf die Assoziation zwischen muskul{\"a}rer Kraftleistungsf{\"a}higkeit und kognitiver Leistungsf{\"a}higkeit hat, wurde in einer Querschnittsstudie der Zusammenhang zwischen der Auspr{\"a}gung der maximalen Handgriffkraft (normalisiert auf den Body-Mass-Index) und der Auspr{\"a}gung der exekutiven Funktionen bei {\"a}lteren Erwachsenen mit amnestischem und nicht-amnestischem Subtyp der leichten kognitiven St{\"o}rung sowie gesunden {\"a}lteren Erwachsenen untersucht. In dieser Querschnittsstudie wurde nur bei {\"a}lteren Erwachsenen mit dem amnestischen Subtyp der leichten kognitiven St{\"o}rung ein Zusammenhang zwischen maximaler Handgriffkraft und exekutiven Funktionen beobachtet. Solch eine Korrelation existiert jedoch nicht bei {\"a}lteren Erwachsenen mit dem non-amnestischen Subtyp der leichten kognitiven St{\"o}rung oder bei gesunden {\"a}lteren Erwachsenen [24]. • In einem Perspektivenartikel wurde aufgezeigt, wie durch die theoriegeleitete Nutzung physiologischer Effekte, die bei einer speziellen Krafttrainingsmethode durch die Moderation des peripheren Blutflusses mittels Manschetten oder B{\"a}ndern auftreten, insbesondere Populationen mit niedriger mechanischer Belastbarkeit von den positiven Effekten des Krafttrainings auf die Gehirngesundheit profitieren k{\"o}nnten [25]. Insgesamt deuten die Ergebnisse der in dieser Dissertation zusammengef{\"u}hrten und aufeinander aufbauenden Forschungsarbeiten auf das Vorhandensein von gemeinsamen neuronalen Korrelaten (z.B. frontaler Kortex) hin, die sowohl f{\"u}r die muskul{\"a}re Kraftleistungsf{\"a}higkeit als auch f{\"u}r h{\"o}here kognitive Prozesse eine wichtige Rolle spielen [26]. Betrachtet man die in der vorliegenden Dissertation gewonnenen Erkenntnisse im Verbund mit den bereits in der Literatur existieren-den empirischen Belegen, unterst{\"u}tzen sie die Sichtweise, dass eine relativ hohe muskul{\"a}re Kraftleistungsf{\"a}higkeit und deren Erhalt durch gezielte Krafttrainingsinterventionen {\"u}ber die Lebenspanne positive Effekte auf die (Gehirn-)Gesundheit haben k{\"o}nnen [27].}, language = {de} }